Deck 10: Personality

Question 1

What do we call an individual's unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving?

A) character
B) personality
C) esteem
D) ego

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

What do we call the various hereditary aspects of a person's emotional nature?

A) character
B) personality
C) cardinal traits
D) temperament

Answer 2

temperament

Question 3

The term personality implies that individual patterns of behaviour are both stable and which of the following?

A) universal
B) unique
C) unchanging
D) uncontrolled

Answer 3

unique

Question 4

What do we call the hereditary aspects of our emotional traits?

A) character
B) temperament
C) personality
D) sources

Question 5

What is a defining characteristic of traits?

A) They are fixed.
B) They are observed.
C) They are evaluative.
D) They are enduring.

Question 6

Which approach classifies people who share common personality characteristics, and has been criticized for being overly simplified?

A) the trait approach
B) the type approach
C) the biosocial approach
D) the psychosocial approach

Question 7

What do Jung's concepts of introversion and extraversion represent?

A) the type system
B) the trait system
C) common traits
D) description of temperament

Question 8

Which of the following consists of all your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are?

A) your personality
B) your character
C) your personality type
D) your self-concept

Question 9

Compared to the United States and Canada, which of the following do Asian and many Aboriginal cultures place a greater emphasis on?

A) self-concept
B) collectivism
C) self-esteem
D) individualism

Question 10

In terms of self-esteem, what have researchers found in Japanese people living in Canada compared to Japanese people living in Japan?

A) Japanese people living in Japan have no concept of self-esteem.
B) Japanese people living in Canada have lower self-esteem.
C) Japanese people living in Canada have higher self-esteem.
D) There is no difference between the two groups.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes personality theories?

A) They explain the development of a specific personality characteristic, such as shyness.
B) They are systems of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality.
C) They are impossible to test scientifically.
D) They attempt to make others feel good about themselves in terms of certain specific characteristics such as shyness.

Question 12

Which of the following is a personality theory covered in the textbook?

A) abnormal theory
B) conditioning theory
C) cognitive theory
D) trait theory

Question 13

What type of theorists attempt to classify various characteristics and discover how they are related to each other, and to our behaviour, in order to understand personality?

A) trait theorists
B) behavioural theorists
C) psychosocial theorists
D) existential theorists

Question 14

What is one of the problems psychologists have with personality types?

A) they are abstract concepts
B) they describe character, not personality
C) they oversimplify personality
D) they are not concrete enough to measure

Question 15

Which of the following applies to Gordon Allport's trait theory?

A) Most people possess central traits.
B) Most people possess cardinal traits.
C) Common traits are not shared by members of a culture.
D) Secondary traits are very consistent, but superficial aspects of a person.

Question 16

What do we call the traits that make up the core of our personality?

A) basic traits
B) cardinal traits
C) secondary traits
D) central traits

Question 17

If you were going on a blind date, which of the following traits regarding the person would it be most valuable for you to know before you meet?

A) individual traits
B) central traits
C) source traits
D) secondary traits

Question 18

People who grew up in the same culture would be most likely to have which of the same traits?

A) cardinal traits
B) common traits
C) secondary traits
D) source traits

Question 19

What do we call the characteristics shared by most members of a certain culture?

A) common traits
B) cardinal traits
C) individual traits
D) surface traits

Question 20

What does Gordon Allport call our unique, personal characteristics?

A) common traits
B) surface traits
C) source traits
D) individual traits

Question 21

According to Allport, what is the name of the trait that is dominant and shapes most of a person's behaviour?

A) the source trait
B) the central trait
C) the cardinal trait
D) the secondary trait

Question 22

Allport promoted the concept of which type of trait?

A) the common trait
B) the central trait
C) the surface trait
D) the individual trait

Question 23

If we describe Jennifer as being bright, organized, and reliable, what are we referring to?

A) her traits
B) her temperament
C) her character
D) her personality type

Question 24

What would Allport call the characteristics of enjoying chocolate chip cookies and jazz music?

A) common traits
B) cardinal traits
C) source traits
D) secondary traits

Question 25

What did Allport call the less consistent aspects of a person?

A) surface traits
B) central traits
C) secondary traits
D) common traits

Question 26

Cattell's source traits are similar in function to which aspect of Allport's personality theory?

A) secondary traits
B) central traits
C) cardinal traits
D) secondary traits.

Question 27

In Allport's theory, what is the name for characteristics that are seen only in certain situations?

A) central traits
B) cardinal traits
C) source traits
D) secondary traits

Question 28

Narissa is typically mild mannered, playful, and outgoing, although she catches people by surprise when she begins whining and complaining. According to Allport's model, which of the following does Narissa's whining behaviour exemplify?

A) a cardinal trait
B) a source trait
C) a secondary trait
D) a central trait

Question 29

How are Raymond Cattell's source traits measured?

A) by the 16 PF
B) by the five-factor model of personality questionnaire
C) by the trait-situation interaction observation
D) by the reciprocal determinism model of personality

Question 30

Which personality theorist used the statistical procedure called factor analysis to identify several personality traits?

A) James Williams
B) Raymond Cattell
C) Hans Eysenck
D) Julian Rotter

Question 31

Raymond Cattell hypothesized that two types of traits exist within people. What are they?

A) surface and source traits
B) cardinal and secondary traits
C) primary and central traits
D) archetypes and surface traits

Question 32

How many central source traits did Raymond Cattell's factor analysis method identify?

A) 5
B) 8
C) 16
D) 18

Question 33

Who developed the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, or 16 PF?

A) Karen Horney
B) Hans Eysenck
C) Raymond Cattell
D) Gordon Allport

Question 34

Who used a statistical technique (factor analysis) to reduce Allport's lengthy list of traits?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Walter Mischel
C) Raymond Cattell
D) Hans Eysenck

Question 35

Which of the following Big Five traits is most closely related to creativity?

A) extraversion
B) openness
C) neuroticism
D) agreeableness

Question 36

Which model states that personality can be defined by a number of basic dimensions?

A) the psychoanalytic model
B) the cognitive model
C) the five-factor model
D) the behavioural genetic model

Question 37

What are the Big Five trait dimensions?

A) introversion, extroversion, neuroticism, stability, and psychoticism
B) neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, stability, and psychoticism
C) unconscious, archetypes, cognitions, reinforcements, and stability
D) neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Question 38

What do psychologists mean by the term trait-situation interaction?

A) situations change habits
B) situations create new traits
C) traits determine situations
D) situations influence how traits are expressed

Question 39

Which of the following is supported by behavioural genetics?

A) The selective breeding of animals rarely leads to differences in social behaviour, emotionality, and aggression.
B) It is reasonable to conclude that heredity is responsible for 25-50 percent of the variation of our personality traits.
C) Reunited fraternal twins often share their similarities with unrelated students of the same age.
D) Heredity is responsible for over 75 percent of the variation of our personality traits.

Question 40

Which of the following would you expect to have the most similar personality traits?

A) fraternal twins
B) parents and their first-born child
C) identical twins
D) biological siblings

Question 41

Claire and Jill are identical twins reared apart and recently reunited. Carl and Wayne are 18-year-old, unrelated students in a classroom. How will these two groups differ?

A) Claire and Jill will probably show a long list of amazing similarities, while Carl and Wayne will share only a couple of similarities.
B) Claire and Jill will probably share many similarities; Carl and Wayne may share many similarities but are probably not motivated enough to discover them.
C) Claire and Jill will not share as many similarities as Carl and Wayne.
D) Claire and Jill will have more differences than Carl and Wayne.

Question 42

Based on research, which of the following would most psychologists argue about personality?

A) it is determined by hereditary factors
B) it is a result of personal experiences
C) it is determined approximately 90 percent by genetics and 10 percent by environment
D) it is determined by a combination of genetics and environment

Question 43

Which of the following applies to the id of Freudian theory?

A) The id is rational.
B) The id is our only behavioural influence.
C) The id is a source of energy that drives our whole personality.
D) The id is within our consciousness.

Question 44

What type of experience did Freud have that influenced his theory of personality?

A) B.F. Skinner convinced him to look at the unconscious conflicts that shape behaviour.
B) Many of his clients' problems stemmed from physical causes.
C) He spent time in WWI where he witnessed great suffering.
D) He found that some of his patients' symptoms had no observable physical or neurological causes.

Question 45

According to Freud, which personality aspect is completely unconscious in its nature?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) latent content

Question 46

According to Freud's theory, what part of the personality is unconscious, immature, illogical, and dominated by biological instincts?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) the libido

Question 47

Emmanuel desperately wanted cigarettes, but he didn't have any money. Not knowing what to do, he stole the cigarettes from a drugstore. Which component of his personality dominated his behaviour when he robbed the drugstore?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) the Oedipus complex

Question 48

What term did Freud use for our life instincts?

A) libido
B) id
C) eros
D) psyche

Question 49

What is the energy from life instincts that drives our personality?

A) the ego
B) the libido
C) the id
D) the life force

Question 50

If a psychologist believes that an individual's personality develops as a result of childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts, which of the following is he or she most likely to favour?

A) the trait approach
B) the humanistic approach
C) the psychoanalytic approach
D) the social cognitive approach

Question 51

According to Freud, which of the following areas threatens us with guilt?

A) the ego
B) the id
C) the superego
D) the unconscious

Question 52

According to Freud, which component of personality is rational, organized, and sensitive to the demands of the external?

A) thanatos
B) the ego
C) the id
D) eros

Question 53

According to Freud, which of the following is responsible for aggressive urges?

A) thanatos
B) eros
C) an unrestrained libido
D) the pleasure principle

Question 54

Which of the following can lead to delinquent behaviour in one extreme, or inhibition and rigidity in another extreme?

A) deficient id
B) deficient superego
C) deficient libido
D) deficient eros

Question 55

After stealing a candy bar from the grocery store, Ken feels guilty. He knows that his parents will punish him once they find out. According to Freud, where does Ken's guilt come from?

A) his id
B) his ego
C) his superego
D) one of his defence mechanisms

Question 56

According to Freud, which component of personality contains an individual's morals, conscience, and pride?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) reality

Question 57

According to Freud, human personality contains several levels of awareness. What are they?

A) conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
B) thanatos, eros, and libido
C) id, libido, and superego
D) pleasure principle, reality principle, and ego ideal

Question 58

When impulses from the id threaten a loss of control, which of the following does it cause to arise?

A) moral anxiety
B) sublimation
C) suppression
D) neurotic anxiety

Question 59

How did Freud believe that personality is most accurately described?

A) as a delicate balance of power among the three mental structures
B) as a lack of struggle among the three mental structures in the unhealthy individual
C) as a lack of struggle among the three mental structures in the healthy individual
D) as a state of struggle among the three mental structures in which the id gets caught in the middle

Question 60

Which of the following did Freud believe the ego uses to protect the personality from anxiety-producing thoughts and images?

A) pleasure principle
B) reality principle
C) defence mechanisms
D) libido

Question 61

According to Freud, thoughts and desires that are far below the level of conscious awareness are stored in what "area"?

A) the superego
B) the preconscious
C) the unconscious
D) the latent consciousness

Question 62

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, which area contains repressed wishes, desires, or thoughts?

A) the manifest context
B) the conscious
C) the unconscious
D) the preconscious

Question 63

According to Freud, where is material that can easily be retrieved from just below the surface of awareness stored?

A) in the preconscious
B) in the unconscious
C) in the conscious
D) in the collective unconscious

Question 64

Think of what you ate this morning. Until you just now brought this thought to your conscious level, where was this information most likely stored?

A) in your unconscious
B) in the collective unconscious
C) in your preconscious
D) in your superego

Question 65

What did Freud believe we use to protect us from moral and neurotic anxiety generated by our id and superego?

A) ego ideal
B) phallic personality
C) morality principle
D) defence mechanisms

Question 66

Which of the following are the mental processes that deny, distort, or otherwise block out sources of threat and anxiety?

A) defence mechanisms
B) fixations
C) Oedipus or Electra conflicts
D) eros and thanatos

Question 67

According to Freud, what are the parts of the body where we feel tension and pleasure at each psychosexual stage?

A) libidinal sites
B) erogenous zones
C) pressure points
D) archetypes

Question 68

According to Freud, what will a person most likely experience when a conflict in a particular erogenous zone is not successfully resolved?

A) anxiety
B) fixation
C) inferiority
D) incongruence

Question 69

Carlos has a biting personality that ranges in intensity from teasing to extreme rudeness toward anyone he perceives as a threat. According to Freud, which psychosexual stage is Carlos most likely fixated at?

A) the oral stage
B) the anal stage
C) the phallic stage
D) the genital stage

Question 70

If a person is overly neat and orderly, which stage of development would Freud say that person is most likely fixated at?

A) the oral stage
B) the anal stage
C) the latency stage
D) the genital stage

Question 71

Which stage did Freud state is the psychosexual stage where pleasure is focused on self-stimulation of genitals?

A) the oral stage
B) the genital stage
C) the phallic stage
D) the latency stage

Question 72

Freud believed that between the ages of three and six, young boys often struggle with sexual feeling for their mothers and competition with their fathers. What is this called?

A) a fixation
B) identification
C) the Oedipus conflict
D) the Electra conflict

Question 73

According to Freud's theory, a little girl's identification with her mother and the resolution of penis envy are strengthened by resolution of which of the following?

A) the Oedipus conflict
B) the Electra conflict
C) the latency stage
D) the anal stage

Question 74

According to Freud, the Oedipal and Electra conflicts are successfully resolved when a child does which of the following with the same-sex parent, allowing the child to take on his or her values and behaviours?

A) fixates on the same-sex parent
B) imitates the same-sex parent
C) identifies with the same-sex parent
D) rebels against the same-sex parent

Question 75

Seven-year-old Kayla plays exclusively with other girls of her age group. She also believes that boys are yucky and silly. Which stage of psychosexual development is Kayla's behaviour consistent with?

A) the phallic stage
B) the genital stage
C) the latency stage
D) the oral stage

Question 76

Which stage begins with puberty and ends with a healthy personality and sense of sexuality, where the individual directs sexual urges toward socially acceptable substitutes of the opposite-sex parent?

A) the phallic stage
B) the latency period
C) the genital stage
D) the oral stage

Question 77

Which of the following remains a strength of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality?

A) the recognition that development is continuous
B) the belief that development is quantitative rather than quantitative
C) the view that early years are major determinants of adult personalities
D) the ability to predict future behaviour

Question 78

Criticisms of Freud's developmental theory have centred on which of the following?

A) the overemphasis of sexuality in personality development
B) Freud's ignoring the concept of developmental stages
C) the fact that a kind, loving father would result in a superior child
D) the unimportance of the first years of life in the formation of adult personality

Question 79

Which of the following was a contribution of Freudian developmental theory?

A) The early years are critical in shaping our adult personality.
B) Development does not progress through a series of stages.
C) A young boy needs to have an affectionate, accepting father in order to develop a strong conscience.
D) Children develop relationships with their parents which are conflict-free.

Question 80

Which theorists believe personality is made up of responses to specific situations?

A) learning theorists
B) humanistic theorists
C) psychoanalytic theorists
D) Gestalt theorists