Deck 10: Youth Involvement and Positive Development in Sport

Question 1

Which of the following are the three components of Côté and Gilbert's (2009) definition of coaching effectiveness?

A) coach knowledge, coach behaviours, athletes' behaviours
B) coaching contexts, coach knowledge, peer interaction
C) parent behaviours, coach knowledge, coaching contexts
D) coach knowledge, coaching contexts, athletes' outcomes
E) peer interaction, coach behaviours, athletes' outcomes

Answer 1

coach knowledge, coaching contexts, athletes' outcomes

Question 2

A parent who provides firm parental direction for their child's choice of university sport experiences, but enough flexibility so that the athlete is given significant involvement in decision making, is an example of which of the following?

A) an over-involved parent
B) parental modelling
C) an under-involved parent
D) a moderately involved parent
E) a dissociated parent

Answer 2

a moderately involved parent

Question 3

Coaches who enhance youth's 4 C's in sport contexts typically

A) involve athletes in decision-making processes.
B) display care and concern for athletes.
C) evaluate athletes' performances based on win-loss records.
D) all of the above
E) A and B only

Answer 3

A and B only

Question 4

A water-polo coach places a great emphasis on building self-esteem, decreasing anxiety, and having fun. Which youth sport objective does he appear most focused on?

A) social skills
B) performance
C) appropriate structure
D) psychological growth
E) personal development

Question 5

How is coaches' knowledge conceptualized in Côté and Gilbert's (2009) definition of coaching effectiveness?

A) professional, interpersonal, intrapersonal
B) declarative, procedural
C) motivational, personal, professional
D) cognitive, interpersonal
E) motivational, cognitive, declarative

Question 6

Children who change soccer and basketball rules to suit their environment and their needs (for example, playing in the street, on a playing field, or in someone's backyard) are displaying which type of activity?

A) deliberate competition
B) deliberate practice
C) deliberate play
D) early specialization
E) game competition

Question 7

A soccer coach provides quality technical instruction to athletes in a logical and progressive manner. Which youth sport objective does she appear to be contributing to?

A) performance
B) motor skills
C) psychological growth
D) participation
E) personal development

Question 8

Which one of the following is considered to be an internal developmental asset?

A) empowerment
B) constructive use of time
C) boundaries and expectations
D) support
E) commitment to learning

Question 9

A positive youth development approach focuses on the ________ of young people?

A) physical characteristics
B) weaknesses
C) health
D) personal assets
E) vulnerability

Question 10

Which of the following is not one of the revised 4 C's of positive youth development for sport?

A) competence
B) confidence
C) connection
D) caring
E) character

Question 11

________ describes sport situations when athletes seek to demonstrate their superiority over opponents.

A) Participation
B) True competition
C) Decompetition
D) Decomposition
E) Competition

Question 12

A coach who trains his athletes to improve their aerobic capacity for future games and is concerned with athletes improving in each performance is displaying which aspect of youth sport?

A) deliberate competition
B) deliberate practice
C) deliberate play
D) early specialization
E) relaxed leisure activities

Question 13

A ten-year-old female who solely participates in the sport of swimming and trains up to eighteen hours per week is complaining of muscle soreness and is frequently injured. From a health perspective, what type of training has there probably been too great an emphasis placed on?

A) deliberate practice and deliberate play
B) deliberate play and deliberate outcome
C) deliberate practice and early specialization
D) deliberate outcome and deliberate practice
E) early specialization and deliberate play

Question 14

Which of the following would not be considered a positive physical health outcome of youth sport?

A) cardiovascular fitness
B) muscular strength
C) decreased risk of cancer
D) increased happiness
E) weight control

Question 15

Which of the following is not considered a constructive leisure activity?

A) painting
B) hanging out with friends
C) basketball
D) playing the piano
E) ballet

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a potential negative outcome of positive youth sport?

A) eating disorders
B) increased alcohol consumption
C) social mobility
D) aggression
E) burnout

Question 17

________ describes sport situations where there is mutual understanding that competition serves the interest of all participants, who are focusing their effort and concentration towards a particular goal.

A) Participation
B) True competition
C) Decompetition
D) Decomposition
E) Competition

Question 18

Which one of the following is considered to be an external developmental asset?

A) commitment to learning
B) positive values
C) social competencies
D) support
E) positive identity

Question 19

An athlete who has developed strong friendships through participating in youth sports has experienced which of the 4 C's?

A) competence
B) character
C) connection
D) confidence
E) caring (compassion)

Question 20

What are the three primary objectives of youth sport?

A) participation, practice, partnership
B) participation, performance, personal development
C) cooperation, communication, coherence
D) partnership, performance, perspicacity
E) patience, practice, personal development

Question 21

A youth sport program that is child-centred and promotes empowerment and opportunities to experience various challenges is displaying which feature of positive development setting?

A) physical and psychological safety
B) support of efficacy and mattering
C) support of appropriate structure
D) support of relationships
E) positive social norms

Question 22

Within the Developmental Model of Sport Participation, during the sampling years coaches are primarily

A) kind, supportive and encouraging.
B) focused on building skills rather than enjoyment.
C) highly involved but sometimes detached.
D) focused on deliberate practice.
E) all of the above

Question 23

Children's decisions to engage in particular activities, their intensity of effort expended in these activities, and their actual performance levels are often influenced by parental ________.

A) support
B) modelling
C) companionship
D) expectations
E) none of the above

Question 24

A coach who teaches sport skills sequentially and logically and provides constructive feedback to the players is displaying which feature of positive development settings?

A) opportunities for skill building
B) appropriate structure
C) opportunities to belong
D) positive social norms
E) support of efficacy and mattering

Question 25

Research suggests that most youth sport coaches teach and demonstrate behaviours that optimize youths' personal development.

Question 26

Which of the following is not one of the five suggested "best practices" that sport programmers and coaches should integrate into their programs?

A) true competition climate
B) inclusive focus
C) early deliberate practice
D) opportunities for fun
E) psychosocial development

Question 27

Within the Developmental Model of Sport Participation, the elite performance through sampling trajectory suggests specialization typically begins ________ and is characterized by ________.

A) after the sampling years; high amounts of deliberate practice
B) from a very young age; primarily deliberate play activities
C) around age 16; primarily deliberate practice activities
D) around age 13; a mix of deliberate play and deliberate practice activities
E) none of the above

Question 28

Early specialization is often characterized by low amounts of deliberate practice and high amounts of deliberate play.

Question 29

Coaches that display competitive spirit and evaluate their athletes' performance based on comparison with others promote personal assets in youth sport.

Question 30

Numerous studies have empirically shown a cause-effect relationship between youth-sport participation and developmental outcomes.

Question 31

The more developmental assets an adolescent possesses, the less likely that he or she will use alcohol or be depressed, suicidal, or violent.

Question 32

Constructive leisure activities are activities that are enjoyable but are not demanding in terms of effort.

Question 33

There is concern that youth sport programs are becoming increasingly institutionalised and over-organised.

Question 34

Which of the following is not a core principle of High Five?

A) caring adults
B) opportunities to play
C) making friends
D) mastery of skills
E) trying your best

Question 35

A parent who provides comfort during times of stress and anxiety or expresses belief in the child's capabilities and competence is providing which dimension of parental behaviour associated with children's sport socialization, motivation, and behaviour?

A) companionship
B) informational support
C) emotional support
D) expectations
E) tangible

Question 36

The most common reason for a child getting involved in sports is ________.

A) exercise
B) making friends
C) fun
D) winning
E) skill development

Question 37

"Respect in sport" is an innovative Canadian initiative that aims to offer a

A) community accreditation program.
B) parent certification program.
C) school sport licensing program.
D) peer support program.
E) all of the above

Question 38

Most often, siblings involved in youth sport engage in rivalry, resulting in negative experiences.

Question 39

Overall, too much emphasis on deliberate play activities may lead to health problems or withdrawal.

Question 40

Positive outcomes occur automatically through youth sport involvement.

Question 41

Parents' modelling of sport has shown clear benefits for children's sport involvement.

Question 42

Côté and Gilbert (2009) proposed a definition of coaching effectiveness. Provide the definition of coaching effectiveness and describe its different components.

Question 43

Tangible Support refers to concrete assistance given to children in stressful situations.

Question 44

Describe the three objectives of youth sport.

Question 45

Contrast deliberate play and deliberate practice and each one's relationship to early specialization.

Question 46

Briefly describe the three dimensions of parent behaviour associated with favourable children's sport socialization.

Question 47

The promotion of positive social norms is one of eight key setting features to be considered by policy makers, sport organizations, parents, and coaches when designing and implementing youth-sport programs.

Question 48

Briefly explain the three trajectories proposed in the Developmental Model of Sport Participation.

Question 49

Recreational participation and elite performance through sampling have different outcomes in terms of performances, but similar psychosocial and physical health benefits.

Question 50

Discuss some of the positive and negative ways in which peers and siblings can influence children and youths' sport participation.

Question 51

Identify at least three positive outcomes from each category of physical health, psychological development, and social development that could result from the involvement in youth sport.

Question 52

Describe the 5 C's framework of positive youth development and how it has been adapted to sport research.

Question 53

Support through "companionship" involves parents' provision of advice, instruction, or guidance in problematic situation.

Question 54

List any six of the eight features of settings that are most likely to foster positive assets in youths.