Deck 32: An Introduction to Animals

Question 1

Which of the following is not a feature of the tube-within-a-tube body plan in most animals?

A)Typically,the outer tube consists of a hard exoskeleton.
B)The inner tube consists of digestive organs.
C)Typically,the mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube.
D)The two "tubes" are separated by mesoderm tissue.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which one of the following objects most closely resembles the pattern of the tube-within-a-tube body plan?

A)a bowling ball (with finger holes drilled)
B)a pipe with a straw inside
C)a cup with a straw in it
D)a soda can with the tab removed

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which tissue type,or organ,is not correctly matched with its germ layer tissue?

A)nervous-mesoderm
B)muscular-mesoderm
C)stomach-endoderm
D)skin-ectoderm
E)skeletal-mesoderm

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The evolution of animal species has been prolific (the estimates go into the millions and tens of millions).To what does the text attribute much of this diversity?

A)novel reproductive strategies
B)a large variety of body plans
C)a large variety of methods for capturing and processing food
D)a complex nervous system providing the intelligence for survival in difficult times
E)the development of multiple tissue types

Question 5

Which of the following combinations of embryonic features is common in the deuterostomes?

A)spiral cleavage and the gastrulation pore (or gastropore)becomes the anus
B)radial cleavage and the gastropore becomes the mouth
C)absence of cleavage and gastropore becomes the anus
D)spiral cleavage and the absence of gastropore formation
E)radial cleavage and the gastropore becomes the anus

Question 6

Bilateral symmetry is advantageous primarily because it allows for the development of

A)a specialized head and posterior.
B)a hydrostatic skeleton.
C)limbs for the infant to attach to a parent.
D)a specialized body cavity.
E)duplicate body parts in case of injury.

Question 7

Why might researchers choose to use molecular data (such as ribosomal RNA sequences)rather than morphological data to study the evolutionary history of animals?

A)Molecular data can be gathered in the lab,while morphological data must be gathered in the field.
B)Sequence data can be gathered faster than morphological data,and morphological data can lead to wrong conclusions.
C)Morphological changes usually don't result from molecular changes.
D)Some phyla vary too widely in morphological characteristics to be classified accurately.

Question 8

Figure 32.1
As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation,your plane crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island.You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms and,as a student of biology,you decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase).You select three organisms and observe them in detail,making the notations found in Figure 32.1. Which organism would you classify as an animal?

A)organism A
B)organism B
C)organism C

Question 9

Use Figure 32.3 and the following information when answering the next question.
In a review paper published in 2000, Adoutte et al. examined some animal phylogenies generated by comparing the ribosomal RNA (rRNA)of animals from many different phyla. They then integrated these independently created phylogenies into one phylogeny that best fit all the data.
Figure 32.4 compares a traditional phylogeny based on morphological characteristics (A)to the new molecular-based phylogeny described by Adoutte et al. (B).
Note that platyhelminthes, nemerteans, and entoprocts, which do not have coeloms and are classified as acoelomates in the morphological phylogeny, are reclassified as lophotrochozoans in the molecular phylogeny. Similarly, groups classified as pseudocoelomates in the morphological phylogeny are reclassified as either lophotrochozoans or ecdysozoans in the molecular phylogeny; other lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans have coeloms. Copyright 2000 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. (A. Adoutte, G. Balavoine, N. Lartillot, O. Lespinet, B. Prud'homme, and R. de Rosa. 2000. The new animal phylogeny. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 97(9):4453-56.)

Figure 32.3
What does this reclassification based on molecular data imply about the evolution of acoelomates,pseudocoelomates,and coelomates?

A)Pseudocoelomates can be seen as an intermediate stage between acoelomate and coelomate development.
B)Although acoelomates and pseudocoelomates evolved only once,coelomates evolved multiple times in different lineages.
C)Only the animals that evolved earliest are acoelomates.
D)Some pseudocoelomates and acoelomates have evolved from coelomates.

Question 10

Figure 32.2
Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals,according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in Figure 32.2 above?

A)coelom
B)bilateral symmetry
C)segmentation
D)tissue
E)protostome development

Question 11

The embryo doesn't grow larger during the stage known as cleavage.What is going on in the embryo during this process?

A)Cleavage is just the stage at which cells begin to differentiate;that is,endodermal cells start to look different from ectodermal and mesodermal cells.
B)The cells are dividing at this stage,but all the cytoplasm is being split between resulting cells without the formation of new cytoplasm.
C)Cleavage is the formation of the gastropore that is used to differentiate protostomes and deuterostomes.
D)Cleavage is the process by which the polarity of the cell is established;that is,the anterior is distinguished from the posterior.

Question 12

Which of the following characteristics is not true of animals?

A)They typically have more haploid cells than diploid cells.
B)They have an extracellular matrix.
C)They are the only group on the tree of life with muscle and nervous tissue.
D)They have a cell wall.
E)All of the above are true of animals.

Question 13

While looking at some seawater through your microscope,you spot the egg of an unknown animal.Which of the following tests could you not use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome?

A)See whether the ectoderm forms the mature animal's skin/exoskeleton or nervous system
B)See whether the animal exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage during early development.
C)See whether the coelom is formed from a split in the mesoderm or from mesodermal pockets pinched off the gut.
D)See whether the pore formed during gastrulation becomes the mature animal's mouth or its anus.

Question 14

If you think of the tube-within-a-tube body plan as a pipe with a straw inside,where would you expect to find most of the ectodermal,mesodermal,and endodermal germ layers,respectively?

A)pipe;space between pipe and straw;straw
B)straw;space between pipe and straw;pipe
C)space inside of straw;straw;space between pipe and straw
D)pipe;straw;space inside of straw

Question 15

On the tree of life,animals are the smallest and least diverse of the major groups.

Question 16

Figure 32.1
From the information provided in the figure above,how would you classify the feeding strategy of organism C?

A)suspension feeding
B)predation
C)parasitism
D)A and B
E)B and C

Question 17

Which of the following species would you not classify as an animal?

A)sponges
B)horses
C)blue whales
D)choanoflagellates

Question 18

The text describes four ways,or tactics,of feeding.Which of the following is NOT one of those ways?

A)suspension feeding
B)food-mass feeding
C)herbivory feeding
D)deposit feeding
E)fluid feeding

Question 19

Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells.Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works?

A)The mosquito would develop a weakened exoskeleton that would make it vulnerable to trauma.
B)The mosquito would have trouble digesting food,due to impaired gut function.
C)The mosquito would have trouble with respiration and circulation,due to impaired muscle function.
D)The mosquito wouldn't be affected at all.

Question 20

Lophotrochozoans differ from ecdysozoans in that

A)lophotrochozoans undergo protostome development,while ecdysozoans undergo deuterostome development.
B)lophotrochozoans exhibit segmentation,while ecdysozoans do not.
C)lophotrochozoans have pseudocoeloms,while ecdysozoans have coeloms.
D)lophotrochozoans grow their skeletons continuously,while ecdysozoans shed their external skeletons to grow.

Question 21

If humans were characterized as undergoing metamorphosis,human development from infant to adult would be better described as

A)hemimetabolous metamorphosis.
B)holometabolous metamorphosis.

Question 22

In a habitat with only one abundant food source,which type of metamorphosis would you expect an animal species to undergo?

A)holometabolous metamorphosis
B)hemimetabolous metamorphosis

Question 23

Why are healthy corals brightly colored?

A)Corals secrete colorful pigments to warn predators that they are poisonous.
B)Corals secrete colorful pigments to attract mates.
C)Corals host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments.
D)Corals build their skeletons from colorful minerals.
E)Corals secrete colorful pigments to protect themselves from UV light.

Question 24

Suppose you came across a novel organism you suspected belonged to one of the following animal phyla: Porifera,Cnidaria,Ctenophora,or Acoelomorpha.Which of the following characteristics would not be helpful in placing the organism into the correct phylum?

A)the organism's feeding strategy
B)the organism's habitat
C)whether the organism has a coelom
D)whether the organism has a gut
E)whether adults are sessile or motile

Question 25

All of the following are true about choanoflagellates EXCEPT

A)they are suspension feeders.
B)they are sessile as adults.
C)they live in aquatic habitats.
D)they are animals.
E)they reproduce asexually.

Question 26

What do all sponges have in common?

A)They all have three germ layers.
B)All adults are free swimming.
C)They always reproduce sexually.
D)They all practice external fertilization.
E)They all live on the bottom of an aquatic environment.

Question 27

A typical ectoparasite has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT that it

A)lives outside its host.
B)grasps its host with its legs or mouth.
C)has piercing mouthparts.
D)feeds from an organism larger than itself.
E)lacks a digestive system.

Question 28

Figure 32.4
Dll is a gene known to direct limb development in the fruit fly.Researchers studying this gene have found that it is also expressed in developing appendages in animals from many other phyla as well,supporting the hypothesis that all animal appendages may be homologous.However,suppose researchers looking at Dll activity had instead found the results shown in Figure 32.4. What would these results suggest?

A)Dll is not actually involved in appendage development.
B)Appendages evolved separately in protostomes and deuterostomes.
C)Appendages coevolved with segmentation.
D)All animal appendages are homologous.

Question 29

Limbs-especially jointed limbs-are an important evolutionary development because they allow animals to

A)inhabit aquatic environments.
B)develop an endoskeleton.
C)move quickly and precisely.
D)undergo complete metamorphosis.
E)have young disperse from sessile adults.

Question 30

Suppose all of the suspension feeders were removed from a lake.What would you expect to happen after a brief period of time?

A)The water would become clearer.
B)The water would become murkier.
C)The water would remain the same.

Question 31

Parasitism is one of the most successful life strategies ever to evolve.Which of the following is consistent with this finding?

A)Parasites almost always predigest their hosts' tissues and,therefore,spend less energy and require fewer structural adaptations.
B)Parasites,unlike predators,feed on almost all the tissues of their host.
C)Parasites do not generally kill their hosts,thus they can feed on the same host throughout the host's normal life span and do not have competition from decomposers.
D)Parasites generally kill their host and can feed for a very long time because they are much smaller than their host.

Question 32

Which of the following feeding tactics is consistent with this list of features: two-part stomach capable of breaking down tough food particles;simple mouthparts;the ability to burrow through,and consume,indigestible fecal material to get to hidden food?

A)suspension feeder
B)fluid feeder
C)deposit feeder
D)food-mass feeder

Question 33

Which reproductive strategy is facilitated by (i.e.is easier to use in)an aquatic habitat,as compared with a terrestrial habitat?

A)asexual reproduction
B)sexual reproduction
C)external fertilization
D)internal fertilization
E)viviparity

Question 34

Which feeding tactic is most associated with a large-toothed,predatory carnivore?

A)suspension feeder
B)fluid feeder
C)deposit feeder
D)food-mass feeder

Question 35

Most cnidarians are known to produce toxins.In fact,it has been claimed that one particular species produces the most deadly of all toxins on the planet.What feature of this group most likely evolved simultaneously with the development of these toxins?

A)the medusa body form
B)asexual reproduction
C)a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult
D)diploblastic design
E)bilateral symmetry in the mobile larval forms

Question 36

If humans were characterized as undergoing metamorphosis,infant humans would be described as

A)nymphs.
B)larvae.

Question 37

Which of the following characteristics is least associated with a sessile lifestyle?

A)the ability to secrete a poisonous coating
B)the habit of feeding on mobile prey
C)fluid feeding
D)asexual reproduction

Question 38

To reproduce,many plants produce seeds-structures containing embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough case.These offspring develop after being released by the parent plant.To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable?

A)oviparous reproduction
B)ovoviviparous reproduction
C)viviparous reproduction

Question 39

Comb jellies may not be the most familiar animal to you,but they are critical in the food chain because they make up a significant portion of the planktonic biomass.Their feeding strategy is predatory and involves adhesives or mucous on their tentacles or other body parts.What feeding tactic do these animals use?

A)suspension feeder
B)fluid feeder
C)deposit feeder
D)food-mass feeder

Question 40

Due to its unusual habitat (inside the digestive tracts of other animals),the tapeworm lacks

A)a head
B)a mouth
C)a digestive tract
D)B and C
E)A,B,and C

Question 41

Which of the following groups of terms best describes the acoelomorpha?

A)diploblastic;bilaterally symmetric;complex digestive tracts;mobile
B)triploblastic;radially symmetric;simple digestive tracts;mobile
C)triploblastic;bilaterally symmetric;simple digestive tracts;mobile
D)triploblastic;radially symmetric;simple digestive tracts;immobile

Question 42

Although our current understanding of why coral bleaching occurs is incomplete,which of the following is consistent with the most commonly held hypothesis of this phenomenon as discussed in your text?

A)As the number of planktonic,photosynthetic organisms available decreases due to increased predation,fewer symbionts are available for the corals to associate with.
B)As the number of pollutants dumped into the world's oceans increases,more and more corals will use symbionts that are not photosynthetic.
C)As global temperatures continue to rise,corals will expel more of their colorful,photosynthetic symbionts.
D)As pollutants and global temperatures continue to rise,corals will have more difficulty manufacturing the photosynthetic pigments they need to produce their own food.