Deck 3: The Historical Making of Family Diversity

Question 1

The family-wage economy is a system in which

A) the entire family is involved in production within the home.
B) the family is dependent on wages earned outside the home.
C) extended families pool resources to establish jointly owned commercial establishments.
D) none of the above

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The "Cult of True Womanhood"

A) was an ideal achieved by most women in the 19ᵗʰ century.
B) resulted in greater economic self-sufficiency for women.
C) required women of upper classes to relinquish servants and perform the domestic work in their households.
D) created a class of "ladies" who had leisure time to pursue individual interests.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following activities can be categorized as social reproduction?

A) cooking
B) cleaning
C) providing emotional support
D) all of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In addition to reorganizing productive activity,industrial capitalism also restructured parent-child relationships.

Question 5

In general,workers whose jobs paid a "family wage" were

A) men of diverse racial and ethnic groups.
B) White men and White women.
C) White men only.
D) individuals of all groups; race and gender differences were insignificant.

Question 6

Gender relations in slave families were characterized by greater equality between women and men than was the case for White families.

Question 7

Which of the following would not be considered a virtue of True Womanhood?

A) piety
B) purity
C) assertiveness
D) domesticity

Question 8

Men's family responsibilities under the "cult of domesticity" were primarily economic.

Question 9

Social reproduction refers to the work of caring for families in the home.

Question 10

According to the text,under the "Cult of True Womanhood" women's power in the household relative to men was

A) absolute.
B) largely symbolic.
C) equally distributed.
D) mixed; there was no real pattern in power relations.

Question 11

According to the text,by the end of the 19ᵗʰ century,which new life stage emerged?

A) adolescence
B) the empty nest
C) retirement
D) puberty

Question 12

The historical circumstances of European immigration are very similar to those of Chicano immigration.

Question 13

A "family wage" is a wage paid to men that is sufficient to support his family at a decent standard of living.

Question 14

"Familism" refers to the pattern in which extended-family ties become very weak among Mexican immigrants.

Question 15

In 19ᵗʰ century France,the "tour" enabled destitute mothers to abandon their infants in a safe and anonymous manner.

Question 16

According to the text,the critical transition period to industrial capitalism was

A) the American Revolution.
B) the decade before the Civil War.
C) the period of large scale immigration between 1880 and 1920.
D) the first decade of the twentieth century.

Question 17

A decline in the U.S.birthrate was largely responsible for the migration of Europeans to the United States in the late 19ᵗʰ century.

Question 18

Social production refers to

A) the work of caring for family members in the home.
B) women's responsibilities according to the "Cult of True Womanhood."
C) the work that people do to earn a living.
D) the development of educational materials, such as child-rearing literature in the 19ᵗʰ century.

Question 19

Your text uses all except which of the following as a central theme in understanding the social history of American families?

A) family breakdown
B) uneven change
C) diversity
D) human agency

Question 20

Diversity in family life is largely explained by differences in the cultural patterns of immigrant groups.

Question 21

Chain migration

A) occurs when immigrants live temporarily in several different locations before achieving permanent settlement.
B) is the immigration of those individuals with political asylum.
C) is the process whereby immigrants facilitate the migration of relatives and friends from their countries of origin.
D) was not an important component of the massive European immigration to the United States.

Question 22

The earnings of workers of color

A) were based on the principle of the "family wage."
B) tended to assume that not only would men work, but also women and children.
C) were based on the higher cost of living forced on people of color.
D) were based on the idea that these workers were poor at managing money.

Question 23

According to Gutman,which of the following statements accurately portrays Black families during slavery?

A) "Matrifocal" households were the dominant form.
B) House slaves chose long term family relationships, but slaves in "the quarters" were very promiscuous.
C) Two parent families were the dominant form.
D) The dominant form was what is today referred to as female-headed family households.

Question 24

Recent research on immigration leads the authors of the text to which conclusion about immigrant families?

A) The family was an active agent in producing accommodation strategies.
B) Family was a vital resource in adapting to a new society.
C) Cultural practices retained from the "Old World" often eased the transition to the new society.
D) all of the above

Question 25

Stansell makes which of the following observations about working class children in New York City in the mid-19ᵗʰ century?

A) Working class families expected children to "earn their keep."
B) Children were largely unsupervised while their mothers and fathers worked.
C) Children were often on the streets selling such items as food and household supplies.
D) all of the above

Question 26

During the 19ᵗʰ century,childhood

A) assumed a single "modern" form.
B) changed as most children began to work outside the home.
C) was unaffected by the separation of home and workplace.
D) took many forms, depending on class, ethnicity, gender, and religion.

Question 27

The "Tangle of Pathology" identified in the Moynihan Report was

A) the matriarchal family.
B) racial discrimination.
C) the high rate of crime.
D) drug abuse.

Question 28

The conceptualization of children as separate and different from adults

A) was brought to the United States with immigrant families in the late 18ᵗʰ century.
B) emerged as women's duties became increasingly placed within the domestic sphere.
C) resulted in the immediate eradication of child labor across the United States.
D) is a consistent theme throughout early U.S. history.

Question 29

The term "accordion households" refers to

A) the growth of music lessons for middle-class children.
B) the tendency of families to become larger and larger.
C) the tendency of nuclear households to expand and contract, as needed.
D) the increasing incomes of families.

Question 30

The Moynihan Report,which was published during the 1960s,

A) concluded that the main problem facing Blacks was the Black family.
B) viewed the Black family as an adaptive institution.
C) concluded that social problems facing Blacks had little to do with family structure.
D) found that Black families were more stable under slavery than previously believed.

Question 31

Scholars analyzing the labor system during early U.S.industrialism suggest that

A) people of color were used to meet the need for a cheap and exploitable labor force.
B) the labor performed by people of color in the U.S. economy is of little importance to their subordination.
C) the occupational experiences of racial minorities are nearly identical to those of European immigrants.
D) the wage structure of racial ethnic men's work encouraged the separation of public and private spheres.

Question 32

Newer research on European immigrants to the United States during industrialization shows that

A) family patterns of the various groups were extremely similar.
B) most immigrant families were traditional peasants who were unwilling to adapt.
C) first generation immigrants actually experienced very little difficulty in the transition to life in the United States.
D) the economic structures of the settlement communities shaped the work and family patterns of immigrant families.

Question 33

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

A) excluded the Chinese from strict immigration restrictions placed upon Mexicans.
B) resulted in split-household families with Chinese males working in the United States and their families left behind in China.
C) denied native-born Americans of Chinese descent the right to vote.
D) recruited male Chinese laborers to immigrate to the United States as railroad laborers.

Question 34

Which of the following was a main factor associated with the massive European immigration to the United States during the late 19ᵗʰ century?

A) tremendous economic expansion in the U.S. industrial sector
B) a decline in the U.S. birthrate
C) the lack of technological change in Europe
D) all of the above

Question 35

Postrevisionist scholars criticize Gutman's conclusions about African-American families,arguing that his view

A) ignores the many social conditions that worked against marriage.
B) provides a romantic justification of marriage.
C) assumes couples living together were married.
D) all of the above

Question 36

According to Herbert Gutman's revisionist account of Black families during slavery

A) two-parent households were extremely uncommon both during slavery and after emancipation.
B) the major reason for family break-up during slavery was forced separation through sale.
C) as a cultural institution, the family was essentially destroyed by the abuses of slavery.
D) all of the above

Question 37

The Social Breakdown Perspective offers a flawed explanation of immigration because

A) it views immigrant families as complex and varied.
B) it focuses on alienation and family instability while ignoring endurance and resilience.
C) it contends that immigrants should not relinquish their "cultural baggage."
D) it focuses on the broad diversity of immigrant experience.

Question 38

Two large-scale waves of immigration to the United States occurred between 1830 and 1930.Immigrants were primarily from what region?

A) Europe
B) Latin America
C) Asia
D) approximately equally divided between Europe and Latin America

Question 39

The presence of women of color in the productive labor force is explained by

A) their rejection of tasks characterized as reproductive labor.
B) their cultural norm that women should work outside the home.
C) their disinterest in the "Cult of True Womanhood."
D) the disadvantaged labor status of racial ethnics in U.S. society.

Question 40

What percentage of the overall U.S.labor force was foreign-born in 1910?

A) 10%
B) 43%
C) 25%
D) 50%

Question 41

Discuss the development of the doctrine of two spheres,emphasizing the role of industrialization in that development.

Question 42

Discuss the ways in which the social and economic organization of slavery necessitated a variety of family adaptations.How were gender roles played out by Black men and women during slavery?

Question 43

The addition of northern Mexico to U.S.territory after the Mexican War had what effect on the indigenous people of the region?

A) Mexicans found their traditional pastoral life disrupted.
B) Many Mexicans were forced off the land where they had worked and lived.
C) Mexicans furnished cheap labor for Anglo expansion in the region.
D) all of the above

Question 44

Patterns of Chicano migration to the American Southwest were largely initiated by

A) the desire of migrants to find agricultural work.
B) the recruitment of Mexicans to provide labor for U.S. economic expansion.
C) the Chinese Exclusion Act.
D) all of the above

Question 45

Research on family life during the Great Depression finds that

A) most family patterns remained unchanged.
B) government programs helped to increase the independence of women.
C) unemployment affected different ethnic and racial groups in the same way.
D) fewer and fewer women looked for work outside of the home.

Question 46

During the Great Depression,

A) the marriage rate fell to an all-time low.
B) birth rates increased.
C) families became more stable.
D) money became less important to family life.

Question 47

The social breakdown perspective has been an enduring assumption in traditional scholarship on European family immigration.Explain the perspective and discuss the evidence presented in the text against it.

Question 48

Discuss the labor force status of racial ethnic minorities.What was the relationship between economic marginalization and their ability to embrace the doctrine of separate spheres?

Question 49

What was the "Cult of True Womanhood"? What is the connection between the rise of the "Cult of True Womanhood" and society's changing views of children?

Question 50

The compadrazgo system among Chicano families refers to

A) a network of relatives including godparents and co-parents.
B) the social dislocation of Chicano families who moved from rural to urban environments.
C) the spirit of male dominance that is characteristic of Chicano families.
D) the emphasis on individualism found in Chicano families.

Question 51

Recent historical research on Chicano families in the Southwest concludes that

A) egalitarian gender roles were usually found in married couples.
B) despite economic hardship, women rarely worked outside the home.
C) children were almost never involved in farm labor.
D) frequently the labor of entire families- men, women, and children- was necessary for economic survival.