Deck 9: Human Development

Question 1

Which of the following developments occurs during the germinal period of prenatal development?

A)development of organs
B)formation of neural tube
C)differentiation of arms and legs
D)attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Answer 1

attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Question 2

Sarah and her colleagues lost their jobs as a result of downsizing at her firm.Due to severe recession,most of her colleagues struggled to find new jobs.While most of her colleagues couldn't cope with the loss of their jobs,Sarah showed tremendous will and courage to find new work opportunities and continued her pursuit for work.She soon acquired new skills and found herself a new job.This illustrates Sarah's

A)immunity.
B)integrity.
C)resistance.
D)resilience.

Answer 2

resilience.

Question 3

Vincent observes the eating behavior of five-year-olds in a school.He then analyzes the eating behavior of the same group of children when they are at 12 years of age.He continues to analyze the changes in their eating behavior when they are in their early 20s.Which of the following types of research design is Vincent using in his research?

A)cross-sectional
B)longitudinal
C)prevalence
D)transversal

Answer 3

longitudinal

Question 4

In the context of prenatal development,which of the following is true of the embryonic period?

A)The rate of cell differentiation intensifies.
B)The fetus grows by three pounds or more.
C)The intestinal tracts disappear.
D)The fetus becomes fully formeD.

Question 5

_____ is a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

A)Accommodation
B)Resilience
C)Egocentrism
D)Positive affect

Question 6

Kumar is interested in observing changes in the intelligence levels of teenagers in his neighborhood.He wants to assess their verbal and reasoning skills as they progress through their teenage years.In this case,Kumar is interested in exploring the _____ processes involved in developmental psychology.

A)cognitive
B)emotional
C)biological
D)motor

Question 7

In the context of human development,who among the following is most likely studying physical processes?

A)Sylvia,who is analyzing hormonal changes in teenage girls
B)Robert,who is studying the ability of boys to memorize difficult scientific equations
C)Divya,who is analyzing the capacity of teenage boys to care for senior citizens
D)Reuben,who is studying emotional changes in young women

Question 8

Manish is studying the prenatal development of a fetus.He observes that the fetus is in its third week since conception and that the spinal cord is about to be formed.Which of the following periods in prenatal development is Manish most likely observing?

A)the germinal period
B)the embryonic period
C)the fetal period
D)the infant period

Question 9

Identify a true statement about longitudinal studies.

A)They assess different participants at only one point in time.
B)They analyze changes in the same participants over a long period of time.
C)They analyze changes in different groups of participants over a long period of time.
D)They assess different participants at different points in time.

Question 10

Isabel was born in a poor family.She had to face many adversities in life,but she never let any loss or setback affect her performance at school or at work.She always showed great courage in dealing with difficulties in her life,and she has now grown to become a very capable and responsible person.This shows her

A)immunity.
B)narcissism.
C)resilience.
D)integrity.

Question 11

Identify a true statement about cross-sectional studies.

A)They fail to explain the differences in characteristics of a group that stem from the time period in which the group was born.
B)They fail to demonstrate age differences of a population.
C)They fail to explain the differences in characteristics of a group that stem from their ages.
D)They are time-consuming as participants are assessed multiple times over a long period of time.

Question 12

Which of the following statements would a life-span developmentalist most likely state?

A)Childhood experiences are not necessarily more influential than later experiences.
B)Later experiences are given too much importance by researchers.
C)Later experiences alone define a person's characteristics.
D)Childhood experiences mold a person's character.

Question 13

Identify a true statement about an individual's phenotype.

A)An individual's phenotype is not affected by the experiences gained from interacting with his or her surroundings.
B)An individual's phenotype represents his or her observable and measurable characteristics.
C)An individual's phenotype cannot be changed through environmental experiences.
D)An individual's phenotype accurately reflects his or her genetic heritage.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true of prenatal development in humans?

A)The heart begins to beat during the embryonic period.
B)The rate of cell differentiation decreases during the embryonic period.
C)The intestinal tract first appears in the fetal period of prenatal development.
D)First and second weeks of prenatal development are called the fetal perioD.

Question 15

Identify a true statement about human development.

A)Nature refers to an individual's environmental experiences.
B)Nurture primarily excludes the impact of social experiences in human development.
C)Nature primarily involves the role of genes in influencing human development.
D)Nurture refers to an individual's biological inheritance.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of an individual's genotype?

A)A genotype can be expressed only through the characteristics of the genotype.
B)A person's observable characteristics will reflect his or her genotype accurately.
C)Environmental precautions can change the phenotype associated with a genotype.
D)Genotype of a person is solely dependent on his or her environment.

Question 17

In the context of prenatal development,which of the following is true of the germinal period.

A)The germinal period begins with conception.
B)The spinal cord takes shape during the germinal period.
C)The germinal period lasts for about two to six months.
D)The heart begins to beat during the germinal perioD.

Question 18

According to developmental psychologists,nurture refers to

A)the development caused by hormones secreted in the body.
B)the formation of the nervous system.
C)an individual's biological inheritance.
D)an individual's environmental and social experiences.

Question 19

In a cross-sectional study related to developmental psychology

A)the same people are tested over a period of years.
B)different age groups are tested at the same time.
C)different characteristics of an individual are assessed simultaneously.
D)the behavior of an individual is assessed by different researchers.

Question 20

A(n)_____ can find out not only whether age groups differ but also whether the same individuals change with respect to a particular characteristic as they age.

A)cross-sectional study
B)longitudinal study
C)accelerated study
D)transversal study

Question 21

Which psychologist articulated the steps of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood?

A)Maslow
B)Piaget
C)Erikson
D)Kohlberg

Question 22

In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development,which of the following statements is true of the sensorimotor stage?

A)Object permanence is the biggest event of the sensorimotor stage.
B)The sensorimotor stage lasts from 2 to 7 years of age.
C)Infants lack any physical actions during the sensorimotor stage.
D)The sensorimotor stage is the last stage in the cognitive development of infants.

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true about fetuses and birth defects?

A)Consumption of teratogen agents by mothers reduces birth defects.
B)Exposure of fetuses to sexually transmitted infections (STIs)enhances the risk of stillbirth.
C)Consumption of spicy food by mothers increases birth defects.
D)Exposure of fetuses to loud music causes preterm births.

Question 24

Emerging between 3 and 5 months of age,the desire of a baby to reach out to an object indicates the baby's _____ processes.

A)sensory
B)motivation
C)attention
D)bodily control

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true of the development of the brain in humans?

A)The synaptic connections decrease drastically during childhood.
B)The connection between neurons is the highest at birth.
C)The process of myelination begins at the prenatal stages.
D)The process of myelination stops at adolescence.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true of teratogens?

A)Teratogens include only the chemical substances that are classified as alcohols.
B)The effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of exposure.
C)Teratogen refers to the birth defect caused by radiation.
D)Teratogens enhance the development of a fetus.

Question 27

Which of the following is a symptom of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?

A)hyperactivity
B)below-average intelligence
C)tardive dyskinesia
D)depression

Question 28

Whenever Jane has a backache,she uses a different mattress to relieve the pain.Her backache usually goes away after the change.Today,Jane has serious pain in her knee.She believes that by using the mattress she uses for her backache,she will be able to alleviate her knee pain.In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development,Jane is using the _____ process in developing her schemas.

A)adjustment
B)assimilation
C)accommodation
D)adaptation

Question 29

In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development,which of the following is true of individuals who use the assimilation process in developing their schemas?

A)They develop news schemas in completing a task.
B)They use their existing schemas in a new way.
C)They adjust their schemas to new information.
D)They keep changing their schemas from time to time.

Question 30

Identify a true statement about preterm infants.

A)Preterm infants are typically born prior to 37 weeks after conception.
B)Preterm infants are predominantly born without the spinal cord and intestinal tracts.
C)Preterm infants usually have better health and well-being than others as adults.
D)Preterm infants are least likely to be affected by the socioeconomic conditions in which they grow.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of the development of motor and perceptual skills in humans?

A)Experience fails to influence motor development.
B)Motor development is the consequence of nature alone.
C)Babies are continually coordinating their movements with information they perceive through their senses.
D)Perceptual and motor skills develop separately during different time periods and,therefore,fail to promote each other.

Question 32

An individual's ability to adjust his or her schemas to new information is called

A)interpretation.
B)imprinting.
C)assimilation.
D)accommodation.

Question 33

A 5-month-old baby wants to reach out to a toy that is placed on a table.The baby is gazing and looking around for the toy.In this case,the baby's ability to spot the toy is primarily because of the baby's

A)bodily control processes.
B)motivation capacities.
C)sensory capacities.
D)learning processes.

Question 34

The ability to multiply two numbers together falls under _____ development.

A)physical
B)cognitive
C)socioemotional
D)personality

Question 35

During the fetal period of prenatal development

A)the intestinal tract appears.
B)the neural tube is formed.
C)the fetus starts to move around.
D)the fetus's organ functioning decreases.

Question 36

Which of the following best defines teratogen?

A)It is any agent that causes a birth defect.
B)It is a drug that enhances the growth of a fetus.
C)It is any chemical that contains an alcohol group.
D)It is a term used to describe all microorganisms that cause fatal diseases.

Question 37

The _____ technique in studying infant perception involves searching for a reliable preference for one stimulus over another.

A)habituation
B)preferential looking
C)object permanence
D)non-differential perception

Question 38

In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development,which of the following is true of the accommodation and the assimilation process?

A)Individuals use existing schemas in the accommodation process.
B)Schemas remain the same in the accommodation and the assimilation process.
C)Individuals develop new schemas when they use the assimilation process.
D)Schemas change for individuals who use the accommodation process.

Question 39

Regina finds out that her baby has a birth defect.Even though Regina had a normal delivery,her baby has atypical limbs and a tiny head.Which of the following could have most likely caused these birth defects?

A)She consumed too much alcohol during pregnancy.
B)She failed to consume teratogens during her pregnancy.
C)She took prescription drugs during her pregnancy.
D)She consumed too much spicy food and chocolate during her pregnancy.

Question 40

James has always thought that the best response to an issue is to run away from it.In many cases,James has had to change his job because he wouldn't alter his approach.Now,in his new job,James faces challenges from his peers and also his managers.James adopts a different approach and confront his managers and peers to address his problems.In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development,this change in his approach can be best explained by the _____ process.

A)enculturation
B)assimilation
C)accommodation
D)preoperational thinking

Question 41

If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation,they are unable to

A)make judgments based on gut feelings.
B)think intuitively.
C)recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.
D)represent their world with words,images,and drawings.

Question 42

If a child is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development,which of the following tasks is the child most likely to perform?

A)solve mathematical problems
B)represent their world with words and images
C)reverse mental operations
D)give logical reasons for knowing something

Question 43

Which of the following Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought in children?

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 44

According to Piaget,_____ is a type of problem solving method where individuals in formal operational stage of development think more as scientists,devise plans to solve problems,and systematically test solutions.

A)hypothetical-deductive reasoning
B)assimilation-reasoning
C)object permanence-reasoning
D)operations-reasoning

Question 45

While giving a cookie to Joe,Mathew drops it on the table,and the cookie breaks into several pieces.Joe starts to cry when he is offered the pieces of cookie instead of the whole cookie.According to Joe,since the sizes of the pieces are smaller than the whole cookie,he is being offered smaller quantity.According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,Joe is most likely in the _____ stage of development.

A)concrete operational
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 46

_____ is Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen,heard,or touched.

A)Assimilation
B)Accommodation
C)Object permanence
D)Object interpretation

Question 47

Raj is 12 years old.He recently developed a theory on his own about the irregular weather patterns in New York.He uses statistical analysis and certain scientific principles to predict the course of weather in New York.In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development,Raj is most likely in the _____ stage of development.

A)formal operational
B)preconventional
C)conventional
D)sensorimotor

Question 48

Kareem's son,Saleem,is fond of a toy car.Whenever Kareem tries to take the toy car away and hide it behind a vase,Saleem immediately tries to look for it and goes behind the vase to get it.In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development,which of the following can be definitely said of Saleem?

A)Saleem has developed object permanence.
B)Saleem has understood the concept of conservation.
C)Saleem has used hypothetical-deductive reasoning to locate his toy car.
D)Saleem has used idealistic thinking to locate his toy car.

Question 49

Millie tried to play peek-a-boo with her 6-month-old infant,but whenever she hid her face,he cried.When she tried it again 3 months later,he laughed and enjoyed the game,trying to uncover her face with his hands.This scenario exemplifies the development of _____ in Millie's baby.

A)egocentrism
B)object permanence
C)hindsight bias
D)conservation

Question 50

Peter is 10 years old.He likes to play a game called "name,place,things,animals" along with his friends,because he often wins and is very good at it.In this game,children are given a list of random nouns,and they are to write the nouns in the correct column.For example,if the noun is "dog," they are supposed to write "dog" under the "animals" column.According to this scenario,Peter is most likely in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 51

Which of the following is true of the empiricist approach in cognitive and perceptual development?

A)It emphasizes the role of experience in cognitive development.
B)It establishes that individuals can only develop object permanence when they are the formal operational stage of their congnitive development.
C)It establishes that infants possess primitive expectations about objects and events in the world that are less dependent on knowledge gathered over a period of time.
D)It emphasizes that infants develop object permanence only when they reach puberty.

Question 52

"Out of sight,out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of

A)conservation.
B)separation anxiety.
C)attachment.
D)object permanence.

Question 53

Ray gives his son,Mason,three bowls.These bowls have the same capacity,but each one differs slightly in its shape and size.Ray tells his son that one of the bowls can hold more liters of oil than the other two bowls.Mason points out that all the bowls,though may appear different in size and shape,can store the same volume of oil.In this case,Ray was most likely testing Mason's concept of

A)operations.
B)object permanence.
C)conservation.
D)executions.

Question 54

According to Piaget,children's thought in the preoperational stage is egocentric.This statement refers to

A)a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation,as evidenced in thumb sucking.
B)young children's exaggerated interest in color.
C)the difficulty in perceiving things from another person's point of view.
D)the difficulty in realizing that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.

Question 55

In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development,_____ are mental representations that are reversible.

A)interactions
B)executions
C)transactions
D)operations

Question 56

Between ages 7 and 11,children gain the ability to classify things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations.Piaget calls this particular stage

A)the concrete operational stage.
B)the formal operational stage.
C)the preoperational stage.
D)the sensorimotor stage.

Question 57

A teacher shows a first grade student a map and tells her,"You live here,in Atlanta,Georgia." The child emphatically disagrees,declaring,"No,I live in Atlanta.I can't live in Georgia too,'cause I can't live in two places at the same time!" This child is likely in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage?

A)In this stage,a child's thought is less symbolic than in a child in the sensorimotor stage.
B)The child in this stage understands the concept of conservation.
C)The symbolic thinking of children in this stage is limited.
D)It lasts from about 7 to 11 years of age.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of children in the preoperational stage?

A)Preoperational children make judgments based on logic rather than gut feelings.
B)Preoperational children can put themselves in someone else's shoes with ease.
C)Preoperational thoughts are subject to the object permanence problem.
D)Preoperational thoughts are more symbolic than sensorimotor thoughts.

Question 60

Dan arranges two rows of pennies so they are equal in length.A child views the rows and states that they have the same amount of pennies.He spreads out the pennies in the bottom row so that it is longer than the top one.The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies.This child is in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 61

Emilia is a 6-year-old who uses her grandmother as a base to explore her environment.Whenever her grandmother leaves her to do her daily chores,she shows visible signs of distress.When her grandmother returns,Emilia expresses her joy and feels happy to see her again.This is an example of _____ attachment.

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)anxious
D)preoccupied

Question 62

According to Piaget,which of the following questions can a 14-year-old child answer better compared to when he was 7 years old?

A)How many planets are there?
B)How tall is the Empire State building?
C)How many quarters are there in a dollar?
D)How might we survive if our oil supply runs out?

Question 63

Which of the following is a criticism of the attachment theory?

A)It fails to take into account the temperament of infants.
B)It fails to acknowledge that caregivers and infants share the same genetic characteristics.
C)It fails to acknowledge the role of caregivers in securing attachment.
D)It fails to take into account the age of infants.

Question 64

Jerome,an infant,hardly uses his mother or his caregivers as a base to explore his surroundings.He hardly notices his mother when she leaves him alone.He also never reacts with rage when his mother returns.In this case,Jerome is displaying the _____ style of attachment.

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)anxious
D)ambivalent

Question 65

Adolescents are required to take algebra because cognitive development theory indicates that they are ready to learn this subject.Some of Piaget's critics would respond to this statement by pointing out that

A)most adolescents have not reached the preoperational stage.
B)Piaget did not examine mathematical development in adolescents.
C)Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of adolescents.
D)adolescents should not be stressed with complex topics like algebra.

Question 66

Rita,an infant,refrains from interacting with caregivers whom she has never seen before.She either withdraws herself or agitates when she is among strangers.In this case,which dimension of Rita's temperament is exhibited?

A)loyalty
B)self-regulation
C)inhibition
D)fairness

Question 67

Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is.He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer.According to Piaget,Bob has reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 68

Which of the following reasons led to the criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A)Piaget overestimated the cognitive capacities of very young children.
B)Piaget observed that the cognitive acumen of adolescents was lesser than young children.
C)Piaget proposed that formal operational thought does not emerge consistently in early adolescence.
D)Many adolescents and adults do not reason as logically as Piaget proposeD.

Question 69

Identify a true statement about executive functions.

A)They predict the development of social cognitive abilities in preschoolers.
B)They are simple cognitive functions.
C)They exclude the functions of thinking,planning,and problem solving.
D)They lead to increased criminal behavior in teens.

Question 70

An infant cries very often and faces difficulties in adapting to new situations.According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,which of the following temperaments would best describe him?

A)the unstable child
B)the slow-to-warm-up child
C)the difficult child
D)the detached child

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true in the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory?

A)Children are expert thinkers who do not depend on the world.
B)Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development is similar to that of Piaget's theory.
C)For Vygotsky,a child is simply learning to think about the world and not about his or her own world in particular.
D)Children enter a level of cognitive sophistication by learning important aspects of their culture.

Question 72

Jason is working on a problem for his science class and is systematically going over every possible outcome.Jason is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)preoperational

Question 73

The nativist approach proposes that children as young as 3 months old

A)can realize that an object exists even if they are not able to see it,but they do not have expectations about the object.
B)possess expectancies about objects and events in the world that are less dependent on experiences.
C)express cognitive development as an interpersonal process that happens in a cultural context.
D)show an understanding of object permanence due to very early experiences.

Question 74

An adolescent who hypothesizes and speaks in terms of possibilities is most likely present in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)formal operational
B)preconventional
C)conventional
D)concrete

Question 75

The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the _____ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)sensorimotor
D)concrete operational

Question 76

_____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

A)Identity
B)Personality
C)Cognition
D)Temperament

Question 77

The work of Harry Harlow established that

A)early social experience in humans is essential to normal functioning in adulthood.
B)physical development is influenced more by nature than by nurture.
C)contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.
D)an offspring's attachment to a parent depends on the physical appearance of the parent.

Question 78

Caleb,an infant,can be taken just about anywhere and seems to adapt quickly to new surroundings.According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,which of the following temperaments best describes him?

A)the easy child
B)the slow-to-warm-up child
C)the resilient child
D)the competent child

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true in the context of the information-processing theory?

A)The theory emphasizes the broad stages of cognitive development.
B)Working memory is linked to many aspects of children development.
C)Executive functions refer to lower-order cognitive processes.
D)Specific experiences cannot facilitate executive functions.

Question 80

According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,a child who expresses a low activity level,is somewhat negative,and is inflexible is a(n)_____ child.

A)detached
B)difficult
C)slow-to-warm-up
D)aversive