Deck 6: Biology in the Present: the Other Living Primates

Question 1

Primate females:

A)invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals.
B)give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals.
C)give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
D)give birth to twins regularly.

Answer 1

give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.

Question 2

Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include:

A)an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.
B)a larger brain.
C)a reduced number of teeth.
D)smaller eye orbits.

Answer 2

an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.

Question 3

Anthropoids include:

A)monkeys and apes, including humans.
B)African and Asian apes only.
C)tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only.
D)lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.

Answer 3

monkeys and apes, including humans.

Question 4

Living lemurs are found only in:

A)Asia.
B)Africa.
C)South America.
D)Madagascar.

Question 5

Primates' enhanced sense of vision stems from:

A)the fact that their eyes are rotated forward.
B)their tendency toward nocturnality.
C)their color vision.
D)both a.and c.

Question 6

The dental pattern of Old World higher primates is:

A)2-1-2-3.
B)2-1-3-3.
C)2-2-2-3.
D)2-2-3-3.

Question 7

Low, rounded cusps indicate a diet of:

A)fruit.
B)meat.
C)insects.
D)leaves.

Question 8

Prehensile tails are:

A)present in catarrhine primates.
B)present in most primates.
C)present only in some platyrrhines.
D)made strictly of muscle.

Question 9

Anthropoids differ from prosimians in that they:

A)have more teeth.
B)have better color vision.
C)are less dimorphic sexually.
D)have a smaller brain relative to body size.

Question 10

High, pointed crowns indicate a diet of:

A)fruit.
B)leaves.
C)meat.
D)insects.

Question 11

Arboreal adaptation is:

A)adaptation to life in the trees.
B)the ability to brachiate.
C)adaptation to life in the savanna.
D)the ability to move on four limbs.

Question 12

While at the zoo you see an exhibit with a small group of primates and notice they have wet, snout-like noses.This indicates a species of:

A)prosimian, because they retain the rhinarium not found in other mammal species.
B)anthropoid primate, because they retain the rhinarium commonly found in other mammal species.
C)platyrrhine primate, because their nostrils do not point downward.
D)strepsirhini that retain a rhinarium found only in prosimian primates.

Question 13

Colobine primates:

A)are mostly frugivorous.
B)are usually terrestrial.
C)have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves.
D)are referred to as "cheek pouch" monkeys.

Question 14

Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations, including:

A)opposable thumbs.
B)a precision grip.
C)short digits.
D)an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

Question 15

You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution.You note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids.This implies that the researchers are relying on:

A)cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.
B)anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.
C) genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.
D)both b.and c.

Question 16

The suborder prosimians includes:

A)New World and Old World monkeys.
B)lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.
C)great apes and lesser apes.
D)lemurs, lorises, and Old World monkeys.

Question 17

Which of the following are prosimians?

A)baboons
B)gibbons
C)lemurs
D)tamarins

Question 18

The two suborders of primates are:

A)platyrrhine and catarrhine.
B)prosimians and anthropoids.
C)pongidae and hominidae.
D)tarsiers and anthropoids.

Question 19

The cladistic classification of apes and humans:

A)includes three subfamilies within hominids: pongines, gorillines, and hominines.
B)uses the term hominid to describe only humans and their ancestors.
C)divides hominoids into hylobatids, pongids, and hominids.
D)includes tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises.

Question 20

The suborder prosimians includes:

A)only nocturnal species.
B)only diurnal species.
C)diurnal and nocturnal galagos.
D)diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.

Question 21

Preadaptation is:

A)the series of apparent adaptations that are never actually used.
B)the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function.
C)an anatomical feature used in the manner for which it was originally selected.
D)a phenomenon that occurs before natural selection can occur.

Question 22

Among all primates, humans have the:

A)largest body relative to other animals.
B)greatest level of biological adaptability.
C)largest body size.
D)largest brain relative to body size.

Question 23

The typical catarrhine dental formula is:

A)1 / 1 / 2 / 3.
B)2 / 1 / 3 / 3.
C)2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
D)3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

Question 24

Old World monkeys have:

A)Y-5 molars.
B)two sets of molars.
C)bilophodont molars.
D)one-inch molars.

Question 25

African monkeys, including Miss Waldron's red colobus, are:

A)among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources.
B)a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.
C)not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos.
D)among the most endangered animal species due to disease.

Question 26

The eminent British anatomist Sir Wilfrid E.Le Gros Clark (1895-1971) identified three prominent tendencies.They are:

A)the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.
B)increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.
C)arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.
D)the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

Question 27

The Y-5 molar morphology is present in:

A)colobus monkeys.
B)chimpanzees.
C)lemurs.
D)howler monkeys.

Question 28

Primates have long growth and development periods because:

A)they are like other mammals in taking a long time to develop to sexual maturity.
B)on average they are smaller bodied than most other mammals.
C)they have higher intelligence and larger brains relative to other animals.
D)the areas of the brain associated with smell and hearing are expanded in primates.

Question 29

In class your professor shows you an MRI scan of a primate brain.The professor points out the relatively large size of the olfactory bulb beneath the frontal lobe.This suggests to you that this:

A)primate exhibits a derived trait for an enhanced sense of smell, since this trait is not commonly observed in mammal species.
B)is a species of anthropoid because it has an increased reliance on vision.
C)primate must be a species of prosimian, as that suborder of primates relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.
D)species is nocturnal.

Question 30

Strepsirhines have a special lower incisor called a:

A)bilophodont.
B)two-ridge tooth.
C)diastema.
D)tooth comb.

Question 31

While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to grasp branches while moving throughout the trees in its enclosure.This is most likely a(n):

A)Old World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
B)lesser ape, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
C)New World monkey, because these are the only monkeys that live in trees.
D)New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.

Question 32

Relative to body size, primate brain size is:

A)proportional to human brain size.
B)more or less the same in large and small primates.
C)smaller than in other large mammals.
D)larger among great apes than among other primates.

Question 33

The cladistic approach to primate classification is:

A)based on the use of anatomical and genetic evidence to establish ancestral relationships.
B)based on direct observation of phenotypes only.
C)also called the gradistic method of classification.
D)based on levels of anatomical complexity, without consideration of ancestor-descendent relationships.

Question 34

The increased brain size observed in the order Primates:

A)results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity.
B)results in shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size.
C)demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution.
D)both a.and c.

Question 35

In your primate anatomy lab you are shown the mandible (lower jawbone) of a species of primate.While looking at the teeth you notice a large space between the canine and first premolar.In your lab book you note that this:

A)is likely the lower jaw of a human, due to the potential presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
B)may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth of the mandible suggests the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
C)is likely the lower jaw of a human, given the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
D)may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth suggests the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.

Question 36

The typical dental formula of lorises and lemurs is:

A)2 / 1 / 3 / 3.
B)1 / 1 / 3 / 3.
C)2 / 1 / 3 / 2.
D)2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

Question 37

Dietary plasticity in primates refers to:

A)eating a wide variety of foods.
B)lack of diversity of diets over time.
C)diets composed of a variety of red meats.
D)diets composed of a variety of fruits.

Question 38

The rhinarium is present in:

A)baboons.
B)gorillas.
C)ring-tail lemurs.
D)howler monkeys.

Question 39

A skull with a foramen magnum positioned at the back of the skull belongs to:

A)an individual that is fully bipedal, such as a human.
B)an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.
C)an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a human.
D)none of the above (this trait is observed only in prosimians).

Question 40

A feature unique to human teeth and human ancestors' teeth is:

A)the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
B)a canine that shows no wear on any surface.
C)the Y-5 cusp pattern.
D)a canine that shows wear on the tip.

Question 41

Brachiation refers to:

A)using the forelimbs to move from tree limb to tree limb.
B)quadrupedal locomotion including the use of a tail.
C)clinging and leaping locomotion in an arboreal environment.
D)bipedality in nonhumans.

Question 42

Discuss the anatomical differences between prosimians and anthropoids.How do these anatomical differences influence behavior and socialization among the respective primate groups?

Question 43

Discuss the diversity of the dentition among primates.Pay particular attention to how form follows function with regard to dental morphology and diet.

Question 44

Phylogeny refers to:

A)evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits, genetics, and behavior.
B)the fundamental anatomical features in primates that reflect their high degree of diversity.
C)primates' ability to get around in trees using an unusually wide range of motions involving the limbs and trunk.
D)a set of behaviors and anatomical characteristics that is unique to mammals adapted to life in the trees.

Question 45

A strepsirhine has a:

A)wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs.
B)snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs.
C)wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw.
D)tooth comb, a grooming claw, and ischial callosities.

Question 46

Discuss the primate parental investment in terms of success in natural selection.What are the most important aspects of primate parenting and what is their value to socialization?

Question 47

The cladistic primate classification includes:

A)anthropods and haplorhines.
B)hominoids and chordata.
C)strepsirhines and haplorhines.
D)pongidae and omomyidae.

Question 48

Primates are characterized by:

A)forward-facing eyes, varied diet, and nonviolent behavior.
B)arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and male dominance.
C)docility, toolmaking, and parental investment.
D)arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment.

Question 49

Catarrhines' nostrils are:

A)far apart and face sideways.
B)close together and face downward.
C)large due to their heightened sense of smell.
D)wide and include a large nasal sinus.

Question 50

The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:

A)the uses of anatomical and genetic evidence.
B)morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
C)alternative forms of classification.
D)levels of anatomical complexity.

Question 51

Describe the arboreal adaptation of primates and include specific anatomical characteristics.

Question 52

Discuss the anatomical differences of the skeleton between (bipedal) humans and (quadrupedal) apes.

Question 53

Among all primates humans have the:

A)largest olfactory bulb.
B)greatest sense of hearing.
C)most developed vision.
D)most elaborate connections between different regions of the brain.