Deck 54: Community Ecology

Question 1

Which of the following studies would a community ecologist undertake to learn about competitive interactions?

A)selectivity of nest sites among cavity-nesting songbirds
B)the grass species preferred by grazing pronghorn antelope and bison
C)nitrate and phosphate uptake by various hardwood forest tree species
D)stomach analysis of brown trout and brook trout in streams where they coexist
E)selectivity of nest sites among cavity-nesting songbirds, the grass species preferred by grazing pronghorn antelope and bison, nitrate and phosphate uptake by various hardwood forest tree species, and stomach analysis of brown trout and brook trout in streams where they coexist

Answer 1

E

Question 2

What percentage of all species on Earth are parasites?

A)1%
B)5%
C)25%
D)33 1/3%
E)50%

Answer 2

D

Question 3

How might an ecologist test whether a species is occupying its realized or its fundamental niche?

A)Study the temperature range and humidity requirements of the species.
B)Observe if the niche size changes after the addition of nutritional resources to the habitat.
C)Observe if the niche size changes after the introduction of a similar non-native species.
D)Measure the change in reproductive success when the species is subjected to environmental stress.
E)Remove a competitor species to see if the species expands its range.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between

A)sympatric populations of a predator and its prey.
B)sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches.
C)sympatric populations of a flowering plant and its specialized insect pollinator.
D)allopatric populations of the same animal species.
E)allopatric populations of species with similar ecological niches.

Question 5

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees.They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees.The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes.Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?

A)mutualism
B)parasitism
C)commensalism
D)facilitation
E)competition

Question 6

Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed.Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction?

A)mutualism
B)commensalism
C)parasitism
D)competition
E)predation

Question 7

According to the competitive exclusion principle,two species cannot continue to occupy the same

A)habitat.
B)niche.
C)territory.
D)range.
E)biome.

Question 8

Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of mutualism?

A)Mutualism offers more biodiversity to a community.
B)Individuals partaking in a mutualistic relationship are more resistant to parasites.
C)Interaction increases the survival and reproductive rates of mutualistic species.
D)Mutualistic interaction lessens competition in communities where it is present.
E)Mutualistic relationships allow organisms to synthesize and use energy more efficiently.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of aposematic colouration?

A)stripes of a skunk
B)eye colour in humans
C)green colour of a plant
D)colours of an insect-pollinated flower
E)a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf

Question 10

Prairie dogs once covered the expanses of the Great Plains.Their grazing made the grass more nutritious for the huge herds of bison,and they were preyed upon by a variety of snakes,raptors,and mammals.In fact,the black-footed ferret (now endangered)specialized in prairie dog predation.Today,increases in housing and agricultural developments have eradicated many prairie dog towns.Which of the following statements about prairie dogs is true?

A)Their realized niche has expanded.
B)They have a competitive relationship with bison.
C)They are probably a poor candidate for keystone species.
D)Their fundamental niche has been compromised.
E)Their fundamental niche has expanded.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?

A)Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites.
B)The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species.
C)Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species.
D)Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well-adapted of two competing species.
E)Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes resource partitioning?

A)competitive exclusion that results in the success of the superior species
B)slight variations in niche that allow similar species to coexist
C)two species that can coevolve to share identical niches
D)differential resource utilization that results in a decrease in community species diversity
E)a climax community that is reached when no new niches are available

Question 13

Monarch butterflies are protected from birds and other predators because of cardiac glycosides they incorporate into their tissues from eating milkweed when they were in their caterpillar stage.The wings of a different species of butterfly,the Viceroy,look nearly identical to the Monarch so predators that have learned not to eat the bad-tasting Monarch avoid Viceroys as well.This example best describes

A)aposmatic colouration.
B)cryptic colouration.
C)Batesian mimicry.
D)Müllerian mimicry.
E)mutualism.

Question 14

White-breasted nuthatches and Downy woodpeckers both eat insects that hide in the furrows of bark in hardwood trees.The Downy woodpecker searches for insects by hunting from the bottom of the tree trunk to the top,whereas the white-breasted nuthatch searches from the top of the trunk down.These hunting behaviours best illustrate which of the following ecological concepts?

A)competitive exclusion
B)resource partitioning
C)character displacement
D)keystone species
E)bottom-up and top-down hypotheses

Question 15

As you study two closely related predatory insect species,the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles,you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species.However,where their ranges overlap,the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning.When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species,you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal.You have discovered an example of

A)mutualism.
B)character displacement.
C)Batesian mimicry.
D)facultative commensalism.
E)resource partitioning.

Question 16

Which of the following would be most significant in understanding the structure of an ecological community?

A)determining how many species are present overall
B)determining which particular species are present
C)determining the kinds of interactions that occur among organisms of different species
D)determining the relative abundance of species
E)determining how many species are present overall, which particular species are present, the kinds of interactions that occur among organisms of different species, and the relative abundance of species

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry?

A)an insect that resembles a twig
B)a butterfly that resembles a leaf
C)a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake
D)a fawn with fur colouring that camouflages it in the forest environment
E)a snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of cryptic colouration?

A)bands on a coral snake
B)brown or gray colour of tree bark
C)markings of a viceroy butterfly's wings
D)colours of an insect-pollinated flower's petals
E)a "walking stick" insect that resembles a twig

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry?

A)two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same colour pattern
B)a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp
C)a chameleon that changes its colour to look like a dead leaf
D)two species of rattlesnakes that both rattle their tails
E)two species of moths with wing spots that look like owl's eyes

Question 20

In the hypothesis that C.stellatus (a species of barnacle)is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B.balanoides (another species of barnacle),what could be concluded about the two species?

A)The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are identical.
B)The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are different.
C)The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are different, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are identical.
D)The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different.

Question 21

Keystone species

A)have little effect on trophic interactions in the community.
B)are usually one of the larger species in the community.
C)exert a strong influence on the community because of population size and their ecological niche.
D)exert a strong influence on the community, not necessarily because of population size, but because of their critical ecological role in the community.
E)can be removed from some communities without drastic effects on the community.

Question 22

The following statements about community structure and interactions are correct,with the exception of which one?

A)The trophic cascade model suggests that the lower trophic levels influence/control the higher trophic levels.
B)High-diversity communities are often more resilient to invasive species than low-diversity communities.
C)Communities show variation in the top-down and bottom-down community control.
D)The dynamic stability hypothesis suggests that long food chains are less stable than low food chains.
E)An organism that influences a community by changing its physical environment is referred to as an ecosystem engineer.

Question 23

Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

A)limitation of plant biomass as a result of nitrogen deficiency
B)effect of grazing intensity by pronghorn antelope on plant species in the prairies
C)influence of rainfall on competition among plants
D)influence of shade on the abundance of flowering plants and ferns

Question 24

Which of the following studies would a community ecologist undertake to learn about competitive interactions?
I) selectivity of nest sites among cavity-nesting songbirds
II) the grass species preferred by grazing pronghorn antelope and bison
III)stomach analysis of brown trout and brook trout in streams where they coexist

A)only I and II
B)only I and III
C)only II and III
D)I, II, and III

Question 25

Which of the following terms is used by ecologists to describe the community interaction where one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism?

A)parasitism
B)mutualism
C)inhibition
D)facilitation
E)commensalism

Question 26

As you are watching dairy cattle grazing in a field you notice a flock of starlings following them and eating insects that were disturbed by the cattle's hooves.Name the kind of species interaction you have observed and the benefit,if any.

A)Mutualism; birds and cattle benefit.
B)Commensalism; birds benefit and cattle are unaffected.
C)Predation; birds benefit and cattle don't.
D)Competition; birds benefit and cattle are disturbed.
E)Consumption; both benefit from obtaining food.

Question 27

The energetic hypothesis and dynamic stability hypothesis are ideas that attempt to explain

A)plant defences against herbivores.
B)the length of food chains.
C)the evolution of mutualism.
D)resource partitioning.
E)competitive exclusion.

Question 28

Imagine five forest communities,each with 100 individuals distributed among four different tree species (W,X,Y,and Z).Which forest community would be most diverse?

A)25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z
B)40W, 30X, 20Y, 10Z
C)50W, 25X, 15Y, 10Z
D)70W, 10X, 10Y, 10Z
E)100W, 0X, 0Y, 0Z

Question 29

In a tide pool,15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed.The species removed was likely a(n)

A)pathogen.
B)keystone species.
C)herbivore.
D)resource partitioner.
E)mutualistic organism.

Question 30

Approximately how many kg of carnivore biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material?

A)10 000
B)1000
C)100
D)10
E)1

Question 31

Elephants are not the most dominant species in African grasslands,yet they influence community structure.The grasslands contain scattered woody plants,but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants.Take away the elephants,and the grasslands convert to forests or to shrublands.The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands.Which of the following describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario?

A)Essentially all of the other species depend on the presence of the elephants to maintain the community.
B)Grazing animals depend upon the elephants to convert forests to grassland.
C)Elephants prevent drought in African grasslands.
D)Elephants are the biggest herbivore in this community.
E)Elephants help other populations survive by keeping out many of the large African predators.

Question 32

Biomanipulation can best be described as

A)removing many of the next higher trophic level organisms so that the struggling trophic level below can recover.
B)a means of reversing the effects of pollution by applying antidote chemicals that have a neutralizing effect on the community.
C)an example of how one would use the bottom-up model for community restoration.
D)adjusting the numbers of each of the trophic levels back to the numbers that they were before human disturbance.
E)monitoring and adjusting the nutrient and energy flow through a community with new technologies.

Question 33

Which of the following is the most accepted hypothesis as to why invasive species take over communities into which they have been introduced?

A)Invasive species are more aggressive than native species in competing for the limited resources of the environment.
B)Invasive species are not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that have always been in place for the native species.
C)Humans carefully select which species will outcompete nuisance native species.
D)Invasive species have a higher reproductive potential than native species.
E)Invasive species come from geographically isolated regions, so when they are introduced to regions where there is more competition, they thrive.

Question 34

Keystone predators can maintain species diversity in a community if they

A)are the fastest predators.
B)prey on the community's dominant species.
C)maintain exponential growth.
D)avoid consuming omnivores.

Question 35

Which of the following would be most significant in understanding the structure of an ecological community?
I) determining how many species are present overall
II) determining which particular species are present
III)determining the kinds of interactions that occur among organisms of different species
IV)determining the relative abundance of species

A)only I and III
B)only II and IV
C)only I, II, and III
D)I, II, III, and IV

Question 36

How did Eugene Odum describe an ecological niche?

A)the "address" of an organism
B)an entity that is synonymous with an organism's specific trophic level
C)an organism's "profession" in the community
D)the organism's role in recycling nutrients in its habitat
E)the interactions of the organism with other members of the community

Question 37

What interactions exist between acacia trees in South America and stinging ants?

A)+/+
B)+/o
C)+/-
D)o/o

Question 38

Why are food chains relatively short?

A)Top-level feeders tend to be more numerous than lower-trophic-level species.
B)Top-level feeders tend to be small but are capable of conserving more energy.
C)Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between levels is inefficient.
D)There are only so many organisms that are adapted to feed on other types of organisms.
E)Food chain length is ultimately determined by the photosynthetic efficiency of producers.

Question 39

Scientists interested in how populations interact within communities are attempting to determine the species diversity of an island under study.What kind of data would be most helpful to the scientists in determining diversity?

A)the number of different species on the island and the size of the population of each species
B)the number of species on the island that are consumers, producers, and decomposers
C)the relative biomass of each species on the island separated by trophic level
D)the number of trophic levels on the island and the niche of each species

Question 40

According to bottom-up and top-down control models of community organization,which of the following expressions would imply that an increase in the size of a carnivore (C)population would negatively impact on its prey (P)population,but not vice versa?

A)P ← C
B)P → C
C)C ↔ P
D)P ← C → P
E)C ← P →

Question 41

Primary succession differs from secondary succession in what way?

A)They differ in the length of time that succession takes.
B)Primary succession occurs in areas devoid of all living organisms.
C)Primary succession occurs after an intermediate disturbance.
D)Primary succession occurs in areas with no soil.
E)Primary succession occurs in areas with little precipitation.

Question 42

In a particular case of secondary succession,three species of wild grass all invaded a field.By the second season,a single species dominated the field.A possible factor in this secondary succession was

A)equilibrium.
B)facilitation.
C)immigration.
D)inhibition.
E)parasitism.

Question 43

Which term do ecologists use to describe the ability of a community either to resist change or to recover to its original state after change?

A)stability
B)succession
C)partitioning
D)productivity
E)competitive exclusion

Question 44

Which of the following is a correct statement about the MacArthur/Wilson Island Equilibrium Model?

A)The more species that inhabit an island, the lower the extinction rate.
B)As the number of species on an island increases, the emigration rate decreases.
C)Competitive exclusion is less likely on an island that has large numbers of species.
D)Small islands receive few new immigrant species.
E)Islands closer to the mainland have higher extinction rates.

Question 45

There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator.This is probably a result of

A)fewer predators.
B)more intense annual solar radiation.
C)more frequent ecological disturbances.
D)fewer agents of disease.
E)fewer predators, more intense annual solar radiation, more frequent ecological disturbances, and fewer agents of disease.

Question 46

The 1988 Yellowstone National Park lodgepole pine forest fires were likely the result of

A)overgrazing by elk.
B)infrequent rain episodes.
C)years of fire suppression by humans.
D)unextinguished campfires.
E)geysers.

Question 47

The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that

A)tropical communities cover more surface area than temperate communities.
B)adaptive radiation occurred in tropical areas earlier than in temperate areas.
C)tropical regions have species with high birth rates and rapid growth.
D)tropical regions often have more available water and higher levels of sunlight.

Question 48

According to the equilibrium model of island biogeography,species richness would be greatest on an island that is

A)small and close to a mainland.
B)large and close to a mainland.
C)intermediate size and remote.
D)remote, small and surrounded by many smaller islands.

Question 49

Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?

A)Habitats are opened up for less competitive species.
B)Competitively dominant species infrequently exclude less competitive species after a moderate disturbance.
C)The environmental conditions become optimal.
D)The resulting uniform habitat supports stability, which in turn supports diversity.
E)Less-competitive species evolve strategies to compete with dominant species.

Question 50

Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis,a community's species diversity is increased by

A)moderate levels of disturbance.
B)frequent natural disasters of large magnitude.
C)stable conditions with small fluctuations.
D)human-caused disturbances such as clear cutting and burning.
E)A and C

Question 51

Why do tropical communities tend to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities?

A)They are less likely to be affected by human disturbance.
B)There are fewer parasites to negatively affect the health of tropical communities.
C)Tropical communities are low in altitude, whereas temperate and polar communities are high in altitude.
D)Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities.
E)More competitive dominant species have evolved in temperate and polar communities.

Question 52

An event that changes resource availability and removes individuals from a community is a

A)predator effect.
B)competitor effect.
C)disturbance.
D)disease.
E)disaster.

Question 53

Which of the following best describes the consequences of white-band disease in Caribbean coral reefs?

A)Staghorn coral has been decimated by the pathogen, and Elkhorn coral has taken its place.
B)Key habitat for lobsters, snappers, and other reef fishes has improved.
C)Algal species take the place of the dead coral, and the fish community is dominated by herbivores.
D)Algal species take over and the overall reef diversity increases due to increases in primary productivity.
E)Other coral species take the place of the affected Staghorn and Elkhorn species.

Question 54

What is the main advantage of controlled burnings of forested areas? Controlled burnings ________.

A)eliminate the possibility of forest fires
B)clear forested areas for farmland
C)prevent the overgrowth of the underbrush
D)allow new species to form

Question 55

A community's actual evapotranspiration is a reflection of

A)solar radiation, temperature, and water availability.
B)the number of plants and how much moisture they lose.
C)the depth of the water table.
D)wind speed and the frequency of wind gusts.
E)plant biomass and plant water content.

Question 56

According to the nonequilibrium model

A)communities will remain in a climax state if there are no human disturbances.
B)community structure remains stable in the absence of interspecific competition.
C)communities are assemblages of closely linked species that are irreparably changed by disturbance.
D)interspecific interactions induce changes in community composition over time.
E)communities are constantly changing after being influenced by disturbances.

Question 57

Species richness increases

A)as we increase in altitude in equatorial mountains.
B)as we travel southward from the North Pole.
C)on islands as distance from the mainland increases.
D)as depth increases in aquatic communities.
E)as community size decreases.

Question 58

Of the following zoonotic diseases,which is most likely to be studied by a community ecologist?

A)mad cow disease
B)hantavirus
C)AIDS
D)avian flu
E)trichinosis

Question 59

Zoonotic disease

A)is caused by suborganismal pathogens such as viruses, viroids, and prions only.
B)is caused by pathogens that are transferred from other animals to humans by direct contact or by means of a vector.
C)can only be spread from animals to humans through direct contact.
D)can only be transferred from animals to humans by means of an intermediate host.
E)is too specific to study at the community level, and studies of zoonotic pathogens are relegated to organismal biology.

Question 60

Which of the following studies would shed light on the mechanism of spread of H5N1 from Asia?

A)Perform cloacal or saliva smears of migrating waterfowl to monitor whether any infected birds show up in Alaska.
B)Test fecal samples for H5N1 in Asian waterfowl that live near domestic poultry farms in Asia.
C)Test for the presence of H5N1 in poultry used for human consumption worldwide.
D)Locate and destroy birds infected with H5N1 in Asian open-air poultry markets.
E)Keep domestic and wild fowl from interacting with each other to minimize the probability that wild fowl could get infected and migrate out of Asia.

Question 61

In a two-week marketing analysis,McDonald's was interested in finding out the popularity of the Big Mac.Using the realized/fundamental niche concept of community ecology,what should the marketing researchers do?

A)Study the sales of McDonald's restaurants that are in close proximity to other fast-food restaurants.
B)Serve only Big Macs at McDonald's and analyze the sales.
C)Remove the Quarter Pounder from the menu and see if Big Mac sales increase.
D)Serve Big Macs without the special sauce to see if sales go down.
E)Serve Big Macs during breakfast hours.

Question 62

In terms of community ecology,why are pathogens more virulent now than ever before?

A)More new pathogens have recently evolved.
B)Host organisms have become more susceptible because of weakened immune systems.
C)Human activities are transporting pathogens globally at an unprecedented rate.
D)Medicines for treating pathogenic disease are in short supply.
E)Sequencing of genes in pathogenic organisms is particularly difficult.

Question 63

Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the following questions.The arrows represent the transfer of food energy between the various trophic levels.

Which letter represents an organism that could be a producer?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 64

Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the following questions.The arrows represent the transfer of food energy between the various trophic levels.

Which letter represents an organism that could be a carnivore?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 65

The next series of questions presumes that you have at least once visited and have some knowledge of the fast-food restaurant McDonald's.Use your knowledge of McDonald's and your understanding of community ecology to answer the following questions about an ecological community,McDonaldland.
Which two "species" are likely to compete for the same ecological niche?

A)Big Mac and Quarter Pounder
B)French Fries and Hash Browns
C)Premium Caesar Salad with Crispy Chicken and Premium Crispy Chicken Classic Sandwich
D)Filet-O-Fish and Double Cheeseburger
E)No two species can ever occupy the same ecological niche.

Question 66

Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion of this experiment?

A)Balanus can only survive in the lower intertidal zone, because it is unable to resist desiccation.
B)Balanus is inferior to Chthamalus in competing for space on intertidal zone rocks.
C)The two species of barnacles do not compete with each other because they feed at different times of day.
D)When Balanus is removed, it can be observed that the realized niche of Chthamalus is smaller than its fundamental niche.
E)These two species of barnacle do not show competitive exclusion. F)If Chthamalus were removed, Balanus's fundamental niche would become larger.

Question 67

According to the McDonaldland scenario,which of the following would best define an ecological community?

A)all of the sandwiches sold at McDonaldland
B)the entire menu at McDonaldland
C)all of the fast-food restaurants in North America
D)the condiments served at McDonaldland
E)the breakfast menu at McDonaldland

Question 68

Use the following diagram of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland,as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles,to answer the following questions.

Which island would likely have the greatest species diversity?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 69

During the course of the formation of a parasite/host relationship,a critical first step in this evolution would be

A)changing the behaviour of the host or intermediate host.
B)developing asexual reproduction.
C)deriving nourishment without killing the host.
D)starting as an ectoparasite and then later becoming an endoparasite.
E)utilizing heterotropic nutrition during infection and autotrophic nutrition during dormancy.

Question 70

Why is a pathogen generally more virulent in a new habitat?

A)More pathogens tend to immigrate into newer habitats.
B)Intermediate host species are more motile and transport pathogens to new areas.
C)Pathogens evolve more efficient forms of reproduction in new environments.
D)Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection.
E)New environments are almost always smaller in area so that transmission of pathogens is easily accomplished between hosts.

Question 71

The next series of questions presumes that you have at least once visited and have some knowledge of the fast-food restaurant McDonald's.Use your knowledge of McDonald's and your understanding of community ecology to answer the following questions about an ecological community,McDonaldland.
Which of the following would be considered a keystone species in McDonaldland?

A)Big Mac
B)Large French Fries
C)Premium Caesar Salad with Crispy Chicken
D)Filet-O-Fish
E)Chicken McNuggets

Question 72

Use the following diagram of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland,as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles,to answer the following questions.

Which island would likely exhibit the most impoverished species diversity?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 73

Which of the following statements does not describe a zoonotic pathogen?

A)pathogens that are transferred from other animals to humans
B)pathogens that cannot cross the species barrier from other animals to humans
C)transmission can occur by direct contact
D)transmission can occur by means of vectors
E)vectors that spread diseases are often parasites, such as biting insects

Question 74

The oak tree pathogen,Phytophthora ramorum,has migrated 650 km in 10 years.West Nile virus spread from New York State to 46 other states in 5 years.The difference in the rate of spread is probably related to

A)the lethality of each pathogen.
B)the mobility of their hosts.
C)the fact that viruses are very small.
D)innate resistance.
E)dormancy viability.

Question 75

The next series of questions presumes that you have at least once visited and have some knowledge of the fast-food restaurant McDonald's.Use your knowledge of McDonald's and your understanding of community ecology to answer the following questions about an ecological community,McDonaldland.
In McDonaldland,which of the following would be an example of an introduced species?

A)Big Mac
B)Quarter Pounder
C)BK Whopper
D)Filet-O-Fish
E)Double Cheeseburger

Question 76

The plague bacterium Yersinia pestis,is well-known for the high death toll it caused in Europe during the Middle Ages.Upon introduction to North America,this disease

A)caused high death rates in isolated human communities.
B)did not spread because humans are immune to it.
C)spread to other species, such a native prairie dogs, which suffered high mortality rates.
D)affected predators of prairie dogs, soil chemistry, and plant growth.
E)C and D

Question 77

Please refer to the art below to answer the following question.

According to the Shannon Diversity Index,which block would show the greatest diversity?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 78

Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the following questions.The arrows represent the transfer of food energy between the various trophic levels.

Which letter represents an organism that could be a primary consumer?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 79

Use the following diagram of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland,as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles,to answer the following questions.

Which island would likely have the lowest extinction rate?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 80

Connell conducted this experiment to learn more about

A)character displacement in the colour of barnacles.
B)habitat preference in two different species of barnacles.
C)desiccation resistance and barnacle species.
D)how sea-level changes affect barnacle distribution.
E)competitive exclusion and distribution of barnacle species.