Deck 7: Mood Disorders

Question 1

The classical, or orthodox, psychoanalytic perspective suggested that depression was a phenomenon where the superego acts as a "punisher" to the ego.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Depression in childhood has long been viewed as similar to adult depression.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The classical psychoanalytic perspective suggested that children could not experience depression.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The concept of masked depression posits that sad mood is often not present in children and adolescents.

Question 5

In the DSM-IV, depression and mania are described in the category of Mood Disorders.

Question 6

The term bipolar refers to depression where one pole is mild and the other pole is severe.

Question 7

In the DSM-IV description of mood episodes, a mixed episode refers to an episode containing a mixture of depression and anxiety symptoms.

Question 8

Mania is described as a period of abnormally elevated (or irritable) mood characterized by features such as inflated self-esteem, high rates of activity, speech, and thinking.

Question 9

Hypomania is a more severe form of mania.

Question 10

According to the research by Kazdin (1989), diagnosing depression in young people can be impacted by the criterion or assessment device used and the informant.

Question 11

When diagnosing a depressive episode, irritability can be substituted for depressed mood in children and adolescents.

Question 12

Double depression means that a person has dysthymia and major depression.

Question 13

Many youngsters who exhibit depressive symptoms, but fall short of meeting the diagnostic criteria for a depressive disorder, may still exhibit impairment in their everyday functioning.

Question 14

Bipolar disorder is the most frequently diagnosed mood disorder among children and adolescents.

Question 15

Reported prevalence rates probably over estimate depression in youth.

Question 16

Research indicates that 40 to 70% of youth diagnosed with major depressive disorder have a co-occurring disorder.

Question 17

Gender differences in major depressive disorders probably emerge between the ages of 12 and 14.

Question 18

Lower socioeconomic (SES) status is associated with lower rates of depression.

Question 19

Given cognitive, language, and other developmental differences, it is unlikely that depressive behavior in children will be similar to those of adults.

Question 20

Studies indicate that relapse or re-occurrence of depressive episodes is common in youth.

Question 21

Genetic influences are generally thought not to play a role in depression.

Question 22

A common psychological explanation of childhood depression is that depression derives from separation or loss.

Question 23

The term anaclitic depression refers to the cognitive components of depression.

Question 24

Youth with high negative affect and low positive affect who experience parental warmth will still develop depression.

Question 25

Numerous studies have found that youngsters from homes with a depressed parent are at no greater risk for developing a psychological disorder.

Question 26

Frank and Joe in the case study from the textbook both came from homes where a parent experienced depression. According to this case study, parental depression is debilitating to the child regardless of the environment.

Question 27

Peer status has been found to be associated with adjustment difficulties, including depression.

Question 28

Self-report instruments are the most common measures of depression.

Question 29

Research indicates that there are low levels of correlation between parent and child reports of measures of depression.

Question 30

Antidepressant medications have been principally developed and marketed for American youth.

Question 31

Tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine are the medications most likely to be recommended for the treatment of depression in children.

Question 32

The Treatment of Adolescent Depression Study found that rates of remission for depression were high.

Question 33

The Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents Study supports previous research findings that cognitive behavioral therapy plus medication is superior to medication alone.

Question 34

Current research indicates that universal prevention programs for depression are highly effective.

Question 35

Mania may be expressed as irritability in children and adolescents.

Question 36

Recent data indicates that the rate of bipolar disorder is increasing in young people.

Question 37

The heritability estimate of bipolar disorder hovers around 50 percent.

Question 38

The primary treatment for bipolar disorder is pharmacotherapy.

Question 39

The majority of depressed youngsters do not attempt or commit suicide.

Question 40

Suicide among younger children is occurring at a lower rate than two decades ago.

Question 41

Research indicates that as many as 25% of adolescents engage in non-suicidal self injury.

Question 42

A family history of suicidal behavior increases suicide risk.

Question 43

Suicide prevention programs have proven to be quite successful.

Question 44

The distinction between depression as a symptom and as a syndrome is

A) a distinction between a negative mood state compared to the negative mood state plus certain other problems that lead to impaired functioning.
B) depression as a symptom of some other disorder compared to depression as a separate disorder.
C) depression as a disorder that occurs by itself compared to depression as a disorder that occurs along with other disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders).
D) a distinction between depression as manifested in young children compared to depression as manifested in adolescents.

Question 45

The book reports a study by Kazdin where youth were designated as depressed or non depressed using three methods (DSM interview, parent CDI or child CDI). On the self report CDI, how did the depressed and non-depressed groups differ?

A) The depressed group was more hopeless.
B) The non depressed group had lower self esteem.
C) The depressed group made external attributions about negative events.
D) The non depressed group believed that change was controlled by external factors rather than themselves.

Question 46

__________ is the primary DSM diagnostic category for depression in youngsters.

A) Major depressive episode
B) Major depressive disorder
C) Child and adolescent depressive disorder
D) Primary depressive disorder

Question 47

In diagnosing a major depressive episode in a child, DSM-IV requires that one of the symptoms present must be

A) depressed (or irritable) mood or sleep problems.
B) depressed (or irritable) mood or loss of interest/pleasure.
C) sleep problems or feelings of worthlessness (or guilt).
D) changes in weight (or appetite) or thoughts of death.

Question 48

Tommy exhibits symptoms of irritable mood, poor appetite, disturbed sleep, low energy, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of worthlessness. These symptoms are fairly severe and have been present for about one month. They are interfering with Tommy's functioning at school and with his peers. Tommy would most likely receive a DSM-IV diagnosis of

A) masked depression.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) dysthymic disorder.

Question 49

Jada exhibits symptoms of irritable mood, poor appetite, disturbed sleep, low energy, difficulty concentrating, and low self-esteem. These symptoms are not very severe but have been present for about one year. They are interfering with Jada's functioning at school and with her peers. Jada would most likely receive a DSM-IV diagnosis of

A) immature depression.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) dysthymic disorder.

Question 50

Which of the following statements regarding empirically derived syndromes and depression is accurate?

A) None of the empirically defined syndromes of the Achenbach measures includes depressive symptoms (behaviors).
B) A separate syndrome of depression has emerged in the Achenbach measures.
C) A syndrome of mixed anxiety and depression symptoms (behaviors) has emerged in the Achenbach measures.
D) The empirical approach has identified a separate category for childhood depression.

Question 51

The most prevalent form of affective disorder among children and adolescents is

A) bipolar disorder.
B) cyclothymia.
C) dysthymia.
D) major depressive disorder.

Question 52

Among youngsters with unipolar disorders, about ______ experience major depressive disorder.

A) 1 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 80 percent

Question 53

In the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project, Lewinsohn and his colleagues found that by age 19 approximately _____ of adolescents had experienced an episode of major depressive disorder.

A) 2 percent
B) 12 percent
C) 28 percent
D) 56 percent

Question 54

Which of the following statements regarding the relationship of age and gender to the usual findings regarding the prevalence of depression is correct?

A) There are no gender differences in children (ages 6-12) or in adolescents.
B) There are no gender differences in children (ages 6-12), but in adolescence, depression is more common in boys.
C) There are no gender differences in children (ages 6-12), but in adolescence, depression is more common in girls.
D) Depression is more common in girls in both age groups.

Question 55

In a study by Kistner et al. (2007),

A) European American girls reported the highest rate of depressive symptoms.
B) African American girls reported the highest rate of depressive symptoms.
C) European American boys reported the highest rate of depressive symptoms.
D) African American boys reported the highest rate of depressive symptoms.

Question 56

Depression with onset in ______ is most similar to adult forms of the disorder.

A) preschool
B) early school age
C) preadolescence
D) later adolescence

Question 57

In the text the case study of Amy, the preschooler with depression, highlights which of the following symptoms?

A) Somatic symptoms and regression in toilet training
B) Aggression
C) Statements about wanting to die
D) Disorganized attachment

Question 58

Regarding the duration of episodes of major depressive disorder among adolescents, it is probably the case that

A) the median duration of an episode is 2 weeks among community samples, and about twice as long for clinical samples.
B) the median duration of an episode is 2 weeks among community samples, and about the same length in clinical samples.
C) the median duration of an episode is 8 weeks among community samples, and over three times as long in clinical samples.
D) the median duration of an episode is 8 weeks among community samples, and about the same length in clinical samples.

Question 59

When the role of hormones in depression is discussed, the discussion concerns hormones such as

A) prolactin.
B) norepinephrine.
C) imipramine.
D) monoamine oxidase.

Question 60

_______________ includes qualities such as the tendency to experience negative emotions, to be sensitive to negative stimuli and to be wary and vigilant.

A)Paranoia
B)Hypomania
C)Dysthymia
D)Negative Affectivity

Question 61

Behavioral theorists such as Ferster and Lewinsohn have suggested that separation-loss may lead to depression because

A) of aggression turned inward.
B) of the loss of a significant source of positive reinforcement.
C) of objection to the loss.
D) it may set in motion a chain of self-punishment.

Question 62

The statement, "research suggests that the link between loss and depression is indirect" means that

A) the loss leads to anxiety or some other disorder and that these disorders, in turn, lead to depression.
B) the loss may set in motion a chain of adverse circumstances that increase the risk for depression.
C) the research shows a link to sadness and this indirectly suggests a link to depression.
D) research indicates negative correlations.

Question 63

The ____________ perspective attributes depression to low social competence, cognitive distortions, and low self-esteem.

A) psychoanalytic
B) cognitive behavioral
C) biological
D) family systems

Question 64

An explanatory style that blames negative events on _______, _______, and _______ attributes is hypothesized to be characteristic of depressed individuals.

A) external, stable, and specific
B) external, stable, and global
C) internal, stable, and global
D) internal, unstable, and global

Question 65

Susie's mother abandoned her when she was 5 years old. Now at age 8, Susie thinks that she has little control over her environment. This is an example of:

A)anaclitic depression
B)learned helplessness
C)hopelessness
D)projection

Question 66

The hopelessness theory of depression would predict that youngsters with a negative attributional style, as compared to youngsters with a positive attributional style, would

A) be more depressed under low stress conditions, but not under high stress conditions.
B) be more depressed under high stress conditions, but not under low stress conditions.
C) be more depressed under both high and low stress conditions.
D) be less depressed under both high and low stress conditions.

Question 67

Depressed youth who catastrophize, overgeneralize, personalize, and selectively attend to negative events are exhibiting

A) learned helplessness.
B) cognitive distortions.
C) anaclitic depression.
D) hopelessness.

Question 68

A patient who challenges and changes problematic cognitions is performing :

A)cognitive refocusing.
B)brain training.
C)reparenting.
D)cognitive restructuring.

Question 69

Which of the following have been associated with depression?

A)Rumination and avoidance
B)Problem solving and social support
C)High levels of perceived competence and physical ability
D)Distraction and talking to others

Question 70

The results of the research by Hammen and her colleagues comparing the long-term effects of maternal depression (MD) and maternal chronic illness (MCI) on children found that

A) rates of psychological disorder in both MD and MCI children were higher than in children of non-ill mothers, but MD and MCI children did not differ from each other.
B) rates of psychological disorder in both MD and MCI children were higher than in children of non-ill mothers and MD children had higher rates of psychological disorders than MCI children.
C) rates of psychological disorders were higher only for the MD children compared to the MCI children and children of non-ill mothers.
D) neither MD or MCI children differed from children of non-ill mothers in rates of psychological disorders.

Question 71

Weissman and her colleagues compared offspring of parents, neither of whom had a psychological disorder (low risk) and offspring of parents, one or both of whom had a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (high risk). These researchers found which of the following?

A) High-risk offspring had increased rates of major depressive disorder.
B) High-risk offspring had increased rates of major depressive disorder, particularly after puberty.
C) Low-risk offspring had increased rates of phobias and alcohol dependence.
D) Depressed offspring of depressed parents were more likely to receive treatment.

Question 72

Beardslee and his colleagues examined the impact of parental depression in a nonclinically referred population by conducting two measurements four years apart. Which of the following risk factors affected the likelihood of a youngster experiencing serious affective disorder in the time between the two assessments?

A) Parental major depressive disorder
B) Parental major depressive disorder and parental nonaffective diagnoses (disorders)
C) Parental major depressive disorder and the number of earlier child diagnoses (disorders)
D) Parental major depressive disorder and parental nonaffective diagnoses (disorders) and the number of earlier child diagnoses (disorders)

Question 73

Research on interactional patterns in families with a depressed parent or child suggest that

A) depressed behavior by a family member may be maintained because it serves to avoid conflictual behavior among family members.
B) depressed behavior by a family member is reduced where there is marital conflict.
C) no association exists between marital conflict and depression.
D) a child is less likely to be depressed when he/she can mediate the conflict between the parents.

Question 74

The notion that the depressed mother may be emotionally unavailable and insensitive to her young child is important to which explanation of the maternal depression/child depression association?

A) Cognitive modeling
B) Ineffective parenting practices
C) Attachment
D) Social network

Question 75

Research by Ivanova and Israel (2006) found

A) family stability moderates the impact of parental depression in children's internalizing problems.
B) parental depression causes internalizing problems in children regardless of the family situation.
C) inconsistency in family routines lead to internalizing problems in the child even if the parent was not depressed.
D) family stability was not a statistically significant variable in regard to child adjustment.

Question 76

In the Kupersmidt and Patterson study of peer status and adjustment,

A) peer status was not related to clinical difficulties for boys.
B) rejected boys and girls had high rates of clinical difficulties.
C) rejected boys, but not rejected girls, exhibited high rates of clinical level difficulties.
D) rejected girls, but not rejected boys, exhibited high rates of clinical level difficulties.

Question 77

In the Kupersmidt and Patterson study of peer status and adjustment, the group exhibiting the strongest relationships between peer status and depression in the clinical range was

A) neglected boys.
B) rejected boys.
C) neglected girls.
D) rejected girls.

Question 78

Research on peer relation difficulties and depression indicates

A) depression does not impact peer relationships until late adolescence.
B) depressed youngsters still view peers positively.
C) early disruptive behavior can affect peer relationships in childhood and lead to depression.
D) depressed youngsters tend to be overconfident in their social skills.

Question 79

Self-report measures of depression in youngsters are particularly important because

A) mothers frequently deny that their children are depressed.
B) fathers frequently deny that their children are depressed.
C) it is important that the child publicly acknowledges that he or she is depressed.
D) many of the key problems that characterize depression are subjective.

Question 80

The Children's Depression Inventory

A) is a structured interview employed to obtain a DSM diagnosis.
B) is probably the most commonly employed self-report measure of depression in youngsters.
C) is used to primarily assess the affective component of depression.
D) lacks substantial research evidence for its usefulness.