Deck 4: Racism and White Privilege

Question 1

__________ is an example of White privilege.

A) Racial profiling
B) Learning about different cultures in a history class
C) Watching television shows and seeing Whites portrayed in a positive manner
D) Experiencing reverse discrimination

Answer 1

Watching television shows and seeing Whites portrayed in a positive manner

Question 2

The disease concept of racism primarily refers to

A) a distorted sense of self, reality and racially different others.
B) racial disparities in social and economic opportunities.
C) educational opportunities based on racial privilege.
D) None of the above.

Answer 2

a distorted sense of self, reality and racially different others.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT true about White racial identity development with respect to White privilege awareness?

A) Individuals at lower racial identity statuses are less likely to work to eradicate racism.
B) Whites experience psychosocial costs no matter which statuses are prominent.
C) Negotiating White guilt is a major task of White racial identity development.
D) Developing a non-racist identity is impossible no matter which statuses are prominent.

Answer 3

Developing a non-racist identity is impossible no matter which statuses are prominent.

Question 4

An individual who says, "I was more qualified but they had to hire someone who was not White" is claiming ______ as a natural defense.

A) the myth of meritocracy.
B) denial.
C) reverse discrimination.
D) projection.

Question 5

Focusing only on racial dynamics in a counseling relationship refers to

A) color consciousness.
B) color blindness.
C) projection.
D) None of the above.

Question 6

A contradictory position where racism is acknowledged in one setting but not another primarily refers to a(n) __________ disposition.

A) affective-impulsive
B) rational
C) liberal
D) principled

Question 7

Voicing racial slurs when discussing people of color primarily refers to a(n) __________ disposition.

A) affective-impulsive
B) rational
C) liberal
D) principled

Question 8

One of the key differences between the Principled and Principled-Activistic dispositions involves

A) understanding systemic examples of racism.
B) support for policies that encourage racial integration.
C) a sense of hope with social action that racism will be eliminated.
D) expressing sadness for current U.S. racial dynamics.

Question 9

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a reason Whites fail to address their White privilege?

A) Whites often have both privileged and oppressed statuses.
B) Whites are not often engaged in multicultural counseling relationships.
C) Whites may be uncomfortable with giving up privileges that they enjoy.
D) Whites typically are surrounded by individuals and cultural values that seem normative for them.

Question 10

Focusing on how people of color may be racist at times is what type of defense mechanism Whites might use to avoid acknowledging their White privilege?

A) Reverse discrimination.
B) Projection.
C) Myth of meritocracy.
D) Color blindness.

Question 11

__________ are a result of genetic drift, isolation, and the interaction between geography and biology.

A) Ethnic identities
B) Nationalities
C) Racial differences
D) Demographic differences

Question 12

Individuals often group people of the same race in groups of the same

A) ethnicity.
B) nationality.
C) culture.
D) dialect.

Question 13

The Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity were created to

A) guide professional counseling practices.
B) enforce civil rights laws.
C) determine marginalized groups.
D) All of the above.

Question 14

__________ has NOT been used as a method for classifying race?

A) Measuring skulls
B) Examining blood quantum
C) Scientific methods
D) All of the above are methods that have been used for classifying race.

Question 15

__________ is partly responsible for variation of physical characteristics among the same racial group.

A) Nationality
B) Ancestry
C) Climate
D) History

Question 16

__________ was/were responsible for the justification of the concept of race and its associated ideologies of White superiority.

A) Anthropologists
B) Psychologists
C) The scientific community
D) All of the above.

Question 17

The use of __________ results in the socialization of a racial worldview for all its members.

A) racism
B) racial classifications
C) discrimination
D) institutional racism

Question 18

According to Jones (1997), __________ is NOT a level of racism.

A) individual
B) group
C) institutional
D) cultural

Question 19

__________ costs are probably the most visible and concrete of all the costs of racism.

A) Cognitive
B) Affective
C) Interpersonal
D) Physical

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of White supremacy?

A) It is often invisible to Whites.
B) White privilege does not have any intellectual or psychological costs to Whites.
C) Whites can hold several myths that perpetuate White supremacy.
D) Individuals who do not identify as White may have some degree of White privilege.

Question 21

White racial development is greatly affected by

A) interpersonal beliefs.
B) cognitive impairments.
C) racism and White privilege.
D) All of the above.

Question 22

White individuals may define affirmative action as

A) reverse discrimination.
B) discrimination.
C) inequality.
D) a myth of meritocracy.

Question 23

The first step to eradicating racism within clients' lives is to

A) advocate within the community.
B) create community resources for the client.
C) build rapport with the client.
D) address racism within individual counseling sessions.

Question 24

While exploring client problems of race-related stress, counselors should be sure to

A) remain unbiased in conversation.
B) be empathic.
C) show empathy and self-disclose their own struggles when appropriate.
D) open awareness of intentions with the client.

Question 25

Counselors should work to build stronger coping mechanisms for clients by

A) strengthening school and community resources.
B) discussing currently employed coping mechanisms.
C) discussing the counselors' coping mechanisms.
D) discussing the literature regarding coping mechanisms.

Question 26

Institutional racism is closely related to and often used interchangeably with

A) individual racism.
B) internalized racism.
C) structural racism.
D) All of the above.

Question 27

______ refers to common ancestry, while ______ refers to cultural practices and commonalities (e.g., rituals, work ethic, values).

A) Ethnicity; race
B) Race; ethnicity
C) Culture; race
D) Ethnicity; culture

Question 28

Structural racism can be attributed to

A) health inequities among racial minorities.
B) disproportionate rates of suspension and expulsion for African American males compared to their White peers.
C) disproportionate representation of children of color in the child welfare system.
D) All of the above.

Question 29

______ is an ongoing, multidimensional, and dynamic process inherent to the development and maintenance of an institutionalized, hierarchical racial classification system.

A) Ethnicity
B) Cultural diversity
C) Racism
D) Discrimination

Question 30

______ refers to personal attitudes and beliefs in White superiority and the inferiority of people of color, with physical differences among individuals used as an explanation of social, moral, and intellectual behavior.

A) Individual racism
B) Institutional racism
C) Internalized racism
D) Systemic racism

Question 31

______ is defined as differential access to the goods, services, and opportunities of society by race.

A) Individual racism
B) Institutional racism
C) Internalized racism
D) Systemic racism

Question 32

Members of marginalized groups believing and accepting, knowingly or unknowingly, negative social messages about their own racial and ethnic groups is referred to as

A) individual racism.
B) institutional racism.
C) internalized racism.
D) systemic racism.

Question 33

California Proposition 227 (1998)

A) sought to establish English as the only legitimate language in schools and workplaces.
B) declared that police have the right to check the immigration status of any individual that they suspect may be illegally in the U.S.
C) enforced stricter laws on drug use and sales.
D) found that Asian Americans were being paid far less than Whites in most occupations.

Question 34

The Glass Ceiling Commission (1995)

A) sought to establish English as the only legitimate language in schools and workplaces.
B) declared that police have the right to check the immigration status of any individual that they suspect may be illegally in the U.S.
C) enforced stricter laws on drug use and sales.
D) found that Asian Americans were being paid far less than Whites in most occupations.

Question 35

The ______ costs of racism include the mental energy and psychological processes used to evaluate life incidents and experiences where racism is potentially involved.

A) affective
B) cognitive
C) interpersonal
D) physical

Question 36

The _____ costs of racism refer to associated physical and physiological symptoms and consequences experienced by people of color (e.g., hypertension, chronic fatigue, preterm infants).

A) affective
B) cognitive
C) interpersonal
D) physical

Question 37

Which of the following represents an effort to combat racism costs?

A) Glass Ceiling Commission
B) Black Lives Matter
C) Zero-Tolerance
D) All of the above.

Question 38

The _______, which focuses on creating solutions to difficult problems that underprivileged individuals may face, has been working to promote the social, political, and economic well-being of minority populations since 1942.

A) National Council of La Raza
B) American Civil Liberties Union
C) Congress of Racial Equality
D) Black Lives Matter movement

Question 39

Which of the following serves as an advocacy sounding board for the betterment of Latinos in the United States?

A) National Council of La Raza
B) American Civil Liberties Union
C) Congress of Racial Equality
D) Black Lives Matter movement

Question 40

_____ is the belief that the superiority of Whites justifies the disproportionate access to social and economic resources.

A) White privilege
B) White supremacy
C) All Lives Matter
D) Internalized racism

Question 41

A common myth that White people hold that can perpetuate White privilege is

A) Whiteness and White culture are desirable and universal.
B) power affects everyone the same.
C) guilt is a sufficient response to addressing racial privilege.
D) All of the above are myths perpetuating White privilege.

Question 42

______ is/are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities (intentional or unintentional) that communicate hostile, derogatory, negative racial slights and insults to the target person or group.

A) Physical aggressions/attacks
B) Discrimination
C) Racial microaggressions
D) Stereotypes

Question 43

A key defense mechanism of Whites which helps maintain White privilege and alleviate dissonance and emotional discomfort is

A) denial.
B) empowerment.
C) stereotypes.
D) All of the above.

Question 44

_____ is the notion that all individuals, regardless of racial makeup, can succeed if they try.

A) Color blindness
B) Reverse racism
C) Myth of meritocracy
D) Affirmative action

Question 45

Whites demonstrating the ______ psychological disposition engage in limited, stereotypical thinking about non-Whites and deny the existence of racism.

A) affective-impulsive
B) rational
C) liberal
D) principled

Question 46

Explain the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity and list the different racial and ethnic categories.

Question 47

Describe how race and racism came about as social constructs.

Question 48

Describe the methods used throughout history for classifying race.

Question 49

Explain Jones' (1997) three levels of racism.

Question 50

Describe the cognitive, affective, interpersonal, and physical costs of racism. Provide an example of each.

Question 51

Explain the five psychological dispositions of Whites according to the research of D'Andrea & Daniels (1999).

Question 52

Describe areas professional counselors should explore in individual counseling in order to eradicate racism.

Question 53

Explain how professional counselors can help to build school and community resources for clients.

Question 54

List and describe laws and policies that may have affected racism and White privilege throughout U.S. history.

Question 55

Describe the economic and public health concerns minority groups face.

Question 56

Provide examples of individual, institutional, and internalized racism.

Question 57

Define White privilege and provide at least three examples of common unearned advantages experienced by White people.

Question 58

Identify common myths that Whites hold that can perpetuate White privilege.

Question 59

Discuss color-blindness and the problems associated with the following assumption: "I don't see color."