Deck 3: The Self, Identity, and Values

Question 1

________ is an individual's perception of his or her abilities, personality, and other attributes and consists of one's overall thoughts and feelings about his/her characteristics.

A) Self-esteem
B) Self-concept
C) Identity
D) Self-understanding

Answer 1

Self-concept

Question 2

One's self-concept depends on:

A) subjective experiences.
B) personal reflections.
C) sociocultural contexts in which one lives.
D) all of the above.

Answer 2

all of the above.

Question 3

According to Rogers, adjustment is most likely to occur when there is congruence between the ______ and _____ selves.

A) ought; real
B) ideal; real
C) actual; real
D) possible; ought

Answer 3

ideal; real

Question 4

Molly says that she enjoys being around other people. She describes herself as being sensitive and compassionate. According to Higgins, Molly is describing her:

A) actual self.
B) ideal self.
C) ought self.
D) possible selves.

Question 5

, You recall your third grade teacher asking you what type of person you would like to become. According to Higgins, the teacher wanted you to describe your:

A) actual self.
B) ideal self.
C) ought self.
D) ego ideal.

Question 6

Larry believes that in order to be a good citizen he must vote in all elections, pay his taxes, and serve his community when asked. According to Higgins, Larry is describing his:

A) actual self.
B) ideal self.
C) ought self.
D) ego ideal.

Question 7

Ideal self is to hopes as ______ is to ______.

A) actual self; wishes
B) possible selves; reality
C) other self; dreams
D) ought self; obligations

Question 8

Jaimel has experienced much shame and disappointment because he recently failed to reach the state wrestling finals. Since he was a child, he has always set winning an athletic title as his goal. According to Higgins, Jaimel is dejected, sad, and disappointed because of a discrepancy between his:

A) actual and ideal selves.
B) ideal and ought selves.
C) actual and ought selves.
D) ideal and possible selves.

Question 9

Even though her husband forgave her for her affair with a co-worker, Mary is still experiencing guilt and anxiety for betraying her husband's trust. According to Higgins, Mary is experiencing these agitated emotions because of a discrepancy between her:

A) actual and ideal selves.
B) ideal and ought selves.
C) actual and ought selves.
D) ideal and possible selves.

Question 10

According to Higgins' ___________ theory, problems occur when representations from different viewpoints or from different domains are inconsistent.

A) self-acceptance
B) self-discrepancy
C) self-actualization
D) self-competence

Question 11

Higgins had college students to list their traits in each of his three domains. Then the matches and mismatches in traits across the three domains were coded. He found that discrepancies between the ______ and ______ were associated with depression.

A) actual and ideal selves
B) ideal and ought selves
C) actual and ought selves
D) ideal and possible selves

Question 12

Higgins had college students to list their traits in each of his three domains. Then the matches and mismatches in traits across the three domains were coded. He found that discrepancies between the ______ and ______ were associated with anxiety.

A) actual and ideal selves
B) ideal and ought selves
C) actual and ought selves
D) ideal and possible selves

Question 13

Self-discrepancies are most likely to lead to the expected emotional outcomes when:

A) expectancies are small.
B) when you are unaware of the discrepancy.
C) when the discrepancy is imaged rather than real.
D) when the discrepancy is important to you.

Question 14

"What would you like to become? What are you afraid of becoming?" As you think about these questions, Markus and Nurius would say that you are contemplating your:

A) actual selves.
B) ideal selves.
C) ought selves.
D) possible selves.

Question 15

Justin has a dream of becoming a famous musician, playing before large audiences of adoring fans. He also has a painfully clear image of being a destitute street musician playing his tunes for the spare change of a passerby. These two images of his future represent his:

A) actual selves.
B) ideal selves.
C) possible selves.
D) ought selves.

Question 16

Justin has both a hoped-for self of becoming a rich and famous musician and a dreaded self of becoming a destitute street musician. Markus and Nurius consider the presence of both of these selves to be:

A) neurotic.
B) psychologically unhealthy but not disabling.
C) psychologically healthy and balanced.
D) unrealistic.

Question 17

Hector has a dream of becoming a successful business owner with numerous franchises. He also has a fear of starting a business and then going bankrupt. Hector's two views of his future can be considered:

A) neurotic.
B) unrealistic.
C) psychologically unhealthy but not disabling.
D) psychologically healthy and balanced.

Question 18

Possible selves serve the important function of:

A) self-evaluation.
B) self-actualization.
C) self-justification.
D) self-reliance.

Question 19

A person from China or Japan would tend to revere possible selves that:

A) reflect the distinctiveness of the individual.
B) exhibit assertive self-management.
C) strengthen the groups to which they belong.
D) emphasize individualism.

Question 20

Western culture is to ________ as non-Western culture is to ________.

A) low self-esteem; narcissistic self
B) immersion; emersion
C) morita; individualistic
D) individualistic; collective

Question 21

Self-esteem is sometimes referred to as one's:

A) self-concept.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-worth.
D) self-actualization.

Question 22

Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding self-esteem?

A) People have a general level of self-esteem.
B) One can have high self-esteem overall but low self-esteem regarding particular domains of his/her life.
C) Self-esteem reflects perceptions that do not always match reality.
D) All of the above are true statements regarding self-esteem.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of self-esteem listed in Chapter 3?

A) academic competence
B) physical attractiveness
C) sexuality
D) creativity

Question 24

Research has found which of the following statements to be TRUE regarding self-esteem?

A) Self-esteem tends to remain stable for at least a month.
B) Self-esteem tends to be low in childhood and higher during adolescence.
C) The self-esteem of females tends to be higher than males through most of the life span.
D) None of the above is a true statement regarding self-esteem.

Question 25

Much of the research on self-esteem being linked to various aspects of adjustment has been conducted using:

A) experimental studies.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) correlational studies.
D) case studies.

Question 26

The link between self-esteem and happiness is stronger in:

A) middle-aged adults than young adults.
B) individualist counties than collectivist countries.
C) collectivist countries than individualist countries.
D) individuals with anorexia nervosa than those individuals who are overweight.

Question 27

Marian has low self-esteem. According to your textbook, which of the following strategies could increase her self-esteem?

A) Seek emotional support.
B) Look for opportunities to achieve.
C) Take responsibility for your self-esteem.
D) All of the above strategies could increase her self-esteem.

Question 28

If you are advising Dixon on how to increase his self-esteem, what sound advice would you say to him?

A) "Reduce your anxiety by ignoring your problems for awhile."
B) "Find something that is important to you and become successful at it."
C) "Ignore other people's feedback."
D) "Make lots of money and experience as much of life as you can."

Question 29

Your self-esteem is likely to increase when you:

A) cope with a problem rather than avoid it.
B) minimize anxiety by denying the existence of a problem.
C) attempt to cope with problems without the support of others.
D) ignore how others perceive you.

Question 30

Thomas tends to be excessively self-centered, devalues people around him, and responds with rage and shame when others do not admire him. Thomas:

A) would be considered a narcissistic individual.
B) is consciously hiding his low self-esteem.
C) is unaware of his ideal self.
D) is none of the above.

Question 31

Narcissistic individuals tend to be unaware of their _______ and how others perceive them.

A) actual selves
B) ideal selves
C) ought selves
D) possible selves

Question 32

The extraordinary self-representations of people with _________ result from a defensive transformation of their unconscious view of themselves as worthless.

A) high self-esteem
B) depressively low self-esteem
C) narcissism
D) compulsive behaviors

Question 33

Wally is excessively self-centered and views his own needs and desires as more important than others. His style could be described as:

A) narcissistic.
B) collectivistic.
C) congruent.
D) self-deprecating.

Question 34

During a televised interview, a famous movie star said that her ex-husband was narcissistic. Which of the following would most likely be true of her ex-husband?

A) He is fixated at the anal stage.
B) He has failed to reach a psychological moratorium.
C) He lacks awareness of his actual self and how other people perceive him.
D) He has failed to resolve the crisis of initiative vs. guilt.

Question 35

Before the annual company meeting, you were warned that one of the managers was very narcissistic. You were not surprised at his reaction when his performance was negatively evaluated. Given your knowledge of the narcissistic self, what did this person do?

A) He admitted his mistakes.
B) He accepted the criticism and asked for assistance from the company.
C) He flew into a frenzy and started to devalue other people in the company.
D) He started to engage in a sincere, critical self-evaluation.

Question 36

___________ refers to having an integrated sense of self in which different parts come together in a unified whole.

A) Moratorium
B) Identity
C) The ideal self
D) The ought self

Question 37

Which of the following developed a lifespan theory of stages in which the fifth stage of the eight stages is directly related to the formation of identity?

A) Higgins
B) Freud
C) Erikson
D) Gilligan

Question 38

Which of the following psychosocial stages occurs during adolescence?

A) industry vs. inferiority
B) initiative vs. guilt
C) identity vs. identity confusion
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 39

The ___________ is the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy when adult commitments are delayed while society allows youth a "selective permissiveness."

A) psychosocial foreclosure period
B) psychosocial moratorium
C) crisis resolution phase
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 40

Sissy is a teenager, and her parents are completely bewildered. Sissy's mood and personality appear to change every day. One day she is argumentative, the next cooperative. One day she dresses neatly, the next very sloppily. One day she likes a friend, the next day she despises her. According to Erikson, Sissy is:

A) a maladjusted teenager in need of counseling.
B) still in the industry vs. inferiority stage of psychosocial development.
C) in psychosocial moratorium and searching for an identity.
D) jealous of her siblings and is therefore "acting out."

Question 41

If Darrien is in a state of psychosocial moratorium, we can expect Darrien to:

A) have achieved a stable identity and be acting as a responsible adult.
B) be psychologically maladjusted and in need of counseling.
C) be excessively narcissistic.
D) be trying out different roles and personalities.

Question 42

Erikson believed that during youth, ______ roles become central to identity development, especially in societies like the United States.

A) vocational
B) sexual
C) ideological
D) ethnic

Question 43

According to Erikson, which of the following tends to experience the least stress during identity development?

A) Youth who were well-trained to enter the workforce.
B) Youth who were raised by authoritarian parents.
C) Youth who stayed in psychosocial moratorium into their mid-20s.
D) Youth who changed from identity foreclosure to identity diffusion when they entered their senior year of high school.

Question 44

During __________, a person's physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development have advanced to the point at which the individual can sort through and synthesize all their different identities into a mature personality.

A) early childhood
B) middle childhood
C) adolescence
D) middle adulthood

Question 45

At the bare minimum, identity formation involves commitment to a vocational direction, an ideological stance, and:

A) a psychosocial moratorium.
B) a sexual orientation.
C) collectivism.
D) individualism.

Question 46

Morris has a health identity. We can expect Morris to be open to:

A) changes in society.
B) changes in his relationships.
C) changes in his career.
D) all of the above.

Question 47

Which of the following developed a theory that classified individuals into four identity statuses?

A) Higgins
B) Gilligan
C) Marcia
D) Freud

Question 48

One's identity status is determined by the existence or extent of one's:

A) psychosocial moratorium.
B) crisis and commitment.
C) physical and socioemotional development.
D) cognitive determination.

Question 49

Julio has not made a decision about a career choice. In fact, he really is not thinking about his future at all. Julio is said to be in which identity status?

A) identity diffusion
B) identity achieved
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity moratorium

Question 50

A person who has not experienced a crisis nor made any commitments and who shows little interest in such matters would be in which identity status?

A) identity moratorium
B) identity achieved
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity diffusion

Question 51

Making a commitment but not experiencing a crisis describes:

A) identity moratorium.
B) identity achieved.
C) identity foreclosure.
D) identity diffusion.

Question 52

For as long as Lila can remember, her parents have encouraged her to become a medical doctor. This is the only occupation she has ever considered, so she enters college with "pre-med" listed as her major. Lila's identity status would be:

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity achieved.
D) identity moratorium.

Question 53

Kris and Srikanta went to a movie and saw a good example of identity foreclosure. Which movie character illustrates this status?

A) Stephen-he doesn't have much interest at all in his future.
B) Conrad-doesn't know what he wants to do, but he has been doing a lot of thinking about it.
C) Teri-after careful thought, she has decided to become a missionary.
D) Philip-who just accepts his father's wishes that he become a lawyer.

Question 54

Kris and Srikanta went to a movie and saw a good example of identity moratorium. Which movie character illustrates this status?

A) Stephen-he doesn't have much interest at all in his future.
B) Conrad-doesn't know what he wants to do, but he has been doing a lot of thinking about it and has . researched several possible careers.
C) Teri-after careful thought, she has decided to become a missionary.
D) Philip-who just accepts his father's wishes that he become a lawyer.

Question 55

Peter is undecided about his college major, but he has been talking to several of his professors about careers as well as researching several possible careers on the internet. Peter would be described as being in which identity status?

A) identity moratorium
B) identity achieved
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity diffusion

Question 56

Although her parents disagreed with her decision, Cynthia, through careful thought and exploring many career options, has decided to become an elementary school teacher with an emphasis in special education. Her identity status would be classified as:

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity achieved.
D) identity moratorium.

Question 57

When a person has gone through a crisis and made a commitment, Marcia would characterize the person as:

A) identity achieved.
B) identity moratorium.
C) identity foreclosure.
D) identity diffusion.

Question 58

According to Waterman's research, when do MOST identity changes take place?

A) during college.
B) during the first few years of marriage.
C) during the summer months.
D) following a period of socioemotional changes in one's life.

Question 59

By the end of college, most students have reached the identity-achieved status for:

A) their political identity.
B) their religious identity.
C) their vocational identity.
D) all of the above identities.

Question 60

Nora is 38 years old and is in the process of refining and enhancing her identity choices that she made as a college student. Nora is exhibiting:

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity moratorium.
C) identity consolidation.
D) identity completion.

Question 61

People who develop positive identities follow which pattern during their lifespan?

A) moratorium-foreclosure-achievement-diffusion
B) moratorium-achievement-moratorium-achievement
C) foreclosure-moratorium-foreclosure-moratorium
D) diffusion-foreclosure-achievement-moratorium

Question 62

Tia is a member of a minority group within the United States. Her ______ includes a sense of her membership within this group as well as her attitudes and feelings related to this membership.

A) ethnic identity
B) racial identity
C) minority status
D) multiculturalism

Question 63

If Tomas is a first generation immigrant to the United States, which of the following statements would mostly likely be TRUE concerning Tomas' ethnic identity?

A) Tomas' ethnic identity will be weaker than that of members of the mainstream groups.
B) Tomas is less likely to explore his ethnic identity if he becomes a college student.
C) Being a first generation immigrant, Tomas will be more secure in his identity and unlikely to change.
D) None of the above is true.

Question 64

Santos is a second generation immigrant to the United States. Which of the following statements would mostly likely be TRUE concerning Santo's ethnic identity?

A) Santos is more likely to think of himself as "American."
B) Santos will probably not learn English.
C) Santos will probably not develop any social networks beyond his ethnic group.
D) Santos is likely to be secure in his identity and unlikely to change.

Question 65

Sunue lives in a poor inner-city neighborhood. Which of the following is more likely to help her to develop a positive identity?

A) Spending all her time with members of her family and her own ethnic group
B) Learning about her ethnic identity through the media
C) Joining with neighborhood groups in her neighborhood ?
D) Joining organizations for inner-city youth

Question 66

Minority students who have thought about and resolved issues involving their ethnicity:

A) have higher self-esteem.
B) have more positive school engagement.
C) have lower rates of aggression.
D) exhibited all of the above.

Question 67

In what stage of ethnic identity development does the individual prefer the values of the dominant culture?

A) pre-encounter
B) immersion
C) encounter
D) internalization

Question 68

Fionela is a member of a minority group, but all of her role models are from the mainstream culture. Fionela has also lied to her classmates about what her parents do for a living. Recently, she asked her mother about dyeing her hair and getting contact lenses to change her eye color. According to Helms, Fionela is most likely in which stage of ethnic identity development?

A) encounter
B) immersion
C) internalization
D) pre-encounter

Question 69

During which stage of ethnic identity development do minority individuals want to identify with their ethnic group but do not know how?

A) encounter
B) immersion
C) internalization
D) pre-encounter

Question 70

Enrico experienced blatantly racist remarks from a group at his school that he had considered "his friends." After this shattering event, Enrico became extremely confused regarding his attitudes about himself, his minority group, and the dominant culture. Helms would say that Enrico is in which stage of ethnic identity development?

A) pre-encounter
B) immersion
C) encounter
D) internalization

Question 71

During which stage of ethnic identity development do minority individuals begin to break through the denial of their ethnicity, usually after a personal "identity-shattering" event?

A) immersion
B) emersion
C) internalization
D) encounter

Question 72

During which stage of ethnic identity development do minority individuals completely reject the dominant society, experience guilt for having "sold out" to the dominant society or anger at having been "brainwashed" by the dominant group?

A) immersion portion of stage 3
B) emersion portion of stage 3
C) internalization portion of stage 4
D) encounter stage

Question 73

Although he had earlier embraced the dominant society, Frederico has now completely rejected this group and feels guilty for "selling out" to this dominant culture when his own culture has everything he believes he will ever need. Helms would say that Frederico is in which stage of ethnic identity development?

A) internalization portion of stage 4
B) pre-encounter stage
C) encounter stage
D) immersion portion of stage 3

Question 74

Although a few months ago Keino completely rejected the dominant culture, he now feels uncomfortable with the rigid stance that he took and now believes that a more productive view would include evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of both cultures. Helms would say that Keino is in which stage of ethnic identity development?

A) encounter portion of stage 2
B) emersion portion of stage 3
C) pre-encounter stage
D) immersion portion of stage 3

Question 75

During which stage of ethnic identity development do individuals experience a sense of fulfillment as they integrate their personal and cultural identities, are able to examine cultural values more objectively, and want to eliminate all forms of discrimination?

A) internalization/commitment stage
B) immersion/emersion stage
C) final encounter stage
D) resolution stage

Question 76

Brenden, a member of a minority group, is able to objectively evaluate the culture values of his own ethnic group as well as those of the dominant culture. He has recently joined a social activism group that is dedicated to equality and non-discrimination for all of society's members. Helms would say that Brenden is in which stage of ethnic identity development?

A) encounter stage
B) internalization/commitment stage
C) immersion/emersion stage
D) self-actualized resolution stage

Question 77

Erikson believed that _______was more important to the identity of males, while ________ was more important to the identity of females.

A) achievement concerns; physical needs
B) social concerns; vocational concerns
C) affiliative concerns; social concerns
D) vocational concerns; affiliative concerns

Question 78

________ are standards that we apply to determine the worth of things, ideas, or events.

A) Perspectives
B) Contextual biases
C) Reciprocal determinations
D) Values

Question 79

Simone observes as her best friend changes the price tags on two pieces of clothing and then buys the more expensive item for a lesser price. She feels that she should report this dishonesty, while at the same time feeling a sense of loyalty to her misguided friend. According to your textbook, Simone is experiencing:

A) a value conflict.
B) identity diffusion.
C) ethical confusion.
D) a moral conundrum.

Question 80

Jeff is a unit manager who has been told by his boss to lay off a hard-working employee so that the company can hire the boss's unemployed stepson. Jeff is torn between following his boss's directive and keeping a job he loves or risking his job by reporting his boss's actions to his boss's superiors. According to your textbook, Jeff is experiencing:

A) a moral conundrum.
B) a value conflict.
C) identity diffusion.
D) ethical confusion.