Deck 8: Introduction to Design

Question 1

If plausible alternative explanations have been ruled out,a study can be said to have established ____.

A)external validity
B)internal validity 
C)experimental validity
D)statistical validity

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A group comparable in every way possible to your experimental group except that it does not receive the program is called a(n)____ group.

A)control
B)placebo
C)blinded
D)nonequivalent

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A research study that does not have random assignment can still be an experiment if there is a proper control group.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In resentful demoralization,the comparison group knows what the program group is getting and develops a competitive attitude with the program group.

Question 5

When an effect occurs when the proposed cause occurs,but the effect does not occur when the proposed cause has not occurred,____ has been demonstrated.

A)temporal precedence
B)covariation
C)plausibility
D)causality

Question 6

Issues of cause and effect are closely related to choices of experimental design.

Question 7

When some event other than the program occurs at the same time and affects the outcome of a study,there is a(n)____ threat.

A)history
B)maturation
C)instrumentation
D)testing

Question 8

When a significant number of subjects drop out of a study,there is a(n)____ threat.

A)history
B)mortality
C)instrumentation
D)regression

Question 9

When the tests (or observers)used on the posttest and the pretest differ,there is a(n)____ threat.

A)history
B)mortality
C)instrumentation
D)regression

Question 10

In design notation,the letter R stands for random assignment.

Question 11

The only way to address threats to internal validity is via random assignment.

Question 12

An instrumentation threat occurs when taking the pretest affects how participants do on the posttest.

Question 13

Temporal precedence means the effect occurs before the cause.

Question 14

The threat to validity that occurs as a result of a natural development that occurs between pre- and post- measurement is called a(n)____ threat.

A)history
B)maturation
C)instrumentation
D)testing

Question 15

Quasi-experimental designs use random assignment.

Question 16

The statistical phenomenon that causes a group's average performance on one measure to appear closer to the mean of that measure at the second measurement is referred to as a(n)____ threat.

A)history
B)mortality
C)instrumentation
D)regression

Question 17

When a researcher rules out plausible alternative explanations,the researcher is establishing internal validity.

Question 18

When taking the pretest affects how participants do on the posttest,there is a(n)____ threat.

A)history
B)maturation
C)instrumentation
D)testing

Question 19

Random assignment and random selection are the same thing.

Question 20

When a possible cause occurs prior to the effect,____ has been demonstrated.

A)temporal precedence
B)covariation
C)plausibility
D)causality

Question 21

Richard has developed an intervention that he believes will improve the parenting skills of teenage fathers.He has observers rate the behavior of the fathers when their infants are less than one month old,provides the young men with parenting education,and then has the observers rate the interaction of the fathers and infants again when the babies are about six months old.One of the measures Richard is using is the amount of eye contact maintained between the fathers and infants.He recognizes,however,that between one and six months of age,infants gain in both their ability to control head movement and in visual skills.This is best described as a(n)  ____ threat.

A)history
B)maturation
C)instrumentation
D)testing

Question 22

Pat notices that when thunder can be heard in the distance,her dog,Rudy,hides under her desk,and she believes that the thunder causes Rudy to hide.Her friend Gregg points out that there are other changes associated with thunder,including changes in barometric pressure.Gregg has pointed out a(n)____.

A)random variation
B)control factor
C)covariation bias
D)third variable problem

Question 23

Figure TB 8-1

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)post-test only randomized experiment
B)pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups quasi-experiment
C)posttest-only nonexperiment
D)double-pretest,single-group design created by expanding across time

Question 24

Narrative 8-1: The Reality Show 
Two groups are competing on a television reality show to determine which can lose the most weight.Every week,the groups have a special competition to determine which group will get extra help,in the form of exercise training,dietary counseling,or other skills development.
This week,the Green Team has won some special exercise training.Somehow,a Blue Team member manages to observe the training session and shares the training with the rest of the Blue Team.This is classified as ____.

A)diffusion of treatment
B)compensatory rivalry
C)resentful demoralization
D)compensatory equalization

Question 25

Any factor that leads to differences between the groups at the start of the study is termed a(n)____ threat.

A)selection
B)intervention
C)instrumentation
D)regression

Question 26

Narrative 8-1: The Reality Show 
Two groups are competing on a television reality show to determine which can lose the most weight.Every week,the groups have a special competition to determine which group will get extra help,in the form of exercise training,dietary counseling,or other skills development.
The Green Team has won fourteen weeks in a row,and a production assistant from the television show feels absolutely awful about it.He begins to secretly pass the Blue Team the information being given to the Green Team,even providing them with exercise videos and special recipes.This is classified as ____.

A)diffusion of treatment
B)compensatory rivalry
C)resentful demoralization
D)compensatory equalization

Question 27

What social threat to internal validity occurs when the comparison group knows what the program group is getting,and instead of developing a rivalry,control group members become discouraged or angry and give up?

A)diffusion of treatment
B)compensatory rivalry
C)resentful demoralization
D)compensatory equalization

Question 28

Pat notices that when thunder can be heard in the distance,her dog,Rudy hides under her desk,and she believes that the thunder causes Rudy to hide.In experimental terms,the thunder has ____ to the hiding.

A)temporal precedence
B)covariation
C)plausibility
D)causality

Question 29

What social threat to internal validity occurs because a comparison group learns about the program either directly or indirectly from program group participants?

A)diffusion of treatment
B)compensatory rivalry
C)resentful demoralization
D)compensatory equalization

Question 30

What social threat to internal validity occurs when one group knows about the program another group is receiving and,because of that,develops a competitive attitude with the other group?

A)diffusion of treatment
B)compensatory rivalry
C)resentful demoralization
D)compensatory equalization

Question 31

Joyce is conducting a social media campaign for getting more young women to get Pap smears to screen for cervical cancer and its precursors.Shortly after her campaign begins,a famous female reality star is diagnosed with advanced cervical cancer,resulting in an increase in young women getting screened.This is an example of a(n)____ threat.

A)history
B)maturation
C)instrumentation
D)testing

Question 32

Pat notices that when thunder can be heard in the distance,her dog,Rudy hides under her desk,and she believes that the thunder causes Rudy to hide.She notices that Rudy does not hide in response to other loud noises,if,for example,she drops a cast iron pan in the kitchen.In experimental terms,Pat has observed ____.

A)temporal precedence
B)covariation
C)plausibility
D)causality

Question 33

Christopher has developed a behavioral method that he believes will help people quit smoking.He recruits a group of 25 people who want to quit smoking and begins his intervention.By the time the intervention ends,only eight people remain,but they have all quit smoking.This is an example of a(n)____ threat.

A)history
B)mortality
C)instrumentation
D)regression

Question 34

Narrative 8-1: The Reality Show 
Two groups are competing on a television reality show to determine which can lose the most weight.Every week,the groups have a special competition to determine which group will get extra help,in the form of exercise training,dietary counseling,or other skills development.
The Green Team has won nine weeks in a row,and the Blue Team is angry and wonders what the point is in continuing to try.This is classified as ____.

A)diffusion of treatment
B)compensatory rivalry
C)resentful demoralization
D)compensatory equalization

Question 35

Mehmet is conducting a study aimed at improving the problem solving abilities of older adults.Prior to the intervention,all of the participants are given a series of problems to solve and,in the process of trying to solve them,many of the participants refine their approaches to problem solving.As a result,Mehmet's study has a(n)____ threat.

A)history
B)maturation
C)instrumentation
D)testing

Question 36

Narrative 8-1: The Reality Show 
Two groups are competing on a television reality show to determine which can lose the most weight.Every week,the groups have a special competition to determine which group will get extra help,in the form of exercise training,dietary counseling,or other skills development.
The Green Team has won six weeks in a row,and the Blue Team,rather than being discouraged,is working their weight loss program with extra determination.This is classified as ____.

A)diffusion of treatment
B)compensatory rivalry
C)resentful demoralization
D)compensatory equalization

Question 37

Mike has developed an intervention for social anxiety.He recruits individuals from a local clinic who have extremely high levels of social anxiety as measured by a standardized test.After the intervention,their average score is closer to the population mean on the social anxiety test.While Mike would love to assume that his intervention has been effective,he is also aware that there is a(n)____ threat.

A)history
B)mortality
C)instrumentation
D)regression

Question 38

Figure TB 8-2

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)post-test only randomized experiment
B)pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups quasi-experiment
C)posttest-only nonexperiment
D)double-pretest,single-group design created by expanding across time

Question 39

Wanda is conducting a study of social behaviors among children who are considered to be at high risk because one or both of their parents is in prison.Two observers rate the children's social skills,perform an intervention that consists of structured socialization opportunities,and then rate the children's social skills again.Unfortunately,neither of her original observers are available after the intervention,so she has to use two new observers.As a result,Wanda has a(n)____ threat.

A)history
B)mortality
C)instrumentation
D)regression

Question 40

What social threat to internal validity occurs when the control group is given a program or treatment (usually by a well-meaning third party)designed to make up for the treatment the program group receives?

A)diffusion of treatment
B)compensatory rivalry
C)resentful demoralization
D)compensatory equalization

Question 41

Figure TB 8-5

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)add-remove formed by expanding program and observation elements over time
B)two-treatment design formed by expanding across programs
C)basic pre-post randomized experimental design
D)randomized experiment expanded with a nonequivalent control group

Question 42

In research design notation,the letter O signifies a(n)_______________.

Question 43

The statistical phenomenon that falsely makes it appear that your group changed to be more like the overall population between the pretest and posttest is referred to as _______________ to the mean.

Question 44

In _______________,participants in the comparison group know what the program group is getting and,instead of developing a rivalry,the group members become discouraged or angry and give up.

Question 45

Laura works at a local shelter for teens who cannot remain in their homes,but are not wards of the court.She showed them an extraordinary documentary on homeless teens that featured two who actually testify to Congress about the need for services,and they became much more hopeful about their own futures.She is sharing this with Beatrice,a friend in another city who also works with high risk teens.Beatrice is a bit more cautious,and decides to randomly create two groups of teens at her facility.She shows one group the inspirational documentary,while the other group simply goes about their usual activities.After the treatment group has viewed the documentary,she has both groups of teens complete the instrument assessing how positively they view their futures.This is an example of a(n)____.

A)basic pre-post randomized experimental design.
B)posttest-only randomized experiment
C)double-pretest,single-group design created by expanding across time.
D)pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups quasi-experiment

Question 46

Laura and Beatrice work at two different shelters for teens who cannot remain in their homes,but are not wards of the court.They have both shown their clients an extraordinary documentary on homeless teens that features two who actually testify to Congress about the need for services.Their clients became much more hopeful about their own futures after seeing the documentary.Word has gotten around about the documentary,and several of their mutual friends want to schedule showings of it.Rosa works at two different facilities,and decides to administer the instrument assessing hopefulness to both of the facilities,show the documentary at one facility,and then administer the assessment again at that facility.This is an example of a(n)____.

A)basic pre-post randomized experimental design.
B)posttest-only randomized experiment
C)randomized experiment expanded with a nonequivalent control group
D)pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups quasi-experiment

Question 47

When a significant number of participants drop out,there is a(n)_______________ threat to internal validity.

Question 48

Figure TB 8-8

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)nonequivalent group design expanded with an additional nonequivalent group
B)two-treatment design formed by expanding across programs
C)basic pre-post randomized experimental design
D)randomized experiment expanded with a nonequivalent control group

Question 49

Figure TB 8-3

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)post-test only randomized experiment
B)pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups quasi-experiment
C)posttest-only nonexperiment
D)double-pretest,single-group design created by expanding across time

Question 50

_______________ or imitation of treatment occurs when a comparison group learns about the program either directly or indirectly from program group participants.

Question 51

Figure TB 8-4

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)post-test only randomized experiment
B)pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups quasi-experiment
C)posttest-only nonexperiment
D)double-pretest,single-group design created by expanding across time

Question 52

Figure TB 8-6

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)add-remove formed by expanding program and observation elements over time
B)two-treatment design formed by expanding across programs
C)basic pre-post randomized experimental design
D)randomized experiment expanded with a nonequivalent control group

Question 53

Figure TB 8-6

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)add-remove formed by expanding program and observation elements over time
B)two-treatment design formed by expanding across programs
C)basic pre-post randomized experimental design
D)randomized experiment expanded with a nonequivalent control group

Question 54

When the change from pretest to posttest is due not to your program but rather to a change in the way you measured the outcome,there is a(n)_______________ threat to internal validity.

Question 55

_______________ is the only social interaction threat that primarily involves the people who help manage the research context rather than the participants themselves.

Question 56

Experimental designs use _______________ assignment.

Question 57

Figure TB 8-7

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)add-remove formed by expanding program and observation elements over time
B)two-treatment design formed by expanding across programs
C)basic pre-post randomized experimental design
D)randomized experiment expanded with a nonequivalent control group

Question 58

A(n)_______________ threat is any factor that leads to differences between the groups at the start of the study.

Question 59

Laura works at a local shelter for teens who cannot remain in their homes,but are not wards of the court.She sees an extraordinary documentary on homeless teens that features two who actually testify to Congress about the need for services.She wants to give hope to the teens she works with and arranges for them to see the documentary.After they watch it,she has them all complete an instrument that assesses their hopes for the future.This is an example of a(n)____.

A)posttest-only nonexperiment
B)posttest-only randomized experiment
C)double-pretest,single-group design created by expanding across time. 
D)pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups quasi-experiment​

Question 60

When some event other than your program occurs at the same time and affects the outcome,there is a(n)_______________ threat to internal validity.

Question 61

What is internal validity and why does it matter?

Question 62

​Figure TB 8-9

The notation in the accompanying figure indicates a(n)_______________.

Question 63

What is the regression threat in a single group design?

Question 64

If there is random assignment,a research study can be said to be a(n)_______________.

Question 65

If there is not random assignment,and there is neither a control group nor multiple measures,a research study must be said to be a(n)_______________.

Question 66

If there is not random assignment,but there is a control group and/or multiple measures,a research study can be said to be a(n)_______________.

Question 67

What is the history threat in a single group design?

Question 68

What is compensatory rivalry? Illustrate with an example.

Question 69

List and discuss the three criteria for establishing causality.

Question 70

In research design notation,the letter X signifies a(n)_______________.