Deck 2: Innate Behavior Patterns and Habituation

Question 1

Unlike a kinesis,a taxis is

A)an example of a tropism
B)a movement or change in orientation of the entire organism
C)a learned behavior
D)a directed movement

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The habituation of a response to a very strong stimulus

A)will proceed rapidly
B)will proceed slowly
C)will not exhibit generalization
D)will not exhibit overlearning effects

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In control systems theory,the action system is activated

A)when the actual input does not match the reference input
B)when the comparator is turned off
C)when there is no disturbance
D)when there is no output

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the habituation of the gill-withdrawal response

A)is caused by a decrease in the sensitivity of the motor neurons to transmitter released by the sensory neurons
B)is caused by a decrease in the amount of transmitter released by the sensory neurons
C)is caused by an increase in the amount of transmitter released by the sensory neurons
D)is caused by an increase in the activity of interneurons

Question 5

Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the habituation of the gill-withdrawal response

A)always occurs in a single trial
B)dissipates with time
C)is completely different from habituation in higher organisms
D)all of the above

Question 6

In applying the terminology of control systems theory to the humidity-seeking behavior of the wood louse,the goal of finding an area with high humidity can be called

A)the actual input
B)the reference input
C)a disturbance
D)the output

Question 7

A reaction chain differs from a fixed action pattern in that it

A)is innate
B)is a sequence of behaviors
C)is more adaptive to the current environmental conditions
D)may be found in only one species

Question 8

In the terminology of control systems theory,the setting on a house's thermostat can be called

A)the comparator
B)the reference input
C)the actual input
D)the action system

Question 9

In humans,contagious yawning is an example of a

A)kinesis
B: taxis
C)fixed action pattern
D)reaction chain

Question 10

In applying the terminology of control systems theory to the humidity-seeking behavior of the wood louse,the humidity level in the creature's current location can be called

A)the actual input
B)the reference input
C)a disturbance
D)the output

Question 11

A reaction chain

A)consists of an alternating sequence of stimuli and responses
B)is innate
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 12

Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the physiological network underlying the gill-withdrawal reflex

A)involves single synapses between sensory neurons and motor neurons
B)involves two synapses: between sensory neurons and interneurons,and between interneurons and motor neurons
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 13

To qualify as a "human universal," a behavior must

A)be innate
B)be found in human cultures throughout the world
C)look exactly the same in human cultures throughout the world
D)all of the above

Question 14

A male stickleback will be aggressive toward other male sticklebacks that invade its territory.Of the following,which will tend to elicit the strongest aggressive response-

A)a female stickleback
B)an object that has the rough shape of a stickleback
C)an object that has a red patch on the bottom
D)a fish of another species

Question 15

A fixed-action pattern

A)will stop immediately if the behavior is not appropriate for the situation
B)is a sequence of behaviors that occur in a rigid order
C)both a and b
D)neither a and b

Question 16

To support the theory that language is an innate human ability,researchers have shown that

A)a specific part of the human brain is essential for speech
B)a specific part of the human brain is essential for language comprehension
C)human languages throughout the world have certain features in common
D)all of the above

Question 17

When you quickly pull your hand away from a painful stimulus,this reflex

A)does not involve a feedback loop
B)is controlled by the brain's cerebral cortex
C)involves sensory neurons,interneurons,and motor neurons
D)all of the above

Question 18

Habituation

A)can be observed in some one-celled organisms
B)can occur in the orienting response
C)can exhibit stimulus generalization
D)all of the above

Question 19

Ekman's research on facial expression of emotions has found that

A)animals and people express emotions in similar ways
B)children learn to recognize the emotional expressions of adults in their first year of life
C)adults can recognize emotions such as happiness or surprise in the face of a person from a different culture
D)all of the above

Question 20

A loud noise is repeatedly presented to a rat,and after 20 trials the rat's startle reaction has completely disappeared (habituated).If a slightly different noise is now presented,it is most likely that

A)there will be no startle reaction at all
B)there will be no habituation to this new stimulus
C)habituation of the startle reaction will take more than 20 trials
D)habituation of the startle reaction will take less than 20 trials

Question 21

In the Solomon and Corbit opponent-process theory,the b-process is said to be

A)a pleasant emotional reaction
B)an unpleasant emotional reaction
C)unaffected by repeated trials
D)slow to reach its maximum level

Question 22

Overlearning in habituation (or below-zero habituation)can occur if

A)habituation trials continue after the response has disappeared
B)habituation trials are widely spaced over time
C)an intense stimulus is used
D)several different stimuli are used

Question 23

According to opponent-process theory,opiate addiction is so difficult to end because

A)the a-process is strengthened with repeated opiate use
B)the aversive b-process can be temporarily reduced with another opiate injection
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 24

In the Solomon and Corbit opponent-process theory,the a-process is said to be

A)a pleasant emotional reaction
B)an unpleasant emotional reaction
C)unaffected by repeated trials
D)slow to reach its maximum level

Question 25

According to opponent-process theory,in parachute jumping the strengthening of the b-process over trials

A)causes the individual to be less terrified with experience
B)causes the aftereffects of a jump to last longer with experience
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 26

Which of the following statements is not an accurate summary of the findings from research on habituation in mammals-

A)Short-term and long-term habituation may involve different brain pathways.
B)Cells in the auditory cortex may "habituate" to tones of specific pitches.
C)The startle response habituates if a loud noise is presented repeatedly.
D)Habituation is most evident in the later (motor)portions of the startle response pathway.