Deck 8: Life History Patterns

Question 1

Communal courtship grounds, or ________, are areas where males congregate to display to females.

Answer 1

leks

Question 2

________ selection occurs when members of the same sex compete for access to the opposite sex.

Answer 2

Intrasexual

Question 3

An organism's ________ is its lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction.

Answer 3

life history

Question 4

________ is a form of asexual reproduction in which the ovum develops without fertilization by a male.

Question 5

The environment or place in which an organism lives is known as its ________.

Question 6

Individual organisms that possess both male and female organs are considered ________.

Question 7

The process in which organisms actively choose a specific location to inhabit is called ________.

Question 8

The type of mating system in which an individual female pairs with two or more males is known as ________.

Question 9

________ young are offspring that are relatively helpless at birth and require considerable parental care.

Question 10

________ plants are those with separate male and female individuals.

Question 11

The mating system most prevalent in birds is ________.

Question 12

Little parental care is required by ________ offspring.

Question 13

The production of offspring, or ________, generally increases with size.

Question 14

Reproduction by a single parent, in which the offspring are genetically identical to the parent, is referred to as ________ reproduction.

Question 15

Generally, female peacocks prefer a male peacock with a larger ________.

Question 16

The mode of reproduction in which individuals produce fewer young at one time and repeat reproduction multiple times throughout their life is known as ________.

Question 17

________ is a mode of reproduction in which an organism expends all its energy in growth and reproduction and then dies.

Question 18

For many species, the number of offspring produced varies with the age and ________ of the parent.

Question 19

________ is the killing of one sibling by another.

Question 20

The amount of time and energy that an organism allocates to reproduction is called ________.

Question 21

The reproductive strategy in which relatively few young are produced at repeated intervals during an individual's life is referred to as

A)semelparity.
B)iteroparity.
C)altricial.
D)precocial.

Question 22

Plants with male and female flowers on the same plant are

A)gonochuristic.
B)dioecious.
C)monoecious.
D)dichogamous.

Question 23

Parental care is documented for all the following animals, EXCEPT

A)bees.
B)crocodiles.
C)humans.
D)cod.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a form of asexual reproduction?

A)budding
B)parthenogenesis
C)growth of a rhizome
D)sequential hermaphroditism

Question 25

A female exhibits two major approaches in choosing a mate: the phenotypic characteristics of the mate or the

A)number of other females the males has in his harem.
B)ability of the male to provide resources.
C)number of offspring the male has previously produced.
D)age of the male.

Question 26

As an individual ________ its reproductive effort, it ________ its survivorship.

A)increases; reduces
B)increases; increases
C)increases; does not change
D)decreases; reduces

Question 27

Altricial young are relatively

A)independent at birth and require relatively little time for incubation/gestation.
B)independent at birth and require a relatively long time for incubation/gestation.
C)helpless at birth and require relatively little time for incubation/gestation.
D)helpless at birth and require a relatively long time for incubation/gestation.

Question 28

Seed number is negatively correlated with seed ________.

Question 29

Habitats that are variable in time or short-lived will favour ________ strategists.

Question 30

Direct, aggressive competition among individuals for the opportunity to mate with the opposite sex is characteristic of

A)intrasexual selection.
B)polygyny.
C)polyandry.
D)intersexual selection.

Question 31

The development of an ovum without fertilization by a male is called

A)budding.
B)parthenogenesis.
C)hermaphroditism.
D)monoecy.

Question 32

An individual that experiences a sex reversal during its lifetime is a

A)simultaneous hermaphrodite.
B)sequential hermaphrodite.
C)result of parthenogenesis.
D)dioecious individual.

Question 33

When one male mates and stays with one female, the relationship is called

A)polygamous.
B)monogamous.
C)monoecious.
D)promiscuous.

Question 34

All of the following are organisms without a particular adult size or that have indeterminate growth, EXCEPT

A)fish.
B)amphibians.
C)mammals.
D)annual plants.

Question 35

Intrasexual selection

A)is only documented for females.
B)is associated with elaborate secondary sexual characteristics.
C)is a passive process.
D)has no effect on evolution.

Question 36

The true measure of an organism's reproductive success is

A)its fitness.
B)its survival.
C)the total number of offspring produced.
D)its life span.

Question 37

A lek is characterized by

A)females displaying in small, clumped territories lacking resources.
B)males defending resources in small, clumped territories.
C)females mating with only a small percentage of displaying males.
D)a group of females defended by a single dominant male.

Question 38

________ are competitive species with stable populations of long-lived individuals.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Perennial plants generally delay reproduction until they have attained a certain size.
B)Fecundity in poikilothermic animals, such as fish, increases with age.
C)The number of eggs produced by a female loggerhead sea turtle is constrained by her body size.
D)Fecundity generally declines with body size in endotherms.

Question 40

The mating system in which males and females mate with one or many of the opposite sex and form no pair bond is known as

A)monogamy.
B)polygyny.
C)polyandry.
D)promiscuity.

Question 41

The size and colour of a potential mate rarely correlates with fitness.

Question 42

Polygyny is more likely to occur as differences in territory quality increase between territorial males.

Question 43

An individual's fitness is defined by the number of offspring it produces.

Question 44

An r-strategist is characterized by

A)slow population growth.
B)a slow rate of development.
C)a long life expectancy.
D)density-independent mortality.

Question 45

J. Philip Grime developed a life history classification for

A)plants.
B)mollusks.
C)vertebrates.
D)marine fish.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A)Seed dispersal is the primary component of plant habitat selection.
B)Birds tend to assess the general features of the landscape before any other factor when selecting a habitat.
C)Even though a habitat may provide all the resources required, it still may not be selected.
D)The presence of predators may encourage a species to occupy a particular habitat.

Question 47

The more energy an organism spends on reproduction, the less it has available for growth.

Question 48

Polygamy is the acquisition by an individual of two or more mates.

Question 49

Offspring that are produced via asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT proposed to explain the change in clutch size of birds with latitude?

A)Clutch size has evolved to equal the largest number of young the parents can feed.
B)Clutch size results from different allocations of energy to egg production, avoidance of predators, and competition.
C)Clutch size is a fixed evolutionary feature within any given taxonomic lineage of bird species.
D)Clutch size varies in direct proportion to seasonal variation in resources, especially food.

Question 51

Polygyny is much more common than polyandry.

Question 52

Some plant and animal species can naturally change their sex from male to female or vice versa.

Question 53

Female choice is most apparent in situations in which males congregate at a lek.

Question 54

The dominant phenotypes in a population may be determined by factors other than natural selection.

Question 55

The more seeds a plant produces in a single reproductive episode, the ________ of each seed.

A)greater the probability of survival
B)smaller the size
C)greater the size
D)more irregular the shape

Question 56

Plant species that exhibit Grime's S strategy

A)rapidly colonize disturbed sites.
B)are superior competitors and allocate most energy to growth.
C)are tolerant of stressful conditions and primarily allocate resources to maintenance.
D)have a lifespan of many years and produce large seeds.

Question 57

Organisms reproduce either sexually or asexually, but never both.

Question 58

Dioecious plants have both male and female parts on the same plant.

Question 59

R-strategists (MacArthur et al.)are most similar to Grime's

A)C strategy.
B)S strategy.
C)R strategy.
D)CS strategy.

Question 60

Asynchronous hatching

A)ensures survival of all offspring in times of limited resources.
B)is practiced by many insect species.
C)favours the survival of the early hatched young.
D)is the same as siblicide.

Question 61

According to Grime's model of life history variation in plants, trees and shrubs are generally categorized as CS strategists.

Question 62

Semelparous organisms initially allocate energy into growth, development, and energy storage and later allocate energy into one massive reproductive effort before dying.

Question 63

Species that are K-strategists tend to develop more rapidly than those that are r-strategists.

Question 64

Most species of vertebrates are iteroparous.

Question 65

Contrast altricial and precocial offspring and describe the conditions under which each is considered most advantageous.

Question 66

Contrast semelparous and iteroparous reproductive strategies and explain the trade-offs of each.

Question 67

In general, parental investment has a positive correlation with the number of young produced.

Question 68

Explain the advantage of the ability of an organism to possess both male and female organs.

Question 69

Explain why most bird species are monogamous while most mammal species are polygynous.

Question 70

Explain sexual dimorphism from a Darwinian perspective.

Question 71

Species that are r-strategists usually live longer than those that are K-strategists.

Question 72

Large body size is often positively correlated with fecundity.

Question 73

Many species of plants and ectothermic animals continue growing throughout their adult lives, a condition known as indeterminate growth.

Question 74

Describe the three hypotheses proposed to explain the increase in bird clutch size with an increase in latitude. Discuss which one of these hypotheses seems most probable and why.

Question 75

Explain why siblicide is common among bird species when resources are rare. Why is this an effective strategy under these conditions?

Question 76

Humans are precocial because their offspring are born helpless and require intensive parental care.

Question 77

The number of offspring produced by birds and mammals per reproductive event is fewer in temperate areas than in tropical areas.

Question 78

In birds, siblicide is more likely to occur when the hatching of eggs is asynchronous rather than synchronous.

Question 79

Contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. What conditions would favour the evolution of one reproductive strategy over the other?

Question 80

Established plants are unable to select a new habitat.