Deck 1: Introducing Logic

Question 1

Identify the conclusion of each of the following arguments. Remember to remove any conclusion indicators.
-If your mind were organized, your desk would be organized. Thus, your mind isn't organized. This is
True because your desk isn't.

A) Your mind is organized.
B) Your desk is organized.
C) Your mind isn't organized.
D) Your desk isn't organized.
E) This is true because your desk isn't.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Identify the conclusion of each of the following arguments. Remember to remove any conclusion indicators.
-Some judges have been subjected to corrupting influences. Anyone who has practiced law has been subjected to corrupting influences. Some judges have practiced law.

A) Some judges have practiced law.
B) Some judges have been subjected to corrupting influences.
C) Anyone who has practiced law has been subjected to corrupting influences.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Identify the conclusion of each of the following arguments. Remember to remove any conclusion indicators.
-If we want to combat AIDS, then we must prevent drug users from sharing dirty needles. If we must prevent the sharing of dirty needles, then the ban on selling needles should be lifted. And obviously, we do want to combat AIDS. The ban on selling hypodermic needles should be lifted.

A) The ban on selling hypodermic needles should be lifted.
B) We must prevent drug users from sharing dirty needles.
C) If we want to combat AIDS, then we must prevent drug users from sharing dirty needles.
D) If we must prevent the sharing of dirty needles, then the ban on selling needles should
Be lifted.
E) We do want to combat AIDS.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Identify the conclusion of each of the following arguments. Remember to remove any conclusion indicators.
-We should be committed to the entities hypothesized by the mathematics in question. There exist genuine mathematical explanations of empirical phenomena. We should be committed to the theoretical posits hypothesized by these mathematical explanations. (Paolo Mancosu)

A) We should be committed to the entities hypothesized by the mathematics in question.
B) There exist genuine mathematical explanations of empirical phenomena.
C) We should be committed to the theoretical posits hypothesized by these mathematical explanations.

Question 5

Identify the conclusion of each of the following arguments. Remember to remove any conclusion indicators.
-The government should not provide school vouchers. If they do, money will be directed away from the public schools. If the public schools have less money, they will deteriorate even further. And we don't want public schools to deteriorate.

A) The government should not provide school vouchers.
B) Money will be directed away from the public schools.
C) If the government provides school vouchers, money will be directed away from the public schools.
D) If the public schools have less money, they will deteriorate even further.
E) We don't want public schools to deteriorate.

Question 6

Identify the conclusion of each of the following arguments. Remember to remove any conclusion indicators.
-The legalization of drugs is not unwise, because by legalizing drugs we would eliminate the drug trade. By legalizing drugs, we would rid our nation of all the violence that goes along with the illegal drug trade. Furthermore, the legalization of drugs is not immoral because it can be combined with a massive program of moral education. The legalization of drugs is neither unwise nor immoral.

A) The legalization of drugs is not unwise, because by legalizing drugs we would eliminate the drug trade.
B) By legalizing drugs we would eliminate the drug trade.
C) By legalizing drugs, we would rid our nation of all the violence that goes along with the illegal drug trade.
D) The legalization of drugs is not immoral because it can be combined with a massive program of moral education.
E) The legalization of drugs is neither unwise nor immoral.

Question 7

Identify the conclusion of each of the following arguments. Remember to remove any conclusion indicators.
-The universe is cooling off, and we are made of wet and messy materials. So computers have an
Advantage to us when it comes to evolution. That's because consciousness is just a matter of formal processes. And in computers, these formal processes can go on in substances that are much better able to survive.

A) The universe is cooling off, and we are made of wet and messy materials.
B) Computers have an advantage to us when it comes to evolution
C) That's because consciousness is just a matter of formal processes.
D) Consciousness is just a matter of formal processes.
E) In computers, these formal processes can go on in substances that are much better able to survive.

Question 8

Identify the conclusion of each of the following arguments. Remember to remove any conclusion indicators.
-Understanding a language involves more than just manipulating a bunch of formal symbols. For, by virtue of implementing a formal computer program, I could behave exactly as if I understood Chinese. But I don't understand a word of Chinese. And if going through the appropriate computer program for understanding Chinese is not enough to give me an understanding of Chinese, then it is not enough to give any other digital computer an understanding of Chinese.

A) Understanding a language involves more than just manipulating a bunch of formal symbols.
B) By virtue of implementing a formal computer program, I could behave exactly as if I understood Chinese.
C) I don't understand a word of Chinese.
D) If going through the appropriate computer program for understanding Chinese is not enough to give me an understanding of Chinese, then it is not enough to give any other digital computer an understanding of Chinese.
E) It is not enough to give any other digital computer an understanding of Chinese.

Question 9

Identify the conclusion of each of the following arguments. Remember to remove any conclusion indicators.
-It is not necessary that of every affirmation and opposite negation one should be true and the other false. It is necessary for there to be or not to be a sea battle tomorrow. But it is not necessary for a sea battle to take place tomorrow. Nor is it necessary for one not to take place.

A) Of every affirmation and opposite negation one should be true and the other false.
B) It is not necessary that of every affirmation and opposite negation one should be true and the other false.
C) It is necessary for there to be or not to be a sea battle tomorrow.
D) It is not necessary for a sea battle to take place tomorrow.
E) It is not necessary for one not to take place.

Question 10

Identify the conclusion of each of the following arguments. Remember to remove any conclusion indicators.
-There is no purely logical analysis of conditionals. A counterfactual conditional is true if a certain connection obtains between the antecedent and the consequent. But the consequent seldom follows from the antecedent by logic alone. The assertion that a connection holds is made on the presumption that certain relevant circumstances not stated in the antecedent obtain. Even if we
Specify the particular relevant conditions, the connection obtaining will not be a logical one, but a causal one.

A) There is no purely logical analysis of conditionals.
B) A counterfactual conditional is true if a certain connection obtains between the antecedent and the consequent.
C) The consequent seldom follows from the antecedent by logic alone.
D) The assertion that a connection holds is made on the presumption that certain relevant circumstances not stated in the antecedent obtain.
E) Even if we specify the particular relevant conditions, the connection obtaining will not be a logical one, but a causal one.

Question 11

Cats have whiskers. Cats have toes. So, cats have whiskers and toes.

A) Valid and sound
B) Valid and unsound
C) Invalid

Question 12

Some mules are donkeys. Some mules are horses. Hence, some donkeys are horses.

A) Valid and sound
B) Valid and unsound
C) Invalid

Question 13

All koalas are bears. All bears hibernate in the winter. Hence, all koalas hibernate in the winter.

A) Valid and sound
B) Valid and unsound
C) Invalid

Question 14

All presidents of the United States have been wealthy. Trump is a man. Therefore, Trump is wealthy.

A) Valid and sound
B) Valid and unsound
C) Invalid

Question 15

All eagles are birds. Eagles are endangered species. So, birds are endangered species.

A) Valid and sound
B) Valid and unsound
C) Invalid

Question 16

All rectangles are rhombuses. All rhombuses are parallelograms. So, all rectangles are parallelograms.

A) Valid and sound
B) Valid and unsound
C) Invalid

Question 17

Some theories of truth are inflationary. Some theories of truth are deflationary. All theories of truth include the T-schema. So, all deflationary theories of truth include the T-schema.

A) Valid and sound
B) Valid and unsound
C) Invalid

Question 18

All penguins are birds. All birds have wings. All winged creatures can fly. So, it follows that penguins can fly.

A) Valid and sound
B) Valid and unsound
C) Invalid

Question 19

Only white rats are used in genetic experiments. Ben is a rat used in a genetic experiment. So, Ben is white.

A) Valid and sound
B) Valid and unsound
C) Invalid

Question 20

Descartes corresponded with Queen Christina. Queen Christina corresponded with Gian Lorenzo Bernini. So, Descartes corresponded with Gian Lorenzo Bernini.

A) Valid and sound
B) Valid and unsound
C) Invalid

Question 21

Regiment each of the following arguments into premise/conclusion form.
-If your mind were organized, your desk would be organized. Thus, your mind isn't organized. This is
true because your desk isn't.

Question 22

Regiment each of the following arguments into premise/conclusion form.
-Some judges have been subjected to corrupting influences. Anyone who has practiced law has been subjected to corrupting influences. Some judges have practiced law.

Question 23

Regiment each of the following arguments into premise/conclusion form.
-The ban on selling hypodermic needles should be lifted. If we want to combat AIDS, then we must
prevent drug users from sharing dirty needles. If we must prevent the sharing of dirty needles, then the ban on selling needles should be lifted. And obviously, we do want to combat AIDS.

Question 24

Regiment each of the following arguments into premise/conclusion form.
-We should be committed to the entities hypothesized by the mathematics in question. There exist genuine mathematical explanations of empirical phenomena. We should be committed to the theoretical posits hypothesized by these mathematical explanations. (Paolo Mancosu)

Question 25

Regiment each of the following arguments into premise/conclusion form.
-The government should not provide school vouchers. If they do, money will be directed away from the public schools. If the public schools have less money, they will deteriorate even further. And we don't want public schools to deteriorate.

Question 26

Regiment each of the following arguments into premise/conclusion form.
-The legalization of drugs is not unwise, because by legalizing drugs we would eliminate the drug trade. By legalizing drugs, we would rid our nation of all the violence that goes along with the illegal drug trade. Furthermore, the legalization of drugs is not immoral because it can be combined with a massive program of moral education. The legalization of drugs is neither unwise nor immoral.

Question 27

Regiment each of the following arguments into premise/conclusion form.
-The universe is cooling off, and we are made of wet and messy materials. So computers have an advantage to us when it comes to evolution. That's because consciousness is just a matter of formal processes. And in computers, these formal processes can go on in substances that are much better able to survive.

Question 28

Regiment each of the following arguments into premise/conclusion form.
-Understanding a language involves more than just manipulating a bunch of formal symbols. For, by virtue of implementing a formal computer program, I could behave exactly as if I understood Chinese. But I don't understand a word of Chinese. And, if going through the appropriate computer program for understanding Chinese is not enough to give me an understanding of Chinese, then it is not enough to give any other digital computer an understanding of Chinese.

Question 29

Regiment each of the following arguments into premise/conclusion form.
-It is not necessary that of every affirmation and opposite negation one should be true and the other false. It is necessary for there to be or not to be a sea battle tomorrow. But it is not necessary for a sea battle to take place tomorrow. Nor is it necessary for one not to take place.

Question 30

Regiment each of the following arguments into premise/conclusion form.
-There is no purely logical analysis of conditionals. A counterfactual conditional is true if a certain connection obtains between the antecedent and the consequent. But the consequent seldom follows from the antecedent by logic alone. The assertion that a connection holds is made on the presumption that certain relevant circumstances not stated in the antecedent obtain. Even if we specify the particular relevant conditions, the connection obtaining will not be a logical one, but a causal one.

Question 31

Determine whether each of the following arguments is intuitively valid or invalid. For valid arguments, determine whether they are sound (if you can).
-Cats have whiskers. Cats have toes. So, cats have whiskers and toes.

Question 32

Determine whether each of the following arguments is intuitively valid or invalid. For valid arguments, determine whether they are sound (if you can).
-Some mules are donkeys. Some mules are horses. Hence, some donkeys are horses.

Question 33

Determine whether each of the following arguments is intuitively valid or invalid. For valid arguments, determine whether they are sound (if you can).
-All koalas are bears. All bears hibernate in the winter. Hence, all koalas hibernate in the winter.

Question 34

Determine whether each of the following arguments is intuitively valid or invalid. For valid arguments, determine whether they are sound (if you can).
-All presidents of the United States have been wealthy. Trump is a man. Therefore, Trump is wealthy.

Question 35

Determine whether each of the following arguments is intuitively valid or invalid. For valid arguments, determine whether they are sound (if you can).
-All eagles are birds. Eagles are endangered species. So, birds are endangered species.

Question 36

Determine whether each of the following arguments is intuitively valid or invalid. For valid arguments, determine whether they are sound (if you can).
-All rectangles are rhombuses. All rhombuses are parallelograms. So, all rectangles are parallelograms.

Question 37

Determine whether each of the following arguments is intuitively valid or invalid. For valid arguments, determine whether they are sound (if you can).
-Some theories of truth are inflationary. Some theories of truth are deflationary. All deflationary theories of truth include the T-schema. So, all theories of truth include the T-schema.

Question 38

Determine whether each of the following arguments is intuitively valid or invalid. For valid arguments, determine whether they are sound (if you can).
-All penguins are birds. All birds have wings. All winged creatures can fly. So, it follows that penguins can fly.

Question 39

Determine whether each of the following arguments is intuitively valid or invalid. For valid arguments, determine whether they are sound (if you can).
-Only white rats are used in genetic experiments. Ben is a rat used in a genetic experiment. So, Ben is white.

Question 40

Determine whether each of the following arguments is intuitively valid or invalid. For valid arguments, determine whether they are sound (if you can).
-Descartes corresponded with Queen Christina. Queen Christina corresponded with Gian Lorenzo Bernini. So, Descartes corresponded with Gian Lorenzo Bernini.