Deck 13: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

Question 1

The DASH eating plan recommends daily servings of various foods, including:​

A) ​1-2 servings of vegetables daily.
B) ​4-5 servings of fruits daily.
C) ​4-5 servings of low-fat dairy products daily.
D) ​4-5 servings of nuts and seeds daily.
E) ​2-3 servings of sweets daily.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The protein portion of the lipoprotein that provides structural integrity and allows for receptors to recognize the lipoprotein particle is called:​

A) ​a chylomicron.
B) ​an amino acid receptor.
C) ​bradykinin.
D) ​fibrinolytic factor.
E) ​an apolipoprotein.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which best describes mean arterial pressure (MAP)?​

A) ​The amount of end diastolic volume that is ejected from the heart by contraction of the left ventricle
B) ​The force exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels during the contraction of the ventricles
C) ​The resistance against which the ventricles must contract in order to eject blood into systemic circulation
D) ​The depolarization of the AV node that is carried into the ventricles by the atrioventricular bundle
E) ​The volume of blood ejected with each contraction of the left ventricle

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Symptoms of angina may include nausea, pain in the arm and neck, sweating, and:​

A) ​hemorrhage.
B) ​chills.
C) ​edema.
D) ​rash.
E) ​shortness of breath.

Question 5

During the development of atherosclerosis, as platelets adhere to the sub-endothelial surfaces, they begin to secrete both adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and:​

A) ​nitric oxide.
B) ​platelet-derived growth factor.
C) ​C-reactive protein.
D) ​plasminogen activator inhibitor.
E) ​thromboxane A2.

Question 6

A dietitian is using the CAGE questions to assess for intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol in a client's diet. The "C" in CAGE stands for:​

A) ​convenience.
B) ​calories.
C) ​calcium.
D) ​caffeine.
E) ​cheese.

Question 7

Which condition has been a factor associated with primary hypertension?​

A) ​Decreased secretion of vasopressin
B) ​Differences in genes that affect sodium retention
C) ​Increased levels of nitrous oxide in the bloodstream
D) ​Decreased production of angiotensinogen
E) ​Type 1 diabetes and diminished insulin production

Question 8

A dietitian is helping a client with determining sodium content of food to manage her hypertension. The label on a product reads, "140 mg or less of sodium per serving." This product would be classified as:​

A) ​sodium free.
B) ​very low sodium.
C) ​low sodium.
D) ​unsalted.
E) ​high in sodium.

Question 9

Research recommends how much daily intake from saturated fat food sources?​

A) ​No more than 15% of total kcal
B) ​No more than 12% of total kcal
C) ​No more than 10% of total kcal
D) ​No more than 7% of total kcal
E) ​0% to no more than 5% of total kcal

Question 10

The components of metabolic syndrome include elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, and:​

A) ​abdominal obesity.
B) ​cerebral edema.
C) ​low exercise tolerance.
D) ​muscle tetany.
E) ​early-onset dementia.

Question 11

Which is an example of a loop diuretic used in the treatment of hypertension?​

A) ​furosemide
B) ​hydrochlorothiazide
C) ​acetazolamide
D) ​spironolactone
E) ​methazolamide

Question 12

Uncontrolled contractions of the heart ventricle that are often associated with myocardial infarction are known as:​

A) ​ventricular tachycardia.
B) ​ventricular fibrillation.
C) ​ventricular shock arrhythmias.
D) ​atrial fibrillation.
E) ​complete heart block.

Question 13

A dietitian is counseling a client with atherosclerosis about how to make therapeutic lifestyle changes. Which food item should the dietitian advise the client to choose less often?​

A) ​soft or liquid margarine
B) ​buttermilk
C) ​whole eggs
D) ​cottage cheese
E) ​pasta

Question 14

The right atria and the right ventricle make up the right heart and pump blood to:​

A) ​the left heart.
B) ​the pulmonary circulation.
C) ​the superior vena cava.
D) ​the aortic artery.
E) ​the inferior vena cava.

Question 15

Which is an example of a polyunsaturated fat source?​

A) ​butter
B) ​corn oil
C) ​lard
D) ​coconut oil
E) ​palm oil

Question 16

Which describes a recommendation for lifestyle changes that may be made to control hypertension?​

A) ​Engage in 30 minutes of physical activity per week
B) ​Avoid alcohol completely
C) ​Consume no more than 3400 mg of sodium per day
D) ​Increase fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy in the diet
E) ​Maintain a BMI between 25 and 29.9

Question 17

The repeating contraction and relaxation of the heart is termed the:​

A) ​ejection fraction.
B) ​end diastolic volume.
C) ​stroke volume.
D) ​cardiac output.
E) ​cardiac cycle.

Question 18

What best describes how ACE inhibitors work to control hypertension?​

A) ​Decreasing blood volume by increasing urinary output
B) ​Blocking beta-receptors in the heart to decrease heart rate and cardiac output
C) ​Decreasing peripheral vascular resistance by interfering with the production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I
D) ​Reducing stroke volume
E) ​Affecting the movement of calcium, which causes the blood vessels to relax

Question 19

A dietitian is reviewing the laboratory results of a client's total cholesterol levels. The results are 210 mg/dL. These results would be classified as:​

A) ​desirable.
B) ​normal.
C) ​borderline high.
D) ​high.
E) ​excessive.

Question 20

Gemfibrozil is a type of medication used to control high cholesterol and is classified as a(n):​

A) ​nicotinic acid.
B) ​bile acid sequestrant.
C) ​HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
D) ​fibric acid.
E) ​statin.

Question 21

Patients who have structural heart disease but demonstrate no symptoms of heart failure are classified as having which stage of the disease?​

A) ​A
B) ​B
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​E

Question 22

Which best describes surgical ventricular restoration?​

A) ​An implant is placed in the chest to use when the right and left side of the heart do not contract at the same time
B) ​A device mechanically pumps blood from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body
C) ​A procedure is performed that restores the normal geometry of the left ventricle by removing scarred areas of heart tissue
D) ​A person's failing heart is replaced with a healthy heart from a suitable deceased donor
E) ​Sensors are placed in the ventricles to regulate electrical impulses coming from the SA node

Question 23

Which is an example of a high-sodium product that should be limited in a patient with heart failure?​

A) ​edamame
B) ​flour tortillas
C) ​chocolate milk
D) ​tuna
E) ​eggnog

Question 24

Which information is essential as part of educating a client with heart failure about fluid restriction?​

A) ​Increase sodium intake to offset fluid loss
B) ​Count all beverages and foods such as soups, sherbet, and gelatin within the fluid allowance
C) ​Use warm or hot foods to control thirst
D) ​Check body weight 3 times daily
E) ​Limit fluid intake to 4 quarts per day

Question 25

Which describes a non-invasive test used in patients with symptoms of PAD that measures the blood pressure in the upper and lower extremities at rest and after exercise?​

A) ​magnetic resonance angiography
B) ​radionucleotide imaging
C) ​positron emission tomography
D) ​ankle-brachial index
E) ​CT angiography

Question 26

Which compound, when consumed twice daily, can have therapeutic effects on cholesterol?​

A) ​nuts
B) ​folate
C) ​vitamin B6
D) ​plant stanols
E) ​vitamin B12

Question 27

Which is a true statement regarding a heart transplant?​

A) ​Most transplant surgeries are performed on patients younger than 40 years old.
B) ​A heart-lung bypass machine is hooked up in order to provide blood to the patient's body after surgery.
C) ​The aorta and pulmonary arteries are not replaced as part of the surgery.
D) ​Aldosterone antagonists and immunosuppressant medications are administered after surgery to prevent rejection.
E) ​Recovery often involves 3 months in the hospital and 6 months of monitoring by the transplant team for organ rejection.

Question 28

The four basic steps of food safety are: clean, separate, cook, and:​

A) ​eat.
B) ​dispose.
C) ​chill.
D) ​store.
E) ​consume.

Question 29

The most common cause of heart failure in women is:​

A) ​hypertension.
B) ​ischemic heart disease.
C) ​peripheral arterial disease.
D) ​myocardial infarction.
E) ​acute coronary syndrome

Question 30

PT's diet is high in which element?​

A) ​polyunsaturated fat
B) ​saturated fat
C) ​vitamin D
D) ​monounsaturated fat
E) ​potassium

Question 31

Which best describes an echocardiogram, which may be used to diagnose heart disease?​

A) ​Radionucleotides attached to red blood cells allow for visualization of the heart while beating
B) ​Vital signs are measured after a session of prescribed exercise on a treadmill
C) ​A technician takes a graphic recording of the heart's electrical activity
D) ​A catheter is inserted from an appropriate artery or vein into the ventricle
E) ​Sound waves are used to document anatomy and function of the heart

Question 32

The registered dietitian may recommend which of the following additions to PT's diet to help decrease the absorption of lipids?​

A) ​nuts
B) ​magnesium
C) ​folate
D) ​soluble fiber
E) ​protein

Question 33

Which is an example of a modifiable risk factor that contributed to PT's condition?​

A) ​obesity
B) ​family history
C) ​ethnicity
D) ​gender
E) ​age

Question 34

What is the recommended amount of protein intake during the initial phase after heart transplant?​

A) ​0.8 - 1.0 g/kg
B) ​1.0 - 1.5 g/kg
C) ​1.5 - 2.0 g/kg
D) ​2.0 - 2.4 g/kg
E) ​2.5 - 3.0 g/kg

Question 35

Immediate nutrition goals after a heart transplant are to supply adequate nutrients so the body can heal and to:​

A) ​reduce fluid buildup.
B) ​prevent potassium loss.
C) ​increase energy intake.
D) ​prepare for cardiac rehabilitation.
E) ​fight infections.

Question 36

Based on the available clinical data, what additional diagnosis might be made in this case?​

A) ​hyperhomocysteinemia
B) ​heart failure
C) ​peripheral vascular disease
D) ​metabolic syndrome
E) ​atrial fibrillation

Question 37

Which medication is recommended for a low-risk patient with atrial fibrillation?​

A) ​warfarin
B) ​vitamin K
C) ​dabigatran
D) ​aspirin
E) ​rivaroxaban

Question 38

Signs of right-sided heart failure include distended neck veins, flushing, and:​

A) ​dry mouth.
B) ​ascites.
C) ​sunken eyes.
D) ​decreased urine output.
E) ​constipation.

Question 39

A dietitian is educating a client about how to prevent infection after a heart transplant. Which foods would the dietitian counsel the client to avoid?

A) ​pasteurized milk
B) ​homemade eggnog
C) ​canned fish
D) ​cooked sprouts
E) ​hard cheese

Question 40

A long-term complication of heart transplant might be:​

A) ​osteoporosis.
B) ​hypokalemia.
C) ​weight gain.
D) ​migraine headaches.
E) ​hyponatremia.

Question 41

_______________ are medications that affect the movement of calcium, which causes the blood vessels to relax and therefore reduces vasoconstriction.

Question 42

One tsp of table salt is equivalent to _______________ mg sodium.

Question 43

The force exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels during the contraction of the ventricles is termed _______________.

Question 44

_______________ hypertension occurs as a result of another primary problem, such as kidney disease, other cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, or neurogenic disorders.

Question 45

A comprehensive approach that addresses multiple lifestyle factors has the most significant effect on blood pressure control for hypertensive individuals.

Question 46

The causes of an acute MI or unstable angina are plaque erosion, rupture of a plaque resulting in formation of a thrombus, and vasoconstriction.

Question 47

At the onset of atherosclerotic lesion formation, the damage to the endothelial layer attracts platelets to the area, which attach to the endothelium and form a small clot termed a _______________.

Question 48

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed in females because they tend to experience angina pain differently than men.

Question 49

The prevailing theory for the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is that the disease begins as a response to injury that results in hemorrhage.

Question 50

Since the intakes of magnesium and calcium can directly impact the progression and management of HF, accurate assessment of both of these nutrients is essential.

Question 51

When assessing hypertension, it is not necessary to measure waist circumference for those patients with a BMI >_______________, because it adds no additional predictive power.

Question 52

Clients with atrial fibrillation should be educated on foods that are high in vitamin K and how to check product labels for vitamin K contents.

Question 53

A surgical procedure that typically uses the saphenous vein or internal mammary artery to "bypass" the blocked vessel is known as a(n) _______________.

Question 54

In the diet, _______________ appear to behave similarly to saturated fatty acids in that they increase total cholesterol and LDL levels and perhaps lower HDL levels.

Question 55

Hypothyroidism leading to obesity has also been identified as a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis.

Question 56

The veins from the upper part of the body drain into the _______________ vena cava.

Question 57

_______________ produced in the endothelial cells controls the normal relaxation of smooth muscle in the arteries and arterioles.

Question 58

An individual who is currently taking antihypertensive medication is not considered to have hypertension if the blood pressure normalizes as a result of the medication.

Question 59

Though many myocardial cells have the capability of generating spontaneous electrical activity, electrical activity is initiated at the atrioventricular (AV) node.

Question 60

Current recommendations include maintenance of dietary fat intake within 10%-15% of total caloric intake for patients with atherosclerosis.

Question 61

Name and briefly describe the stages of heart failure.

Question 62

Describe each of the components of nutrition intervention for heart failure, including sodium restriction, energy and protein requirements, fluid intake, and drug-nutrient interactions.

Question 63

Explain the components of the guide to therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC), listing examples from each of the segments.

Question 64

List examples of foods to choose and foods to avoid when decreasing saturated fat and increasing unsaturated fats in the following categories: dairy products, fats and oils, breads and cereals.

Question 65

A(n) _______________ is a surgical procedure in which a person's failing heart is replaced with a healthy heart from a suitable deceased donor.

Question 66

A _______________ mg sodium diet is a standard initial recommendation for individuals with heart failure.

Question 67

Describe the components of the rapid eating assessment for patients (REAP) and give an example of a question applicable to each category of the assessment.

Question 68

During the immediate post-MI period, oral intake may be _______________ due to pain, anxiety, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

Question 69

_______________ is a term used to describe the condition of persons who present with either an acute MI or unstable angina.

Question 70

Discuss each of the following components when evaluating clinical hypertension: classification of blood pressure, major cardiovascular disease risk factors, identifiable causes of hypertension.

Question 71

Post-surgery education on basic food safety after heart transplant should be provided since transplant patients are more susceptible to _______________ due to immunosuppressant therapy.

Question 72

List risk factors that are common to the development of coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular accidents.

Question 73

Typically, heart failure begins with the _______________, the heart's primary pumping chamber.

Question 74

Describe the "5 A's" of nutrition counseling for hypertension, including examples of interventions from the dietitian.

Question 75

List the classifications of complications that can occur after a myocardial infarction.

Question 76

A(n) _______________ is defined as a non-healing break in the skin. Inadequate perfusion to the tissues (i.e., lack of oxygen) is the primary etiology for skin breakdown.

Question 77

_______________ is used to determine the dosage of anticoagulant medication for patients with atrial fibrillation.

Question 78

A(n) _______________ is a medical procedure used for heart failure that mechanically pumps blood from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body.

Question 79

Describe the formula used for calculating blood flow and vessel resistance.

Question 80

It is not unusual for individuals to experience episodes of _______________ in response to an increase in cardiac workload.