Deck 5: Becoming a Person the Birth of Personality

Question 1

All personalities in a given culture develop in the same way.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Personality is an abstract but dynamic configuration of a person's behavior and emotional traits that remain more or less consistent.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Socialization is a learning process in which the new individual learns how to be human from those around him.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Human infants are well disposed to accept socialization because they are dependent for such a long time.

Question 5

Symbolic interactionism is a school of philosophy developed by Charles Horton Cooley.

Question 6

Symbolic interaction precedes the acquisition of language, and the consciousness of self.

Question 7

According to Charles Horton Cooley, the human self must have other people who react toward it in order to emerge and develop.

Question 8

Socialization is an innate process through which an individual acquires the social and cultural heritage of the group.

Question 9

Psychodynamic theories are based on the view that biological drives are of central importance to human behavior.

Question 10

The psychodynamic theory of Sigmund Freud postulates that fear of death gives rise to unconscious processes.

Question 11

Defense mechanisms are frequently unconscious feelings of hostility toward other people.

Question 12

The libido is the pleasure drive, represented by the id.

Question 13

Erik Erikson developed a number of psychosocial stages that parallel Freud's psychosexual stages of development, but encompass all of a person's life.

Question 14

Piaget was responsible for developing the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages of human development.

Question 15

Developmentalists like Jean Piaget stress that learning occurs through conditioning and is strongly affected by external factors.

Question 16

Rhesus monkeys--as well as human infants--show a need for close contact with others of their species, or a reasonable facsimile.

Question 17

The same environment is perceived differently by different individuals--even siblings--because of their unique genetic inheritance.

Question 18

Each society develops its own personality type: the modal personality is representative of all members of a specific society.

Question 19

Three fundamental human emotions are hunger, sex, and anger.

Question 20

The existence of the unconscious is a part of the socialization theory of George Herbert Mead.

Question 21

An infant's parents are most probably his or her first significant others.

Question 22

According to Erik Erikson, the reason young people overidentify with heroes and fall in love often is that they suffer from role confusion and are unsure of their identity.

Question 23

Police officers are important agents of socialization in our society.

Question 24

Socialization is a one-time occurrence--once you are socialized, you never have to be socialized again.

Question 25

The media have an insignificant role in the process of socialization.

Question 26

Sigmund Freud assumed that people were born with strong aggressive and libidinal tendencies which needed to be controlled by a well developed superego.

Question 27

Specialized socialization occurs most frequently in:

A) the family
B) the peer group
C) church
D) occupational groups or organizations

Question 28

Individuals who become inmates of a total institution undergo the process of:

A) anomie
B) socialization
C) desocialization
D) resocialization

Question 29

The theory of symbolic interactionism in personality formation is associated with:

A) William Sheldon
B) Abraham Maslow
C) Charles Horton Cooley
D) George Herbert Mead

Question 30

A person who is suddenly set down on a commune in rural China would most likely undergo:

A) change to conform to the Chinese modal personality
B) the process of the looking glass self
C) the process of resocialization
D) a severe anxiety attack

Question 31

The emergence of the self as a result of interaction with others is a common thread in ALL BUT ONE of the following theories:

A) looking glass self
B) symbolic interactionism
C) behaviorism
D) developmental theory

Question 32

Maturation is a term used by developmental psychologists to refer to:

A) the development of personality
B) physical (biological) development
C) the development of natural resources
D) the aging process, or senescence

Question 33

Which of the following refers to Piaget's developmental theory?

A) Personality development acts independently of physical development
B) Personality development proceeds in stages related to sensory motor maturation
C) Behavior is the product of genetic predispositions
D) The most important influence on personality development is social class

Question 34

What is one difference between Freud's developmental stages and Erikson's?

A) Freud stopped at adolescence
B) Freud thought all conflicts were conscious
C) Freud saw conflicts with parents as predominant
D) Freud only worked with males

Question 35

According to George Herbert Mead, the self is:

A) the subconscious mind
B) an individual's self concept or self awareness
C) a person's conscience
D) the equivalent of the libido in Freud's theory

Question 36

The "significant others" of Mead's theory are:

A) important because they provide the initial role models
B) unimportant because models do not influence personality
C) constituted by governmental authorities who must be obeyed
D) similar to the ego of Freud's theory

Question 37

An individual learns to be a human being by:

A) instincts
B) socialization
C) astrological influences
D) watching television

Question 38

Socialization involves the use of which process to turn a "horde of barbarians" into productive human beings?

A) trial and error
B) reinforcement
C) symbolic and physical interaction
D) prohibition

Question 39

Maturation for humans involves:

A) socialization
B) the development of instincts
C) physical development
D) learning to be responsible

Question 40

Successful socialization for humans requires:

A) the absence of others
B) genes alone
C) contact with other humans
D) the existence of schools or the media

Question 41

A personality refers to:

A) behavioral traits of a person
B) emotions of a person
C) attitudes of a person
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 42

When one knows the roles that one is expected to play and is willing and able to do so, one is:

A) successfully socialized
B) brainwashed
C) conditioned
D) a significant other

Question 43

Personality must be considered as:

A) interplay between environment and learned behavior
B) a result of biology alone
C) role demands
D) more a function of heredity than anything else

Question 44

Humans exhibit:

A) no biological needs
B) strong instincts
C) biological drives
D) natural conditioning

Question 45

Human infants, in order to become successful adults, need:

A) learning
B) social interaction
C) body contact
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 46

The human infant's first step in socialization is:

A) awareness of self
B) walking
C) speaking
D) crying

Question 47

Telling a child "You should always say thank you when someone gives you something" is an example of:

A) conscious socialization
B) unconscious socialization
C) subconscious socialization
D) conscience socialization

Question 48

Socialization happens in:

A) children
B) adults
C) persons of all ages
D) infants

Question 49

People who are important in shaping your self-concept and whose approval you wish to have are:

A) significant others
B) generalized others
C) the I and the me
D) the ego and the superego

Question 50

An example of unconscious socialization would be:

A) child taught to read
B) child absorbing parents' attitudes toward race
C) correcting a child's use of words
D) child taught to use knife and fork

Question 51

Our type of society fosters:

A) a sense of calm
B) love of all humans
C) anxiety
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 52

Cooley's looking glass self refers to:

A) self regard based on instinct
B) a person's perception as to what others think of him/her
C) negative self image
D) positive self image

Question 53

Children have taken on the role of the generalized other when:

A) most of the important norms have been internalized
B) they start school
C) they have learned to speak
D) they are consciously socialized

Question 54

Agents of socialization consist of:

A) instincts
B) genes
C) drives
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 55

Recent studies related to day care centers indicate that:

A) children are generally emotionally impaired by them
B) children lose intellectual progress
C) there is no important loss or gain in intellectual development in well
Managed centers
D) they are a breeding ground of child abuse

Question 56

The mass media, especially TV, have been:

A) definitely proven to increase the crime rate
B) definitely proven to improve school learning
C) providing a realistic view of the world
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 57

A child shows her parents how to operate a computer. This situation reflects:

A) primary socialization
B) secondary socialization
C) reverse socialization
D) tertiary socialization

Question 58

A prison is a:

A) primary institution
B) secondary institution
C) total institution
D) reverse institution

Question 59

Freudian psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of the:

A) unconscious level of personality
B) conscious level of personality
C) the absence of the unconscious level
D) empirical level of personality

Question 60

The superego of Freud's theory is similar to Mead's:

A) I
B) me
C) generalized other
D) libido

Question 61

A major criticism of Freud's theory is:

A) his overemphasis on early childhood
B) his overemphasis on adulthood
C) none his theory is widely accepted
D) his stress on the spiritual facet of personality

Question 62

According to Freud, certain mental problems are caused by an adult being fixed in a stage of development. From that perspective, an adult who constantly licks lollipops is stuck in which stage?

A) anal stage
B) genital stage
C) oral stage
D) Oedipal stage

Question 63

According Piaget's developmental theory:

A) a child of five can learn philosophy
B) a child of one can understand social rules
C) a child of eight can master addition
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 64

Gestalt psychology looks at:

A) separate items of personality
B) behavior as a whole
C) instincts
D) physical appearance

Question 65

The biological basis of human personality derives from:

A) the absence of instincts
B) the need for love
C) the need for body contact
D) all of the above

Question 66

Which is not an aim of the process of socialization?

A) To teach infants to sit, stand, walk, and run in that order
B) To teach infants the fundamentals of life in society
C) To instill societal aspirations
D) To transmit skills important in the society

Question 67

The psychodynamic theories of personality are associated with:

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Sigmund Freud
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Jean Piaget

Question 68

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are associated with the following theories of personality:

A) developmental
B) stressing self concept and self actualization
C) psychoanalytic
D) environmental determinism

Question 69

Studies of siblings who shared parents, social class, and everyday experiences have shown that they:

A) view the same experiences differently
B) arrive at a common view point through discussion
C) perceive the same events in the same way
D) pretend to disagree when they really agree

Question 70

When the Ik of Uganda lost their traditional hunting grounds, they:

A) rapidly became shepherds
B) their formerly outgoing personalities changed
C) became savage warriors
D) became outgoing, accomplished entrepreneurs

Question 71

A sense of one's distinctiveness is a first step toward:

A) successful conditioning
B) successful socialization
C) personality
D) the emergence of self

Question 72

According to Mead, the generalized other is:

A) one's mother
B) shame
C) societal norms
D) analytic internalization

Question 73

Personality may be seen as a circular system in that:

A) every adult experience cycles back to childhood
B) personality affects roles and vice-versa
C) all feelings revolve around the self
D) all experience is based on preconceptions

Question 74

Hunger, thirst, and the need for sex are:

A) instincts
B) conditioned responses
C) biological drives
D) stimuli

Question 75

Absence of body contact and stimulation in infants inhibits:

A) instinctual development
B) development of higher learning functions
C) biological drives
D) aggressive behavior

Question 76

Adult socialization typically:

A) occurs incidentally and unconsciously
B) involves acquiring a self-image
C) is less effective and easier to resist than childhood socialization
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 77

Anger is:

A) an innate human response to deprivation and frustration
B) a definite, sharply defined emotion
C) subject to manipulation
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 78

In the metaphor of the "looking-glass self,": the looking glass represents:

A) the expressed judgment of one's peers
B) the imagined judgments of others
C) the person's self-feeling, such as pride
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 79

According to George H. Mead, mind is:

A) the acting subject, as opposed to "object"
B) the source of experience
C) an emergent outcome of social acts
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 80

Mead's "I":

A) corresponds to Freud's "ego"
B) emerged before the "me"
C) eventually completely merges with the "me"
D) all of the above
E) none of the above