Deck 9: Individuals and Families of African Descent

Question 1

The first Africans came to the United States in

A) 1609.
B) 1619.
C) 1776.
D) 1809.

Answer 1

1619.

Question 2

Jim Crow was

A) the individual who founded the Ku Klux Klan.
B) a set of segregationist laws primarily in the South.
C) the Governor of Georgia who refused to let Georgian schools be integrated in the 1950's.
D) a civil rights leader.

Answer 2

a set of segregationist laws primarily in the South.

Question 3

Colorism in the African American community is a preference for individuals

A) with darker skin tones.
B) with lighter skin tones.
C) who are not African American.
D) who are African American.

Answer 3

with lighter skin tones.

Question 4

Most African Americans prefer to be called

A) Black.
B) individuals of African Descent.
C) African American.
D) Each person should be asked what he or she prefers to be called.

Question 5

African American values typically include

A) collectivism, spirituality, and extended family relationships.
B) individualism, linear time orientation, mastery over nature.
C) machismo, marianismo, and filial piety.
D) indirect communication, nonverbal communication, and suppression of conflict.

Question 6

Racial differences should

A) only be brought up if the client brings them up.
B) be brought up after a firm relationship has been established.
C) be brought up early in the counseling relationship.
D) never be discussed because it is offensive to clients.

Question 7

Racial identity is

A) essential to understanding and working with clients of African descent.
B) an empirically based construct.
C) an important variable in assessing a client of African descent's mental health.
D) All of the above.

Question 8

Assessing a client of African descent's level of acculturation includes

A) an assessment of values, cultural practices, and beliefs.
B) conceptualizing African clients on the Traditional, Bicultural, Highly Acculturated, and Marginal continuum.
C) exploring how connected a client of African descent is to the African American community.
D) All of the above.

Question 9

Common self-selected Black support systems include

A) The Black Church.
B) The Association of Black Psychologists.
C) Social Workers.
D) Government Agencies.

Question 10

The five principles of NTU Psychotherapy are

A) harmony, awareness, alignment, actualization, and synthesis.
B) harmony, mindfulness, self-focus, humanism, and reactivation.
C) collectivism, spirituality, educational attainment, assertion, and interrelatedness.
D) gender egalitarianism, racial socialization, reinforcement of kinship bonds, spirituality, and communalism.

Question 11

Traditional counseling approaches should

A) never be used with clients of African descent.
B) always be used with clients of African descent.
C) always be modified for clients of color.
D) be assessed for effectiveness with individual clients instead of blindly applied.

Question 12

The goal of an NTU counselor is to help the client reestablish client

A) harmony.
B) kinship bonds.
C) goals.
D) homeostasis.

Question 13

Black families often include

A) extended family members.
B) friends of the family.
C) members of the church.
D) All of the above.

Question 14

African Americans of the middle class may deal with

A) survivor guilt.
B) glass ceilings.
C) isolation from the Black community.
D) All of the above.

Question 15

African Americans of the working class may deal with

A) inferior educational systems.
B) poorer healthcare.
C) poverty.
D) All of the above.

Question 16

Research demonstrates that couples of African descent have a __________ divorce rate and report __________ levels of marital satisfaction than White couples.

A) higher; lower
B) lower; higher
C) lower; lower
D) higher; higher

Question 17

_______ represented an unethical practice initiated during the middle of the 18^th century through the beginning of the 20^th Century where pseudoscientists played an integral role in promulgating myths that indigenous non-Whites were racially inferior.

A) Institutional racism
B) Microaggressions
C) Scientific racism
D) Structural racism

Question 18

Historically, in the U.S. educational system children of African descent were often placed in

A) programs for the educable mentally retarded.
B) honors courses.
C) average courses.
D) special education programs.

Question 19

Gays and lesbians of African descent often face

A) dual discrimination from the Black community.
B) dual discrimination from the White gay community.
C) support from the Black community for being both Black and gay.
D) support from the White gay community for being both Black and gay.

Question 20

According to research, individuals of African descent often describe themselves as

A) not religious.
B) somewhat religious.
C) very spiritual.
D) very religious.

Question 21

When treating African Americans, it is recommended that multiculturally sensitive counselors use

A) a color-blind racial ideology.
B) NTU counseling alone.
C) a strengths-based approach.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 22

A traditional psychotherapy that includes attention to culture as part of its core is __________ counseling.

A) client-centered
B) psychoanalytic
C) Adlerian
D) NTU

Question 23

Multiculturally sensitive counselors working with clients of African descent use a

A) broad-based and flexible approach.
B) narrow focus and rigid approach.
C) medium focus and Afrocentric approach.
D) wide focus and traditional approach.

Question 24

In working with clients of African descent, cultural mistrust should be viewed as

A) normal.
B) abnormal.
C) excessive resistance.
D) a crisis of identity.

Question 25

Research demonstrates that clients of African descent usually prefer

A) counselors of African descent.
B) White counselors.
C) female counselors.
D) male counselors.

Question 26

The _____ is the chronic disparity in academic performance between White students and some ethnic minority students, including African American students.

A) acculturation level
B) achievement gap
C) deficit perspective
D) ecological perspective

Question 27

__________ is applied to counseling settings with cross-racial dyads of clients and counselors, client racial preferences for counselors, and supervisor-supervisee cross-racial pairings; and used to explore how racial identity can change over the life span.

A) Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity
B) Cross Model of Black Racial Identity
C) Hoffman's Stages of Racial Identity Development
D) Helm's Model of White Racial Identity Development

Question 28

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the "one drop rule?"

A) Having one drop of Black blood makes one Black.
B) Having one drop of White blood makes one White.
C) Having one drop of White or Black blood makes one biracial.
D) All of the above.

Question 29

An individual who rejects the beliefs and practices of his or her culture of origin in favor of those of the dominant society or never learned his or her own cultural traditions would be considered

A) traditional.
B) bicultural.
C) highly acculturated.
D) marginal.

Question 30

__________ focuses upon social interest as an organizing principle. It explores an individual's social nature during interactions and the influences of the social environment on development.

A) Adlerian psychotherapy
B) NTU counseling
C) Person-centered counseling
D) Psychodynamic counseling

Question 31

Early models of mental health pathologized Africans. For example, __________ was a noted mental illness of slaves who tried to escape from their owners.

A) hypomania
B) histrionic personality disorder
C) brief psychotic disorder
D) Drapetomania

Question 32

__________ refers to the extent to which ethnic and cultural minorities participate in the cultural values, beliefs, and practices of their own culture versus those of the dominant White society.

A) Racial identity
B) Ethnic identity
C) Acculturation
D) Microaggression

Question 33

__________ are considered the most common support systems for many clients of African descent to help combat societal oppression and increase economic support.

A) Group memberships
B) School/Community counselors
C) Spirituality and religion
D) Friends

Question 34

An individual who is immersed in many of the beliefs, practices, and values of their own culture would be considered __________ on the acculturation continuum.

A) traditional
B) bicultural
C) highly acculturated
D) marginal

Question 35

Psychodynamic theory's general principle of ______ is inconsistent with an Afrocentric counseling framework.

A) individualism
B) unconscious mental processes
C) impulses
D) All of the above.

Question 36

About _____ of African American families are headed by couples.

A) 15%
B) 32%
C) 41%
D) 55%

Question 37

__________ counseling is a spiritually-based Afrocentric approach to psychotherapy that aims to assist people and systems to become authentic and balanced within a shared energy and essence that is in alignment with natural order.

A) Spirituality
B) NTU
C) Multicultural
D) Client-centered

Question 38

An individual who either rejects or never acquires beliefs and practices of his or her own culture or of the dominant culture would be considered __________ on the acculturation continuum.

A) traditional
B) bicultural
C) highly acculturated
D) marginal

Question 39

In the Black community today, African Americans with lighter skin are often perceived as having an easier time than African Americans with darker skin, a concept known as

A) prejudice.
B) colorism.
C) Black privilege.
D) racism.

Question 40

The __________ provides a framework for understanding both the significance of race in the self-concept of African Americans and the qualitative meaning that is attributed to being a member of that racial category.

A) Multidimensional model of racial identity
B) Cross model of Black racial identity
C) Hoffman's stages of racial identity development
D) Helm's model of White racial identity development

Question 41

There is now mounting documentation of the link between racial identity attitudes and mental health, generally suggesting that greater internalization of a positive racial identity is related to __________ among African Americans.

A) an increased psychological well-being
B) better employment opportunities
C) a stronger community support system
D) an increase in SES

Question 42

An individual who is in the middle of the continuum of acculturation, and who has retained beliefs and practices of his or her own culture, but also has assimilated some beliefs and practices of the dominant White society, and participates in two very different cultural traditions simultaneously would be considered

A) traditional.
B) bicultural.
C) highly acculturated.
D) marginal.

Question 43

__________ counseling is thought to be more congruent with many of the traditional beliefs of African descent people and offers flexibility within the range of interventions offered.

A) Cognitive behavioral
B) Client-centered
C) Psychodynamic
D) Adlerian

Question 44

Across all socioeconomic levels, ___________ increases psychological distress for African Americans.

A) institutional racism
B) scientific racism
C) colorism
D) racial segregation

Question 45

The primary characteristic of __________ counseling is its focus on the relationship between the counselor and the client and how client change is facilitated through the development of the therapeutic relationship.

A) psychodynamic
B) Adlerian
C) client-centered
D) cognitive behavioral

Question 46

In the U.S. school system of the mid-to-late 20th century, intelligence tests, which had not at the time been normed on Black children or children of lower socioeconomic status (SES), were used as the sole measure for

A) referring children to mental health counseling.
B) placing children in special education programs.
C) removing children from the home.
D) placing children within the welfare system.

Question 47

Cognitive behavioral counseling is effective for African Americans and Whites in the treatment of

A) personality disorders.
B) clinical disorders.
C) mood disorders.
D) anxiety disorders.

Question 48

Explain how the concept of race as a biological construct no longer applies today. Give specific examples supporting the idea that race is more of an economic and social construct than a biological construct.

Question 49

As a multiculturally sensitive counselor, what things do you need to incorporate in your practice with individuals of African descent? Support your answer with evidence from the chapter.

Question 50

As a multiculturally sensitive counselor, what do you need to incorporate in your practice with families of African descent? Support your answer with evidence.

Question 51

Review the differences between racial identity and acculturation. Explain the differences between these two constructs. How might you verbally assess these in your initial session with a client of African descent? Why it is important to assess these constructs for individuals and families of African descent?

Question 52

Review NTU along with two traditional counseling approaches (e.g., client-centered, psychodynamic). How might you combine the strengths of these approaches to work with a client of African descent?

Question 53

Past negative history has contributed to the general cultural mistrust that some African Americans have of government, medical, and mental health professionals and institutions. How can you assess and address cultural mistrust early in the therapeutic relationship?

Question 54

Identify and describe two racial identity models.

Question 55

When working with clients of African descent, how can you assess how central clients' racial awareness and identity is to who they say they are as individuals. What influence would this have throughout the counseling process?

Question 56

What is acculturation? Identify and describe the four groupings of acculturation. How can you assess the client's level of acculturation during the counseling sessions?

Question 57

How would you describe the differences and/or similarities between the general perception of American cultural orientations or worldviews with African-centered values or beliefs?

Question 58

Marriage trends demonstrate that African American women are less likely to marry than their counterparts of other ethnic groups. Describe factors that may influence trends of couples of African descent? What are some predictors of marital dissatisfaction compared to other ethnic groups?

Question 59

Describe various challenges children of African descent may encounter in developing a racial identity. How are these challenges different and similar to those from middle- or working-class backgrounds and the environment in which they reside?

Question 60

Identify several challenges faced by middle-class African Americans within the work environment. What impact do you think social class can have on presenting treatment issues of clients of African descent?

Question 61

Describe some of the psychological and physical effects of racial discrimination. How can the impact of discrimination on African descent clients be assessed during the counseling process?

Question 62

What are some of the limitations related to treatment efficacy of using European worldview counseling systems and techniques with clients of African descent?

Question 63

Provide examples of culture-centered practices that could be used within the counseling sessions with clients of African descent.