Deck 5: Language

Question 1

The claim that "4 out of 5 doctors prefer" a certain medication for a headache is an example of what kind of statement?

A) an equivocal statement
B) weasel words
C) a red herring
D) an allness claim

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to research, women who take their husbands' name when they marry differ in some ways from women who keep their birth name. Which of the following statements is true?

A) Name-keepers have higher self-esteem than name-changers.
B) Name-changers report having more power in their marriages than name-keepers.
C) Name-changers score higher than name-keepers on reports of feminist attitudes.
D) Name-keepers say their personal concerns are more important than their relationships.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following terms is onomatopoetic?

A) good-natured
B) water
C) mumquall
D) splash

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to research, a joke must contain this in order to be considered funny:

A) a put-down
B) an expectancy violation
C) at least one funny-sounding word
D) all of these

Question 5

Which of the following phrases is an example of doublespeak?

A) sleep together
B) kick the bucket
C) jumbo shrimp
D) collateral damage

Question 6

Words that evoke strongly positive or negative connotations are known collectively as:

A) emotion language
B) trigger words
C) loaded language
D) hot-button words

Question 7

Saying that someone has been "let go" instead of "fired" is an example of which language behavior?

A) hate speech
B) slang
C) euphemism
D) profanity

Question 8

The word set has nearly 200 discrete meanings in the English language. Imprecise use of set illustrates which of the following statements about language?

A) Language is often confusing because of multiple connotations.
B) Language can be unclear because of multiple meanings for the same word.
C) Languages around the world do not have a clear definition of referents for words.
D) Language symbols are arbitrary and hard to define.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about language and culture is true?

A) When people speak more than one language, their language use has no effect on their culture identity.
B) When people speak more than one language, their language use might have a small effect on their cultural identity, but the result is too small to be noticed.
C) When people speak more than one language, their language use is often accompanied by a shift in cultural values.
D) None of these statements is true.

Question 10

The literal, "dictionary" definition of a word is its __________ meaning.

A) denotative
B) connotative
C) abstract
D) referent

Question 11

To an American, the phrase, "How are you today?" sounds correct whereas the phrase "Today you are how?" sounds incorrect. The second phrase violates which rule of language?

A) phonological
B) syntactical
C) semantic
D) pragmatic

Question 12

This persuasion strategy takes advantage of the speaker's credibility:

A) appeal to logos
B) appeal to ethos
C) appeal to pathos
D) none of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of the criticisms that have been levied against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A) It is unclear whether language produces thought or thought produces language.
B) Children who grow up in a bilingual family experience a great deal of cognitive dissonance because of the conflicting languages.
C) Just because a culture doesn't have a word to describe an experience doesn't mean they don't have that experience.
D) People who have cognitive deficiencies for learning language can still engage in thought, despite their language limitations.

Question 14

This type of language rule deals with the correct pronunciation of words:

A) phonological
B) syntactic
C) semantic
D) pragmatic

Question 15

A structured system of symbols used for creating meaning is known as a(n):

A) alphabet
B) symbolic system
C) language
D) semantic triangle

Question 16

The use of a thumbs-up gesture to symbolize the statement "good luck":

A) illustrates that meaning can be conveyed without the use of words
B) does not qualify as a form of language
C) has a specific meaning that is culturally understood
D) all of these

Question 17

Which of the following linguistic features was NOT identified in the textbook as affecting a speaker's credibility?

A) use of clichés
B) a speaker's dialect
C) incorrect diction
D) equivocal statements

Question 18

When Jesse first met Nicolette, he extended his hand and said warmly, "Nice to meet you." In response, Nicolette sighed, rolled her eyes, and simply said, "Yah," in a very sarcastic tone. Jesse inferred that Nicolette was not excited about meeting him based on her reaction. Which rule of language did Jesse likely base his decision on?

A) phonological rule
B) syntactic rule
C) semantic rule
D) pragmatic rule

Question 19

Which of the following statements would be true according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A) If a culture does not have a word for an emotion, its members will not be able to experience that emotion.
B) Regardless of the language that individuals from different cultures might speak, people see the world in basically the same way.
C) The culture that you are raised in determines the languages you will speak in your lifetime.
D) The distinction between nouns and verbs does not exist in most languages.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about smoking is the best example of an appeal to pathos?

A) When you add it all up, smoking costs a person almost $7,000 a year.
B) Smoking is the number one cause of emphysema.
C) Most employers can legally discriminate against smokers.
D) Think about how many lives you're ruining by continuing to smoke.

Question 21

Pennebaker's research shows that verbal communication has little ability to provide comfort and healing.

Question 22

Which of the following examples illustrates the idea of reclaiming a phrase?

A) Politicians limiting their use of the word "poor" when describing citizens of lower economic status.
B) Homosexual men referring to one another as "queer."
C) A white speaker using only the term "African American" when referring to black audience members.
D) The NAACP holding a ceremonial funeral for the "n-word."

Question 23

What are the elements of the Semantic Triangle? List, define, and provide an example of how they work together.

Question 24

Slang can serve an important social function by helping people distinguish between those who do and do not belong to their social networks.

Question 25

Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and give examples that illustrate its assertions.

Question 26

Technically speaking, which of the following is a factual claim?

A) "Candidate L is the best choice for our future."
B) "Candidate C accepted illegal bribes."
C) "Candidate C has impeccable morals."
D) "Electing Candidate L would be a mistake."

Question 27

Regarding defamation, which of the following is true?

A) Slander concerns statements made either aloud or in print.
B) Whether or not a statement is true is only relevant to slander, not libel.
C) Libel is more common than slander in interpersonal interaction.
D) Libel involves only statements made in print.

Question 28

Verbal communication includes both spoken and written language.

Question 29

Describe how language is tied to issues of credibility, and provide examples of at least three different factors that might affect one's credibility.

Question 30

Using emotion to persuade is known as an appeal to ethos.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about slang is not true?

A) Slang is closely related to jargon.
B) Slang can help people identify individuals that belong to their social network.
C) Slang is neither inherently good nor inherently bad.
D) Slang is an exception to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Question 32

Identify and define each of the four types of language rules articulated in your text.

Question 33

The shared opinion error occurs when one speaker inappropriately dominates the conversation.

Question 34

An I-statement claims ownership of what one is feeling or thinking, whereas a you-statement shifts that responsibility to the other person.

Question 35

An allness claim is one in which the speaker intentionally misleads the hearer by arguing that everyone else agrees with his or her position.

Question 36

Profanity is highly context-specific.

Question 37

Phonological rules deal with the correct pronunciation of words.

Question 38

All language is symbolic, and all symbolic systems constitute language.

Question 39

This error occurs when you presume your listeners have information that they don't have:

A) shared opinion error
B) monopolization error
C) shared knowledge error
D) shared perspective error

Question 40

Only false statements can ever qualify as libel.

Question 41

Research on humor has found that different cultures and societies have different ideas about what makes a joke funny. Using what you know about humor, about culture, and about language in general, explain why this should be the case? That is, why should cultures differ from each other in their appreciation of humor? In your explanation, make explicit reference to the principles of culture, language, and humor that support your argument.

Question 42

Articulate how a factual claim differs from an opinion. Using concrete examples, be specific about what each type of statement involves and what kind of evidence each statement requires.

Question 43

What are some of the benefits of using language in positive ways that express affection, intimacy, comfort, and support? Think about implications for the speaker, the hearer, and their relationship. What are some of the different ways we can use language to express these sentiments?

Question 44

Do you agree with some of the criticisms scholars have waged against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? How important is language in shaping our worldview? How important is our worldview in shaping language development? Make a case either for or against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Question 45

How prevalent is hate speech in American culture today? What types of environments promote or foster this type of language? What, if anything, should be done to eliminate hate speech and/or protect the targets of hate speech? Finally, using some of the concepts from the textbook and/or class, make some recommendations for ways that hate speech can be avoided on your campus.

Question 46

People often use language that is vague or unclear intentionally. Create a situation in which someone might use vague language to intentionally mislead someone. How might you improve this situation? Finally, comment on the ethical considerations of intentionally using language that is vague or misleading. Is it unethical to use language that is intentionally vague in order to give someone the wrong impression? Are there situations in which intentionally misleading someone is acceptable?

Question 47

Your text has made the suggestion that generally positive forms of language, like humor, can sometimes have negative consequences, and that generally negative forms of language, like profanity, can sometimes be positive. This point illustrates how much the effects of language depend on the context in which it is used. In a short essay, explain this point by using concrete examples of humor and profanity (as both positive and negative). Then, extend your discussion to the other forms of speech discussed in the chapter, including euphemism, slang, libel, slander, and hate speech. It is true that each of these forms of language could have either positive or negative effects, depending on the context?

Question 48

Explain the concept of hate speech. Compare and contrast it with both profanity and slang.