Deck 2: Perception, Personality and Values

Question 1

One of the components of the individual performance equation is organizational support.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Situational constraints refer to the forces within an individual that account for the level, direction and persistence of effort expended at work.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Perception is the process by which people select, organize, interpret, retrieve and respond to information from the world around them.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

No one perception is 'right' in any objective sense and the ways in which we view the world can be influenced by our cultural background.

Question 5

Personality is the overall profile or combination of traits that characterise the unique nature of a person.

Question 6

Psychodynamic theories of personality believe that it is composed of thoughts and drives emanating from the unconscious.

Question 7

Cultural values and norms do not play a substantial role in the development of an individual's personality and behaviours.

Question 8

Locus of control measures the internal-external orientation of a person.

Question 9

Dogmatism is a personality trait that focuses on a rigidity of a person's beliefs.

Question 10

People's values develop as a product of the learning and experiences they encounter in the cultural setting in which they live.

Question 11

The affective component of an attitude is a specific feeling regarding personal impact.

Question 12

Cognitive dissonance is not a state of perceived inconsistency between a person's expressed attitude and his or her actual behaviour.

Question 13

In order to deal effectively with people from other cultures it is necessary to understand the influence of one's own culture.

Question 14

Culture shock is commonly experienced by global managers.

Question 15

Examples of individual attributes are demography, personality and competency.

Question 16

The individual performance equation comprises:

A) individual attributes, organizational support and work effort
B) work effort, personal goals and organizational support
C) individual attributes, organizational support and personal goals
D) personal goals, work effort and individual attributes

Question 17

Work effort is best described as:

A) willingness to turn up to work
B) willingness to work long hours
C) willingness to perform
D) motivation to work

Question 18

A person's perceptual set is:

A) when one attribute of a person or situation is used to develop an overall impression
B) the assignment of one's own personal attributes to other individuals
C) the tendency to find in another situation or person that which you expected to find
D) a person's past experiences, personality and values influencing their perception

Question 19

Projection is:

A) the assignment of one's own personal attributes to other individuals
B) the tendency to find in another situation or person that which you expected to find
C) when one attribute of a person or situation is used to develop an overall impression
D) assigning an individual to a group or category and judging the person accordingly

Question 20

Impression management is:

A) the assignment of an individual to a group or category and judging them accordingly
B) the assignment of our own personal attributes to another individual
C) an attempt to behave in ways that will create and maintain desired impressions
D) an overestimation of the influence of personal factors on other's behaviour

Question 21

The 'rusty halo' effect involves:

A) one attribute of a person or situation leading to a negative overall impression
B) one attribute of a person or situation leading to a positive overall impression
C) the tendency to find in another situation or person that which you expected to find
D) the assignment of an individual to a group or category and judging them accordingly

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT included as a major factor contributing to perceptual differences?

A) characteristics of perceiver
B) characteristics of perceived
C) situation
D) motivation

Question 23

The use of stereotyping in judging people results in:

A) correct evaluation of differences between individuals
B) correctly identifying characteristics of a group
C) accurate prediction of job performance
D) inaccurate assessment of an individual's performance potential

Question 24

The locus of control was developed by:

A) Pygmalion
B) Mintzberg
C) Rotter
D) Freud

Question 25

In response to others, 'internals':

A) are more reliant on their own judgement
B) are less reliant on their own judgement
C) have less self-control
D) are more rigid

Question 26

Internals are __________ than externals.

A) more alienated
B) more rootless
C) better in learning and problem solving tasks
D) more dependent

Question 27

The nomothetic view of personality:

A) believes that an individual's personality emerges and develops with experience
B) seeks to identify the ways in which individuals' personality varies from others
C) gives stress to an individual's childhood experience in determining personality
D) believes that we behave in ways that create and maintain desired impressions

Question 28

Which of the following is not one of the 'Big 5' personality dimensions?

A) extroversion-introversion
B) agreeableness-hostility
C) halo-rusty halo
D) open to experience-closed to experience

Question 29

Dogmatic superiors tend to:

A) reject authority
B) accept subordinates based on how much the subordinates agree with accepted authority
C) alternate between being rigid and flexible
D) use a flexible approach as managers

Question 30

The locus of control measures:

A) the ways in which a person goes about gathering and evaluating information
B) a person's emphasis on authority
C) the extent to which a person feels able to affect his or her life
D) the relatively enduring ways in which one individual differs from another

Question 31

The idiographic approach to personality:

A) believes that an individual's personality emerges and develops with experience
B) believes that one should do whatever it takes to get our own way
C) seeks to identify the ways in which individual's personality varies from others
D) believes that extroversion-introversion is the most important personality dimension

Question 32

Which of the following is not an advantage of employing a diverse workforce?

A) diverse perspectives bring creativity and innovation
B) where there is a shortage of skilled labour, diversity has recruitment benefits
C) problems are solved using a wide range of ideas and perspectives
D) in diverse workforces individual are stereotyped

Question 33

Value congruence occurs when:

A) individuals express positive feelings on encountering others with similar values
B) individuals express negative feelings on encountering others with similar values
C) an individual experiences a state of inconsistency between their values and behaviour
D) an individual changes their future behaviour to align with their values

Question 34

Cognitive dissonance occurs when:

A) an individual experiences a feeling of dissatisfaction with their work
B) an individual experiences a feeling of dissatisfaction with their employer
C) there is a state of consistency between an individual's attitudes and behaviour
D) there is a state of inconsistency between an individual's attitudes and behaviour

Question 35

Meglino's values schema consists of:

A) empathy, helping and concern for others, honesty and fairness
B) achievement, helping and concern for others, honesty and fairness
C) empathy, achievement, honesty and fairness
D) honesty, helping and concern for others, fairness, integrity

Question 36

Which of these statements is correct?

A) cultural self-awareness is a pre-requisite for understanding other cultures
B) cultural self-awareness is a hindrance to understanding other cultures
C) cultural self-awareness was a term coined by Rotter
D) cultural self-awareness was a term coined by Machiavelli

Question 37

Which of these statements is correct?

A) Culture shock does not involve a re-evaluation of core values
B) Culture shock necessarily involves re-evaluation of core values
C) Culture shock is experienced more by females than by males
D) Culture shock is experienced more by males than by females

Question 38

What is NOT part of the performance equation?

A) satisfaction causes performance
B) motivation causes performance
C) motivation causes satisfaction
D) rewards cause both performance and satisfaction

Question 39

Which of these statements is correct?

A) stereotypes are not always inaccurate
B) stereotypes are always accurate
C) stereotypes are always inaccurate
D) stereotypes are always the result of culture shock

Question 40

Samantha is a 29-year-old sales consultant for a podcasting company. She believes that she can accomplish anything she wishes to, and always takes action to improve her circumstances. However her manager is reluctant to send her on an overseas assignment as he believes women managers would not be accepted in the host country in question. Which one of the following concepts is relevant in Samantha's story?

A) Introversion
B) Heredity
C) Stereotyping
D) Psychodynamic theory

Question 41

Felipe is a young man who appears very sensitive to the other employees' moods and concerns. He is outgoing and always happy to have lots of company and social time with work colleagues. Which of the following pairs of concepts best describe Felipe?

A) Extroversion, emotional intelligence
B) Introversion, emotional intelligence
C) Machiavellianism, emotional intelligence
D) Closed to experience, emotional intelligence

Question 42

Terry is a 64 year-old man who has done just about every job there is to do in the organization and is able to fill in for most employees when they are absent from work. Despite this, he lacks confidence, has a poor opinion of himself and keeps to himself as much as possible. Which personality traits best describe Terry?

A) Internal locus of control and poor self-concept
B) Introverted and high in self-esteem
C) High self-esteem and external locus of control
D) Introverted and low in self-esteem

Question 43

In a recent job review Simon promoted Fraser because he thinks Fraser shows the same drive that he had when he was Fraser's age. This is an example of:

A) stereotyping
B) the rusty halo effect
C) projection
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 44

Tim recently promoted Hayley. Tim assumes that because Hayley is polite, punctual and neat she must also be a dedicated and diligent worker. This is an example of:

A) stereotyping
B) the halo effect
C) selective perception
D) expectancy

Question 45

Kyla always blames others when things go wrong. This is an example of:

A) an internal locus of control
B) an external locus of control
C) external dogmatism
D) a manipulative tendency

Question 46

Federico always uses whatever means, foul or fair, in order to please his manager. He upsets many people in the process of doing so. Federico is demonstrating:

A) stereotyping
B) Machiavellianism
C) selective perception
D) authoritarianism

Question 47

Emily has developed a negative feeling towards her supervisor over a period of time, but she is not sure what to do about it. At what stage of attitude formation is she?

A) Cognitive
B) Affective
C) Perceptive
D) Behavioural

Question 48

Cindy and Roberta were watching a game of tennis. The referee called 'out' - but Cindy disagreed with the call. However, Roberta agreed with the referee's decision. This is an example of:

A) stereotyping
B) negotiating
C) perception
D) psychometric testing

Question 49

Ian and Lars are working hard and to the best of their abilities, but are still not achieving the high performance levels expected of them. This is because there may be:

A) a lack of organizational support
B) an improper allocation of rewards
C) low motivation
D) rusty halo effect

Question 50

Outline the performance equation and its components.

Question 51

Explain the concept of perceptual set and give an example to demonstrate your understanding.

Question 52

Explain locus of control and the different work outcomes that might relate to each of the orientations in that theory.

Question 53

Explain any differences and similarities between authoritarianism and dogmatism.

Question 54

What do you understand by the terms 'halo' and 'rusty halo' effect. Give two examples to demonstrate your understanding.

Question 55

Why might a short business presentation such as we see in a television reality show or a job interview not be a good predictor of subsequent performance?

Question 56

What are some of the situational constraints that may not allow workers to perform adequately? Give reasons for your answers.

Question 57

What is perception? Describe the role that perception plays in management.

Question 58

Visual Diagram Questions
(These diagrams can be used to test understanding of concepts rather than mere recollection. The provision of the diagrams removes the pressure to remember but does draw on the ability to explain a visual image. Instructors should take care if using a mix of other questions with visual diagram questions to ensure that the diagram does not provide answers to other questions in a test or exam.)
-The diagram below shows the factors contributing to perceptual differences and the perceptual process among people at work.
a) Provide one example of how an individual's past experience and attitudes can influence his/her perception of a person or event.
b) Show how characteristics of the perceived person, object or event can influence the perceptual process.

Question 59

Visual Diagram Questions
(These diagrams can be used to test understanding of concepts rather than mere recollection. The provision of the diagrams removes the pressure to remember but does draw on the ability to explain a visual image. Instructors should take care if using a mix of other questions with visual diagram questions to ensure that the diagram does not provide answers to other questions in a test or exam.)
-The diagram below shows the components of an attitude.
a) Define an attitude and define each component of an attitude.
b) Explain how the components work together to influence behaviour.
c) Give two examples of attitudes and use them to illustrate the three components of the attitude and how they might affect behaviour in each example.