Deck 13: Counseling Individuals and Families of Native American Descent

Question 1

The general term, Native Americans, refers to

A) American Indian
B) Alaska Native
C) Both of the above.
D) None of the above.

Answer 1

Both of the above.

Question 2

Of the total U.S. population, Native Americans represent about __________ percent.

A) 1
B) 25
C) 40
D) 50

Answer 2

1

Question 3

There are about __________ federally-recognized Native American reservations.

A) 200
B) 245
C) 324
D) 556

Answer 3

324

Question 4

The majority of Native Americans live in/on

A) rural areas.
B) urban areas.
C) suburban areas.
D) reservations.

Question 5

Although Native American tribes/nations are described as heterogeneous, it is common for tribes/nations to have strong

A) traditions.
B) worldviews.
C) cultural values.
D) All of the above.

Question 6

The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs legally recognizes any Native American as a person who fits into any of the following EXCEPT one who

A) has a DNA analysis.
B) has a blood quantum of ¼ or more.
C) is an enrolled or registered member of a tribe.
D) has been genealogically derived from Native American ancestry.

Question 7

Having to prove cultural identity leaves Native Americans with differing feelings. These feelings include all of the following EXCEPT feelings of

A) oppression by the dominant group.
B) pride for who they are as a culture.
C) acceptance by the dominant group.
D) normalcy as this practice is accepted.

Question 8

Full blood refers to Native Americans who are

A) ¼ Native American
B) 100% Native American blood of one tribe/nation.
C) 100% Native American blood of mixed tribes/nations.
D) All of the above.

Question 9

Religious freedom for Native Americans was taken away in _______ and restored in ______.

A) 1889; 1978.
B) 1924; 1988.
C) 1978; 1990.
D) 1941; 2000.

Question 10

Native Americans are affected by __________ at a rate which is 33 times higher than non-Native people.

A) diabetes
B) fetal alcohol syndrome
C) heart disease
D) pneumonia

Question 11

For traditional Native Americans, the proper way of greeting is

A) a gentle handshake.
B) a firm handshake.
C) direct eye contact and a head nod.
D) a brief hug.

Question 12

Sacred places are used for all of the following EXCEPT

A) prayer.
B) vision seeking.
C) teaching youth traditions.
D) community and political meetings.

Question 13

Developing programs both inside and outside of the schools to teach their youth such things as traditional arts and crafts, the language, ceremonies and prayers, songs and chants, as well as dance, are being done to

A) preserve culture.
B) inform non-native people.
C) bring money into the tribe/nation.
D) give Native Americans something to take their mind off poverty.

Question 14

The primary objective of Native American boarding schools was to

A) give Native Americans a trade.
B) remove culture from Native Americans.
C) preserve Native American cultural heritage.
D) educate Native Americans and prepare them for college.

Question 15

One's "Indianness" is determined by

A) blood quantum
B) ethnic heritage and life/choice experiences
C) tribe/nation membership
D) All of the above.

Question 16

There is a degree of psychological homogeneity across Native American nations/tribes. This is based on

A) communal poverty.
B) common core values.
C) shared feelings on oppression.
D) traditional beliefs and practices.

Question 17

According to Garrett (2011), by accepting responsibility for the gift of life by taking good care of that gift, the gift of life that others have received, and the surrounding beauty of the world in which we live refers to the purpose of

A) the caretaker.
B) the individual.
C) respecting Mother Earth.
D) respecting Father Sky.

Question 18

A single higher power exists within the context of Native American traditionalism and spirituality. This higher power

A) has a specific gender.
B) has one name among many tribes.
C) is the only power Native Americans believe in.
D) may be referred to as one gender, but does not exist within one specific gender.

Question 19

Native Americans believe that illness affects the body, mind and spirit, and that natural illness is caused by

A) use of witchcraft with destructive intentions.
B) violating the sacred social/natural law of Creation.
C) coming in contact with various infectious diseases.
D) All of the above.

Question 20

The Native American philosophy of child rearing would be closely related to

A) "one for all, and all for one."
B) "our home is where the heart is."
C) "it takes a village to raise a child."
D) "the child is the center of all beings."

Question 21

A sign of respect for elders and honored persons is to

A) bow to them.
B) avoid eye contact with them.
C) shake their hand with mild firmness.
D) embrace and kiss their cheek three times.

Question 22

Native Americans use __________ to symbolize wisdom and humility.

A) family
B) schooling
C) generosity
D) social status

Question 23

For traditional Native American clients, it may be helpful to suggest including the _________ in the counseling process.

A) family
B) medicine person
C) Both of the above.
D) None of the above.

Question 24

Native Americans value communication in order to express feelings, beliefs, and importance of experience through

A) storytelling.
B) confrontation.
C) nonverbal awareness.
D) basic verbal expressions.

Question 25

According to recent U.S. Census Bureau (2011) data, the greatest number of Native people live in __________.

A) California
B) Arizona
C) Oklahoma
D) North Carolina

Question 26

All of the following tribes are considered the largest Native American tribes in the U.S. EXCEPT

A) Sioux
B) Navajo
C) Cherokee
D) Kiowa

Question 27

A multidimensional body of lived experiences that informs and sustains people who make their homes in a local area is known as

A) tribal membership.
B) tribal sovereignty.
C) indigenous ways of knowing.
D) historical trauma response.

Question 28

The most recent census data shows that the majority of Native Americans live in

A) reservation areas.
B) urban areas.
C) rural areas.
D) None of the above.

Question 29

The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs legally defines Native American as

A) enrolled or registered members.
B) blood quantum.
C) Both of the above.
D) None of the above.

Question 30

Which of the following comprised one of the five eras of U.S. government policy leading to the current state of tribal sovereignty currently experienced by Native tribes?

A) The reservation period (1860 to 1920s) characterized by the saying, "kill the Indian, but save the man."
B) The reorganization period (1930s to 1950s) with schools allowed on reservations.
C) The termination period (1950s to 1960s) with Relocation Programs intended to achieve sociocultural integration in order to end dependence on the federal government (resulted in the sale of huge acres of Native lands and increased poverty).
D) All of the above.

Question 31

__________ is an aspect of the pertinent historical experience that Brave Heart and other scholars identified as being critically important in creating the trauma that Native people survive.

A) Colonization
B) The boarding school experience
C) Forced assimilation
D) All of the above.

Question 32

Colonization is an apt description for the entire experience of Native peoples being subjugated through European conquest, including

A) the impact of infectious diseases.
B) the introduction of alcohol.
C) massacres and forced migration.
D) All of the above.

Question 33

The cumulative emotional and psychological wounding over the lifespan and across generations emanating from massive group trauma experiences is called

A) historical trauma.
B) historical trauma response.
C) forced assimilation.
D) All of the above.

Question 34

The historical trauma response is the constellation of features in reaction to historical trauma that may include

A) substance abuse, as a vehicle for attempting to numb the pain associated with trauma, and often includes other types of self-destructive behavior.
B) suicidal thoughts and gestures.
C) difficulty recognizing and expressing emotions.
D) All of the above.

Question 35

The transgenerational effects of the residential boarding schools on Native people includes

A) impaired emotional response (a reflection of the lack of warmth and intimacy in childhood).
B) repetition of physical and sexual abuse.
C) loss of knowledge, language, and tradition.
D) All of the above.

Question 36

The barriers to economic development that exist for many Native American communities include

A) access to capital.
B) abundance of human capital (education, skills, technical expertise) and the means to develop it.
C) abundance of entrepreneurial skills and experience as well as programs to foster these skills and experience.
D) All of the above.

Question 37

__________ is/are current social, economic, and political issues which involve Native American nations demanding the immediate return of all skeletal remains, burial goods, and sacred objects, through the passage of critical legislation that now protects Native gravesites from looting, and provides Native people with legal means for reclaiming both remains and sacred objects.

A) Self-determination and sovereignty
B) Federal and state recognition
C) Repatriation
D) Tribal resources

Question 38

The cultural change that occurs when two or more cultures are in persistent contact is known as

A) indigenous ways of knowing.
B) acculturation.
C) historical trauma response.
D) All of the above.

Question 39

Of the five levels of acculturation identified for Native Americans in the chapter, __________ is the one where Native clients may or may not speak English, but generally speak and think in their native language, hold only traditional values and beliefs, and practice only traditional tribal customs and methods of worship.

A) traditional
B) marginal
C) bicultural
D) assimilated

Question 40

Of the five levels of acculturation identified for Native Americans in the chapter, __________ is the one where Native clients are generally accepted by the dominant society and tribal society/nation and are simultaneously able to know, accept, and practice both mainstream values/behaviors and the traditional values and beliefs of their cultural heritage.

A) traditional
B) marginal
C) bicultural
D) assimilated

Question 41

__________ is the Native concept which implies that the very essence of our being, or life force, exists in all creatures on Mother Earth.

A) Medicine
B) Harmony
C) Relation
D) Vision

Question 42

__________ is a traditional Native American value that requires individuals to know and experience their connections, and honor their relations with all their heart.

A) Humility
B) Generosity
C) Patience
D) Being

Question 43

Which of the following practical, tribally-specific interventions discussed in the chapter involves assisting Native clients with exploration of personal and career issues by focusing in on the positive, cultural themes of belonging, mastery, independence, and generosity identified as culturally-appropriate ways.

A) Examine/teach the historical context
B) Promote positive cultural identity
C) Reduce isolation/enhance social connections
D) Work with the noninterference principle

Question 44

Working with Native clients and communities from a social justice and advocacy perspective involves

A) implementing direct counseling strategies based on understanding the social, political, economic, and cultural contexts in which clients live, and facilitating self-advocacy on the part of the client.
B) directly addressing external barriers that impede the client's development that the client him or herself is unable to address due to lack of resources, access, or power.
C) getting involved in assisting community organizations that are working for change.
D) All of the above.

Question 45

As you read this chapter, what thoughts and feelings were you thinking and experiencing as you learned about the oppression and subordination of Native Americans?

Question 46

How might generational grief and trauma affect the Native American worldview?

Question 47

In this chapter, you learned that Native Americans were restricted from practicing their religions. How might the restriction of religious freedom for 89 years have affected tribes emotionally and culturally?

Question 48

As a professional school counselor at a school with a high population of Native peoples, how might the high prevalence of alcohol mortality and fetal alcohol syndrome affect your job? What would you do as a means to provide effective counseling and education?

Question 49

Looking at the educational statistics provided within this chapter, as a professional school counselor, how might you work to improve the academic statistics that affect the Native American society as a whole?

Question 50

Consider that you are working with a Native American teenager who has threatened to take his own life. How would you handle this situation? Do the suicide statistics for Native Americans factor into the situation, even if the teenager does not have a plan?

Question 51

Since Native Americans have been oppressed for such a long time, how might client-counselor trust be built?

Question 52

Make a chart highlighting the suggested Do's and Don'ts of demonstrating culturally responsive ways to work with traditional Native Americans. For the purpose of this activity, examine the Dos and Don'ts of: greeting, hospitality, silence, space, eye contact, intention, and collaboration.

Question 53

Define indigenous ways of knowing (IWOK), and discuss how an understanding of IWOK would be important in the counseling context working with Native clients.

Question 54

Briefly discuss your understanding of Native American history, then define and discuss historical trauma and its identified outcomes.

Question 55

Select and discuss three of the current social, economic, and political issues affecting Native Americans. Consider the potential implications of these issues when working with Native clients.

Question 56

Define acculturation related to Native Americans and discuss the implications for working with clients at each of the stages of acculturation presented in the chapter.

Question 57

Discuss the four general components of traditional Native spirituality and how each might influence work with a Native client depending on level of acculturation.

Question 58

Discuss how you might incorporate an emphasis on tribe/nation, family, and the powerful role of elders from a traditional Native perspective to help with the therapeutic process for Native clients.

Question 59

Pick at least three cultural values that would be different for you when working with a Native client and discuss how you might deal with those differences in a way that would promote positive outcomes within the counseling process.

Question 60

Discuss at least three practical, tribally-specific interventions and how you would implement them effectively with Native clients in a setting in which you intend to work.

Question 61

Discuss what it would mean for you to work with Native clients from a social justice and advocacy counseling perspective incorporating indigenous ways of knowing into the setting in which you intend to work.

Question 62

Discuss the three biggest strengths and three biggest challenges you anticipate when counseling Native clients.