Deck 7: Deviance

Question 1

Travis Hirschi's control theory makes the point that people who commit crimes typically have little concern about the potential consequences.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Feminist theory claims that women, compared to men, are subject to greater social control.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Cesare Lombroso, an Italian physician and criminologist, claimed that most criminals were people who had been mistreated by society.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Today in the United States, women are arrested for property crimes at the same rate as men are.

Question 5

The stigma of deviance can encourage an individual to engage in further deviance.

Question 6

Robert Merton claimed that the "strains of masculinity" are an important cause of crime.

Question 7

Corporate crime refers to stealing or other crimes that are committed against a corporation or other large business.

Question 8

Organized crime refers to supplying legal goods and services at below market prices.

Question 9

The "medicalization of deviance" idea points to the fact that most crimes are committed by people who are under the influence of an illegal drug.

Question 10

According to the social-conflict approach, deviance has a number of functions for the operation of society as a whole.

Question 11

"Primary deviance" refers to the most serious offenses.

Question 12

Emile Durkheim's analysis suggests it would be impossible for a society to completely eliminate deviance.

Question 13

A poor person who has little chance to go to college and who sells illegal drugs to make money is one example of a deviant "innovator."

Question 14

Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz developed containment theory, which claims that a strong superego helps boys stay out of trouble.

Question 15

Biological factors, including genetics, explain most criminal behavior.

Question 16

Albert Cohen suggested that lower-class youths form a delinquent subculture to gain the self-respect that society denies them.

Question 17

Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz states that the label of "insanity" is widely applied to behavior that is actually only "different."

Question 18

Labeling theory stresses that some actions are always wrong and others are always right.

Question 19

What is considered deviant is mostly the same behavior all around the world.

Question 20

Crime is only one category of deviance.

Question 21

Assume you were listening to a lecture on Durkheim's approach to deviance.The focus of the lecture might be that

A) deviance is a normal element of social organization.
B) deviance is a dysfunctional element of social organization.
C) deviance is less common in modern societies.
D) deviance is defined by the rich and used against the poor.

Question 22

The formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials is called

A) the normative system.
B) social control.
C) civil law.
D) the criminal justice system.

Question 23

Every society tries to regulate the behavior of individuals this general process is called ______.

A) neighborhood watch
B) self control
C) social control
D) the legal system

Question 24

Based on your reading, it would be correct to say that biological approaches offer

A) a very limited understanding of crime.
B) a good explanation of most crimes.
C) a good explanation of violent crime.
D) a good explanation of property crime.

Question 25

Every person charged with a crime in the United States is sentenced after receiving a trial by jury.

Question 26

"Due process" means handling alleged offenders within the bounds of the law.

Question 27

The value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because

A) very few people experience an "unsuccessful socialization."
B) there has been very little research of this kind.
C) there is no way to distinguish "normal" from "abnormal" people.
D) most people who commit crimes have normal personalities.

Question 28

The correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes is that

A) males with certain body types commit the most serious crimes.
B) Lombroso proved a century ago that biological factors are the major cause of crime.
C) biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes.
D) genetics research has succeeded in explaining most criminality.

Question 29

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime

A) is always more serious.
B) is usually less serious.
C) refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.
D) involves a larger share of the population.

Question 30

Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz claimed that "good boys" have the ability to rein in deviant impulses.They called their analysis

A) differential opportunity theory.
B) containment theory.
C) libido theory.
D) differential association theory.

Question 31

The United States is the only Western, high-income nation that routinely imposes the death penalty on convicted offenders.

Question 32

"The recognized violation of cultural norms" refers to the concept of

A) deviance.
B) crime.
C) legal infraction.
D) juvenile delinquency.

Question 33

Probation and parole are two types of community-based corrections.

Question 34

What does the story about the conviction and imprisonment of Bruce Glover suggest about punishment in the United States?

A) Crime truly does pay.
B) Convicts can lose everything important to them while in prison and, after release, they often struggle to fit back into society.
C) The U.S. criminal justice system truly rehabilitates criminals effectively.
D) After you get out of prison, society welcomes you back with open arms.

Question 35

In general, people of higher social class position are less likely to be arrested for street crimes than people of lower class position.

Question 36

In his study of New England's Puritans, Kai Erikson concluded that

A) people everywhere define mostly the same things as deviant.
B) very religious people create very little deviance.
C) even this disciplined and highly religious group created deviance to clarify the moral boundaries of their community.
D) the proportion of people in the population that the Puritans defined as deviant kept rising over time.

Question 37

According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include

A) negating cultural values and norms.
B) the idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity.
C) the idea that responding to deviance confuses moral boundaries.
D) the idea that deviance looks the same across cultures.

Question 38

In the United States, even though the crime rate has gone down in recent years, the number of people in prison has gone up.

Question 39

The old saying, "An eye for an eye," expresses the idea underlying the policy of rehabilitation.

Question 40

One of the social foundations of deviance is that

A) deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms.
B) there are many acts that are always deviant everywhere.
C) people are born deviant.
D) social power has little to do with what norms are and how people apply them.

Question 41

According to Robert Merton's strain theory, the term _______ correctly describes the behavior of a radical activist who rejects just about everything in the existing society in favor of some alternative system.

A) innovator
B) ritualist
C) retreatist
D) rebel

Question 42

According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on

A) how often the act occurs.
B) the moral foundation of the culture.
C) how harmful the act is to the public as a whole.
D) differences in power between various categories of people.

Question 43

Alexander Liazos speaks for the social-conflict approach when he states that

A) powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant.
B) deviance has both functions and dysfunctions.
C) deviance exists only in the eye of the beholder.
D) society should ignore victimless crime.

Question 44

The basic idea behind labeling theory is that

A) deviance is actually useful in a number of ways.
B) deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.
C) power has much to do with how a society defines deviance.
D) deviance is actually a myth.

Question 45

In Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, ___________ refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them.

A) innovation
B) ritualism
C) retreatism
D) rebellion

Question 46

Whether people respond to deviance as a moral issue or a medical matter affects

A) whether a person is labeled retrospectively or projectively.
B) whether the person is subject to punishment or treatment.
C) whether the person's deviance is labeled as primary or secondary.
D) whether or not the person gets the appropriate care.

Question 47

Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton's theory of deviance, stating that crime

A) reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity.
B) is more common among the rich who have more opportunity.
C) is defined in such a way as to overly criminalize the poor.
D) is typically a result of drug dependence or other substance addiction.

Question 48

An example of the "medicalization of deviance" is

A) theft being redefined as a "compulsive stealing."
B) drinking too much being redefined as a personal failing.
C) promiscuity being redefined as a moral failing.
D) when people steal drugs to self-medicate.

Question 49

Participating in the subculture that Elijah Anderson describes as "the code of the streets" raises the risk that young people will end up

A) conforming to conventional morality.
B) doing better than their parents.
C) having a career in law enforcement.
D) in jail or worse.

Question 50

Thomas Szasz made the controversial assertion that

A) deviance is only what people label as deviant.
B) most people in the United States will become insane for some period during their lives.
C) mental illness is a myth so that "insanity" is only "differences" that bother other people.
D) our society does not do nearly enough to treat the mentally ill.

Question 51

The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of

A) interpreting someone's past consistent with present deviance.
B) defining someone as deviant for things done long before.
C) criminal adults encouraging their children to become deviant.
D) predicting someone's future based on past deviant acts..

Question 52

Both Albert Cohen and Walter Miller argue that deviance is most likely to arise among

A) high-income males.
B) middle-class men and women.
C) low-income youths.
D) all class levels.

Question 53

According to Robert Merton's strain theory, the term ________would correctly describe a gangster like Al Capone, who made a lot of money breaking the law.

A) innovator
B) ritualist
C) retreatist
D) rebel

Question 54

According to Robert Merton's strain theory, how would you classify a low-paid, yet compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong?

A) innovator
B) ritualist
C) retreatist
D) rebel

Question 55

According to Robert Merton's strain theory, the term ________ correctly describes the behavior of a school "dropout" who rejects both cultural goals and the conventional means to reach them.

A) innovator
B) ritualist
C) retreatist
D) rebel

Question 56

What concept did Erving Goffman use to refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity?

A) a deviant ritual
B) a degradation ceremony
C) a secondary identity
D) stigma

Question 57

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to

A) how labeling someone as deviant can increase the deviant behavior.
B) the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior.
C) how well a person can contain deviant impulses.
D) how others respond to the race, ethnicity, gender, and class of the individual.

Question 58

His friends begin to criticize Marco as a "juice-head," pushing him out of their social circle.Marco begins to drink even more, becomes bitter, and joins a new group of friends who also are heavy drinkers.According to Lemert, Marco's situation illustrates

A) the onset of primary deviance.
B) the onset of secondary deviance.
C) the formation of a deviant subculture.
D) the onset of retreatism.

Question 59

Travis Hirschi's control theory suggests that the category of people most likely to engage in deviance is

A) students enrolled in college.
B) teenagers on sports teams with after-school jobs.
C) youngsters who "hang out" waiting for something to happen.
D) young people with respect for their parents.

Question 60

Edwin Lemert described "primary deviance" as

A) the most serious episodes of deviance.
B) actions that parents define as deviant.
C) a passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the person's self-concept.
D) the experience of deviance early in life.

Question 61

Feminist theory states that gender figures into the study of deviance because

A) women account for most of the arrests for serious crimes in the United States.
B) every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males.
C) most researchers in this area are women.
D) women are more likely than men to commit a serious crime.

Question 62

Victimization surveys show that the actual amount of crime in the United States is about _____ what official reports indicate.

A) half as great as
B) the same as
C) more than twice as high as
D) ten times greater than

Question 63

In terms of racial categories, most of the people in the United States arrested for FBI Index crimes are

A) white.
B) African American.
C) people of mixed race.
D) of Hispanic ancestry.

Question 64

Men, who represent about half the U.S.population, account for about _____ of all arrests for property crime.

A) 33 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 63 percent
D) 98 percent

Question 65

Of all the property crimes discussed in the CHAPTER, one occurs far more than all the others.Which one is it?

A) motor-vehicle theft
B) larceny-theft
C) robbery
D) forcible rape

Question 66

The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply

A) during the late teenage years.
B) in the late twenties.
C) during the middle thirties.
D) over age forty.

Question 67

Organized crime refers to

A) illegal actions by people with white-collar jobs.
B) illegal actions on the part of a corporation or large business.
C) crime involving the cooperation of two or more businesses.
D) any business that supplies illegal goods or services.

Question 68

_________ _______ refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf.

A) Corporate crime
B) Organized crime
C) Victimless crime
D) Secondary deviance

Question 69

Using a Marxist approach, Steven Spitzer claims that prime targets for deviant labeling include

A) people who try to take the property of others.
B) people who work hard but are poor.
C) perpetrators of white-collar crime.
D) people who have social power.

Question 70

In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components?

A) the act and criminal intent
B) a criminal and a victim
C) the act and the social harm
D) the law and the violation

Question 71

Research suggests that, with regard to social class, arrest for serious crime

A) is about the same for people of all class levels.
B) is higher for people at higher class levels.
C) is higher for people at in lower class levels.
D) almost always involves middle-class people.

Question 72

Prostitution is widely regarded as a

A) crime against the person.
B) crime against property.
C) victimless crime.
D) corporate crime.

Question 73

Mike reports the theft of his dirt bike from the front yard of his house.The police would record this as which type of crime?

A) burglary
B) larceny-theft
C) robbery
D) auto-theft

Question 74

Crime committed by persons of high social position during the course of their occupations is called

A) victimless crime.
B) white-collar crime.
C) organized crime.
D) street crime.

Question 75

Women commit

A) far more crimes than men.
B) far fewer crimes than men.
C) the same number of crimes as men.
D) more property crimes than men, but men commit more violent crimes.

Question 76

Criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect

A) all crimes that take place.
B) offenses cleared by arrest.
C) offenses resulting in a criminal conviction.
D) offenses known to the police.

Question 77

A hate crime is defined as

A) any crime against a person who is a minority.
B) any crime involving anger or other powerful emotion.
C) a criminal act motivated by race or other bias.
D) any violation of antidiscrimination laws.

Question 78

"Crimes against the person" includes all but

A) murder.
B) aggravated assault.
C) burglary.
D) forcible rape.

Question 79

In the United States, men account for about _____ of all arrests for violent crime.

A) about 20 percent
B) about 40 percent
C) about 60 percent
D) about 80 percent

Question 80

Edwin Sutherland stated that white-collar crime

A) almost always leads to a criminal conviction.
B) provokes a strong response from the community.
C) is usually resolved in a civil rather than a criminal court.
D) rarely involves serious harm to the public as a whole.