Deck 12: Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Question 1

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.


In graphing the results of his study,which of the following would NOT be true for Dr.Elder?

A)Dr.Elder would see an interaction.
B)Dr.Elder would reach different conclusions based on which independent variable he put on the x-axis.
C)Dr.Elder would be able to use a line graph.
D)Dr.Elder would see a difference between the differences for one variable but not the other variable.

Answer 1

Dr.Elder would reach different conclusions based on which independent variable he put on the x-axis.

Question 2

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.


In graphing the difference between the differences,which of the following values would Dr.Elder use?

A)6.5
B)7.5
C)9
D)12

Answer 2

9

Question 3

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.


To determine if there is a main effect for type of activity,Dr.Elder must examine how many marginal means?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Answer 3

2

Question 4

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.


How many participant variables exist in Dr.Elder's study?

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)4

Question 5

The mathematical way to describe an interaction is:

A)A difference in differences
B)A caveat
C)A qualified main effect
D)A patterned pattern

Question 6

What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?

A)To increase internal validity and to establish external validity
B)To compare participant variables and to establish covariance
C)To find moderators and to find mediators
D)To test limits and to test theories

Question 7

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.


To make his study a 2×2×3 factorial design,which of the following would Dr.Elder need to do?

A)Add a second dependent variable (quality of the category attributes listed)
B)Add a new manipulated variable (time to complete the task: 5 minutes versus 10 minutes versus 15 minutes)
C)Add a new participant variable (sex: males versus females)
D)Add a new independent variable (activity condition: alone versus with a friend)

Question 8

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.


Based on the graphs above,Dr.Elder should conclude which of the following?

A)There is a main effect for participants' age.
B)The three-way interaction does not look significant.
C)The interaction between activity focus and activity type depends on participants' age.
D)Participants' age appears to mediate the relationship between activity focus and activity type.

Question 9

Which of the following CANNOT be said of the interaction in a study?

A)It can be determined by investigating marginal means.
B)It can exist even if the main effects are not significant.
C)It is almost always more important than a study's main effects.
D)There are multiple types of interactions (e.g. ,crossover interaction).

Question 10

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.


Which of the following reasons is the most likely reason Dr.Elder conducted a factorial design?

A)To determine whether a mediator was present in participants' ability to categorize
B)To test whether there is a difference between creating and searching for category members
C)To test whether there is a difference between thinking about a category and thinking about a category and its opposite
D)To test whether task type interacts with the effect of activity focus

Question 11

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.


In the study described above,Dr.Elder will need to examine ________ main effects and ________ interactions.

A)3,3
B)3,4
C)3,8
D)4,4

Question 12

In the case of a factorial design,another term for independent variable is:

A)Main effect
B)Cell
C)Factor
D)Moderator

Question 13

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.


In the study described above,Dr.Elder will need to examine how many two-way interactions?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 14

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.


Based on the graphs above,why should Dr.Elder conclude that there is a three-way interaction?

A)There is a two-way interaction for 10-year-olds but not for 20-year-olds.
B)There is a two-way interaction for 20-year-olds but not for 10-year-olds.
C)There is a two-way interaction for 10-year-olds that is different from the two-way interaction for 20-year-olds.
D)There is no two-way interaction for either 10-year-olds or 20-year-olds.

Question 15

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.


Which of the following is the correct factorial notation for Dr.Elder's new study?

A)1×2×4
B)2×2×2
C)2×2
D)2×4

Question 16

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.


Which of the following could NOT be said of the focus of activity variable in Dr.Elder's study?

A)There appears to be a main effect for the focus of activity variable.
B)Without the proper statistical test,it cannot be said whether the main effect for the focus of activity variable is statistically significant.
C)There appears to be an overall effect for the focus of activity variable.
D)The focus of activity finding is not as important as the type of activity finding.

Question 17

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.


In Dr.Elder's study,how many possible main effects exist?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 18

Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.


Which of the following best describes Dr.Elder's study?

A)A 2×2 crossed factorial design
B)A 4× 2 nested factorial design
C)A 2×1 mixed factorial design
D)A 2×4 within-groups factorial design

Question 19

The number of main effects that need to be examined is ________ the number of independent variables.

A)More important than
B)Equal to
C)Unrelated to
D)Independent of

Question 20

Dr.Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial study.In describing this,which statement might he use to explain the link between Independent Variable A and Independent Variable B in predicting the dependent variable?

A)Variable A cancels out Variable B.
B)The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B.
C)Variable A mainly affects Variable B.
D)The effect of Variable A is mediated by Variable B.

Question 21

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular press article that indicates an interaction?

A)"Statistically significant"
B)"Mixed factorial design"
C)"It depends"
D)"Mediator variables"

Question 22

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2×3×4 mixed factorial design.Which of the following things will NOT have to change?

A)The number of main effects that need to be examined
B)The number of interactions that need to be examined
C)The number of participants needed
D)The number of researchers needed

Question 23

What does the author of your textbook mean when she writes,"we don't live in a main effect world"?

A)She means that psychologists do not like to examine main effects.
B)She means that main effects are not important.
C)She means that interactions are common in everyday life.
D)She means that studies that produce interactions are the only studies worth conducting.

Question 24

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many interactions will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 25

When reading popular press articles,why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design?

A)Participant variables are often used as moderators.
B)Participant variables are only found in factorial designs.
C)Studies with participant variables always find significant interactions.
D)Studies with participant variables are easier to write about.

Question 26

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell,how many participants does Dr.Gavin need to recruit?

A)100
B)150
C)200
D)250

Question 27

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT:

A)Using the word significant
B)Including an asterisk in a table
C)Using the notation p < 0.05
D)The inclusion of a graph

Question 28

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many cells are in his design?

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Question 29

Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right.Which of the following should Neely conclude?

A)There is no interaction.
B)There is a crossover interaction.
C)There is a spreading interaction.
D)There is a main-effect interaction.

Question 30

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition,they are most likely describing which of the following?

A)A crossover interaction
B)A spreading interaction
C)A three-way interaction
D)A difference interaction

Question 31

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many independent variables are in his study?

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Question 32

According to the textbook,why is it important to study interactions?

A)They are more scientific than other analyses.
B)Many outcomes in psychology are interactions.
C)They are more complicated than other analyses.
D)They are easier to understand than main effects.

Question 33

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.


Which of the following reasons might Dr.Elder have for changing his study in this way?

A)To enhance external validity
B)To ensure construct validity
C)To deal with statistical validity
D)To control internal validity

Question 34

(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier.The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions.The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study. )
Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example,what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically,he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example,does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A,participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B,participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C,participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D,participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes,participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr.Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults.As such,he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study.The results are below.


The addition of the new variable to Dr.Elder's study could be thought of as which of the following?

A)A confound
B)A moderator
C)An independent variable
D)A dependent variable

Question 35

A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?

A)A crossover interaction
B)Multiple main effects
C)A three-way interaction
D)A within-groups factorial design

Question 36

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2×2×4 design." Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence?

A)The introduction
B)The Method section
C)The Results section
D)The Discussion section

Question 37

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2×4 within-subjects factorial design.Which of the following things will change?

A)The number of main effects that need to be examined
B)The number of interactions that need to be examined
C)The number of participants needed
D)The number of cells

Question 38

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2×4 independent-groups factorial design.How many main effects will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)6

Question 39

What is the difference between a main effect and an overall effect?

A)Main effects are less important than overall effects.
B)Main effects are more complicated to determine than overall effects.
C)Main effects look at one variable at a time;overall effects look at all variables simultaneously.
D)There is no difference between main effects and overall effects.

Question 40

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2×2×4 design." Based on this sentence alone,you would know all of the following pieces of information EXCEPT:

A)The number of participants in the study
B)The number of main effects that need to be examined
C)The number of cells
D)The number of independent variables

Question 41

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.


Imagine that Dr.Lopez decides to add an additional variable to his study.He is curious as to whether the results of the study vary based on sex (male and female).The graphs of the results are below.Discuss whether Dr.Lopez should conclude that a three-way interaction exists in his study.

Question 42

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.


Imagine that Dr.Lopez decides to manipulate the pain duration differently.He now has three levels of this variable-two minutes,four minutes,and six minutes.Using factorial notation,describe Dr.Lopez's study.Given this new study design,how does this change the number of cells,main effects,and interactions in Dr.Lopez's study?

Question 43

State the three types of factorial designs.

Question 44

Imagine that you read the following passage in a journal article.Provide three pieces of information that this passage tells the reader about the study conducted.
"A 3×4 within-subjects design was specified that varied color of paper (blue,pink,white)and font size (10pt,12pt,14pt,16pt).The time it took participants to read the printed word was measured."

Question 45

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.


Using factorial notation,describe Dr.Lopez's study.Given this information,how many main effects and interactions will Dr.Lopez need to examine?

Question 46

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.


Name the independent variables in this study and describe their levels.

Question 47

Explain why researchers care about interactions more than main effects.

Question 48

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.


Provide a graph of the possible interaction in Dr.Lopez's study and discuss whether Dr.Lopez should conclude that an interaction exists in his study.

Question 49

Imagine that you read the following passage in a popular magazine.Should you conclude that the original article found evidence of an interaction? Why is or why isn't there evidence of an interaction?
"One study had participants watch a crime show.Half the participants watched a documentary of a murder that took place in rural Virginia,while the other half watched a movie adaptation of the same murder.The effect of viewing a crime show on people's fear of being a victim of crime depends on the participants' sex,with women in general being more fearful regardless of which show they saw,whereas men reported more fear after watching the documentary."

Question 50

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.


Using the data table alone,discuss whether Dr.Lopez should conclude that an interaction exists in his study.

Question 51

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.


Using Dr.Lopez's study as an example,explain why an interaction is often described by saying "it depends."

Question 52

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.


Imagine that Dr.Lopez decides to add another variable to his study.He is curious as to whether the results of the study vary based on sex (male and female).Using factorial notation,describe Dr.Lopez's study.Given this new study design,how does this change the number of cells,main effects,and interactions in Dr.Lopez's study?

Question 53

Provide two reasons a researcher would want to conduct a factorial study.

Question 54

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.


Using the marginal means,state whether it appears that the main effects in Dr.Lopez's study are important.(You do not need to say whether the main effects are statistically significant,but simply whether a difference appears to exist. )

Question 55

To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention,Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for two minutes,and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for four minutes.In addition,half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water,participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video,participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.


Using Dr.Lopez's study as an example,explain why an interaction can be described as "a difference in differences."