Deck 4: Becoming America, 1720-1760

Question 1

Why did Anglo-American elites often foster animosity between and among people of different ethnic origins?

A) They wanted to put pressure on all settlers of non-English origin to learn the English language and adopt English culture quickly.
B) They wanted to teach immigrants of non-English origin the value of defending one's own ethnic past and culture.
C) They did not want different ethnic groups to ally with each other and possibly challenge the political and economic power of the elite.
D) They wanted to prepare people of non-English origin to participate in colonial government by teaching them the value of societal and cultural debate.

Answer 1

They did not want different ethnic groups to ally with each other and possibly challenge the political and economic power of the elite.

Question 2

Which of the following was the largest Spanish colony by the end of the eighteenth century?

A) Argentina
B) Cuba
C) New Mexico
D) Puerto Rico

Answer 2

New Mexico

Question 3

Approximately what percentage of the colonial population south of New England was of non-English origin by 1760?

A) 10 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent

Answer 3

30 percent

Question 4

Why did many planters consider slave women more valuable than slave men?

A) Since slave women prepared the food for the planter's family, their labor was perceived as a necessity.
B) Since slave women cared for all the white children on the plantation, they were perceived as mother figures.
C) Since the children of slave women were also slaves, their offspring added to the planter's labor force and capital.
D) Since cotton was the crop tended by slave women, their labor accounted for most of a plantation's profit.

Question 5

Which of the following were French Calvinist dissenters from the dominant Catholicism?

A) Puritans
B) Separatists
C) Huguenots
D) Colonial Jews

Question 6

Which of the following statements about population shifts in the eighteenth-century British colonies in North America is true?

A) There were far fewer new slaves brought to the colonies than free immigrants arriving.
B) There were far more new slaves brought to the colonies than free immigrants arriving.
C) English officials recruited non-British nationals to work on British plantations.
D) Convicted felons were not a part of the influx of immigrants to the British colonies in North America.

Question 7

Which countries exported the largest group of white non-English immigrants to the American colonies in the eighteenth century?

A) Holland and Belgium.
B) The Germanies.
C) Ireland and Scotland.
D) Sweden and Norway.

Question 8

What was the primary cause of population growth in the mid-seventeenth century English colonies?

A) Migration
B) Childbirth
C) Medical advances
D) Slavery

Question 9

Which of the following is a characteristic of the German immigrants to the American colonies in the eighteenth century?

A) They seldom came in family groups.
B) Because they belonged to a variety of Protestant sects, they added to the religious diversity of middle colonies such as Pennsylvania.
C) Most were Catholics fleeing persecution at the hands of Lutherans in the German states.
D) Most were exiled from their respective German states because of their radical political ideas.

Question 10

What explains the higher standard of living rose for all property-owning Americans in the colonies in the eighteenth century?

A) Overseas demand for American exports never slowed during the course of the century.
B) The passage of tax reform legislation by Parliament gave the American colonists more spendable income.
C) Instead of buying expensive British imports, the colonists bought less expensive goods manufactured and crafted in the colonies.
D) The price of British manufactured goods fell relative to the incomes of Americans.

Question 11

In eighteenth-century America, poverty was most noticeable in the

A) southern colonies.
B) middle colonies.
C) cities.
D) rural areas.

Question 12

In contrast to seventeenth-century immigrants, immigrants to the colonies in the eighteenth century

A) had fewer opportunities for advancement.
B) were seldom able to assimilate into Anglo-American culture.
C) almost always came by choice.
D) were primarily of English origin.

Question 13

What impact did King George's War have on the Chesapeake?

A) A sizable number of Chesapeake planters were rendered destitute when the British returned massive amounts of land in western Virginia to the Indians.
B) The munitions industry was centered in the Chesapeake.
C) French promises of freedom to slaves who migrated to French colonies caused slave insurrections in the Chesapeake.
D) Some Chesapeake planters converted tobacco fields to wheat and corn to take advantage of increasing grain prices.

Question 14

What industry was the largest in 1775 British North America?

A) Furniture-making
B) Iron-making
C) Textiles
D) Woolens

Question 15

In 1718, France strengthened its presence near the Gulf of Mexico by establishing

A) Biloxi.
B) Mobile.
C) New Orleans.
D) Pensacola.

Question 16

Why did the American colonies become less dependent on Europe for manufactured goods during the eighteenth century?

A) Parliament encouraged such independence by placing severe restrictions on the quantity and type of European goods that could be imported.
B) Many colonies encouraged the development of colonial industries by enacting protective tariffs.
C) The American colonies were able to get such items more cheaply from Asia and Africa.
D) The increased demand for goods that accompanied the growth of the colonial population encouraged the development of colonial manufacturing enterprises.

Question 17

Where was the most significant alliance of Indians and African Slaves located?

A) Louisiana
B) Maryland
C) North Carolina
D) Virginia

Question 18

Why did the impact of King George's War on the middle colonies differ from the war's impact on the New England colonies?

A) Fertile soil allowed the middle colonies to lead the way in the foodstuffs trade during and after the war.
B) The shipbuilding industry put the middle colonies in a favorable economic position during and after the war.
C) The variety of ethnic groups in the middle colonies caused political, social, and economic instability during and after the war.
D) Because of heavy casualties during the war, the middle colonies experienced severe labor shortages and economic stagnation in the war's aftermath.

Question 19

Which of the following would be the most likely to benefit from the economic growth of Britain's North American colonies during the eighteenth century?

A) A slave trader
B) A small landowner
C) An urban laborer
D) An urban artisan

Question 20

What was the primary crop in the French colonies in what is now the Midwest?

A) Potatoes
B) Corn
C) Hemp
D) Wheat

Question 21

During the early eighteenth century, the economic fortunes of the colonies depended on

A) the shifting markets of Europe and the Caribbean.
B) intercolonial economic ties.
C) relations with Indian tribes.
D) intraregional economic ties.

Question 22

The elected colonial assemblies gained power in the eighteenth century by

A) supporting the concept of democracy.
B) assuming privileges associated with the British House of Commons.
C) defying orders issued by the British monarch.
D) allying with powerful colonial religious leaders.

Question 23

Which British philosopher and major Enlightenment thinker was known for his emphasis on the power of human reasoning?

A) John Smith
B) George Whitefield
C) Benjamin Franklin
D) John Locke

Question 24

What was the largest export from the American colonies in around 1750?

A) Cotton
B) Tobacco
C) Rice
D) Grain

Question 25

Which of the following was a consequence of the Chesapeake's conversion to grain cultivation after 1745?

A) The region experienced a prolonged depression due to falling grain prices.
B) Port towns emerged in which merchants marketed wheat and corn.
C) Tobacco production plummeted, and corn became the region's largest export.
D) It took the lead among colonial regions in the production of foodstuffs for the European market.

Question 26

Which of the following was true of education in the eighteenth century?

A) Completion of high school was expected of boys but not of girls.
B) Regardless of one's social status, literacy was considered essential.
C) Higher education was available to all young men.
D) A small number of young men from elite families began to enroll in colleges to study for careers other than the ministry.

Question 27

The mistress of an eighteenth-century farm household was responsible for

A) planting the fields.
B) salting and smoking meat.
C) marketing crops.
D) butchering livestock.

Question 28

The extended family was important to blacks for which of the following reasons?

A) It was the basic work unit on most plantations.
B) The uncertainties of slave life increased the need for a large support group.
C) It was the one aspect of black culture respected by whites.
D) It was the focus of all religious teaching.

Question 29

Which of the following had the highest average wealth per freeholder in Anglo-America by the time of the American Revolution?

A) Virginia
B) South Carolina
C) Pennsylvania
D) Massachusetts

Question 30

Which of the following was the most important public ritual through which colonists forged their cultural identities?

A) Church attendance
B) Political barbecues
C) Militia musters
D) Barn raisings

Question 31

Overall, the British colony that experienced the most rapid economic growth during the last half of the eighteenth century was

A) Massachusetts.
B) Pennsylvania.
C) South Carolina.
D) Virginia.

Question 32

In a work published in 1751, this American established the terminology and basic theory of electricity:

A) Benjamin Franklin.
B) John Adams.
C) Jonathan Edwards.
D) William Bartram.

Question 33

Which of the following became a crucial component in the trading rituals between Europeans and Indians?

A) Gold
B) Guns
C) Rum
D) Tobacco

Question 34

Which of the following is true concerning voting in the Chesapeake in the eighteenth century?

A) Each eligible voter was required to make a statement to an election official about the issues in the election before being allowed to cast a ballot.
B) Single women and widows were allowed to vote, but they had to own twice as much property as male voters.
C) Each eligible voter was called forward by an election official to publicly declare his choice from among the candidates.
D) All eligible voters in the Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland had to travel to the capital of their respective colonies to cast their written ballots.

Question 35

Seating in Congregational churches was a reflection of

A) whether one was of the elect or of the damned.
B) one's marital status.
C) one's occupation.
D) one's standing in the community.

Question 36

In his Two Treatises of Government Locke argued that

A) the monarch was placed on the throne by God and was, therefore, responsible only to God for his decisions and actions.
B) human beings were innately bad.
C) monarchs should be eliminated so that political power could rest directly in the hands of the people.
D) the people could oust a ruler from power if he failed to protect their rights.

Question 37

The ideas associated with the Enlightenment

A) challenged the notion of a divinely sanctioned political order.
B) reinforced the idea that monarchs owe their power to God.
C) challenged the concept of constitutional monarchy.
D) challenged the concept of natural rights.

Question 38

Which of the following was James Oglethorpe's original purpose in founding Georgia?

A) The colony was intended as a haven for Baptists.
B) The colony was to provide the major port of entry for slaves imported from Africa and the West Indies.
C) The colony was to serve as the southernmost defensive buffer for the English colonies against Spanish Florida.
D) The colony was intended as a profit-making venture based on the establishment of the silk industry.

Question 39

Which of the following was true of mestizos in the Spanish Borderlands?

A) They often served as middlemen in trade transactions between Spanish colonists and Native Americans.
B) By law, they were given the same status as their fathers.
C) They were often appointed to positions of colonial leadership by the Spanish government.
D) They were treated as degraded individuals.

Question 40

Which of the following is true of South Carolina rice growers after Parliament removed rice from the list of enumerated products?

A) The prices they received declined throughout the period.
B) They became less dependent on enslaved labor.
C) They suffered a decline in worldwide demand.
D) They could trade directly with continental Europe and prospered until the outbreak of King George's War.

Question 41

Discuss the ideas associated with the Enlightenment and their impact on colonial America.

Question 42

Eighteenth-century colonial political leaders viewed colonial governors and appointed councils as

A) a potential threat since to colonial ways of life.
B) defenders of the privileges of the upper class.
C) protectors of the people's rights.
D) powerless figureheads.

Question 43

What was responsible for the dramatic population increase in the American colonies in the eighteenth century? What was the economic impact of this increase?

Question 44

Compare and contrast the lifestyle and values of the major economic classes in eighteenth-century colonial America.

Question 45

How did agriculture shape economic development in North America in the early to mid-1700s?

Question 46

How did King George's War affect the New England colonies? How did it affect the middle colonies?

Question 47

Which of the following was a consequence of the Great Awakening?

A) It eventually led to increased tolerance of religious diversity.
B) It brought intellectualism into religion.
C) It created a new sense of unity between the genteel and the ordinary.
D) It made it more difficult for individuals to question those in positions of political or religious authority.

Question 48

Why did frontier dwellers often complain about colonial government?

A) Property requirements for voting were usually greater in newer frontier communities than in established communities.
B) When colonial governments passed laws that benefited people in established communities, such laws seldom applied to the newer frontier communities.
C) Colonial governors usually drafted young men for the colonial militia only from newer frontier communities.
D) Because colonial assemblies seldom reapportioned themselves, many people in newer frontier communities were not adequately represented.

Question 49

The Stono Rebellion and the New York conspiracy serve as evidence that

A) colonial assemblies did not have the means to prevent serious internal disorder.
B) France posed a serious threat to British control in the American colonies.
C) colonial governments made every attempt to protect the rights of all the people.
D) political activism often led to the extension of political power to more people.

Question 50

Which of these statements is true regarding the Virginia Baptist congregations that developed as a result of the Great Awakening?

A) Members of this new evangelical sect often had to compromise their religious ideals to escape the wrath of the plantation gentry.
B) In order to get financial backing from powerful southern planters, they preached that slavery was biblically based.
C) They banned masters from breaking up slave couples by selling one of them.
D) They created separate black and white churches.

Question 51

How did geography, nautical dominance, and war shape New England between 1720 and 1750?

Question 52

Which of the following was a consequence of the case of John Peter Zenger?

A) It helped establish the free-press principle in American law.
B) It helped establish the principle of religious toleration.
C) It helped establish the right of a person charged with a crime to have a defense attorney.
D) It helped establish the right of habeas corpus.

Question 53

What impact did the end of King George's War have on Boston?

A) Many women widowed by the war were left on Boston's relief rolls.
B) Boston shipbuilders entered a period of unprecedented prosperity.
C) Because the British retained Louisbourg, a sense of security returned to the city.
D) Reduction of taxes on the city's residents led to a general economic recovery.

Question 54

The members of colonial assemblies believed that their primary function was to

A) remain neutral to mediate disputes between the colonial governors and the people.
B) remain neutral to implement the policies of the colonial governors.
C) act defensively to prevent encroachment on the people's rights.
D) act positively to improve the lives of their constituents.

Question 55

What led to the ethnic diversity of British North America? What was the result of this diversity?

Question 56

Which of the following is true of the Stono Rebellion?

A) In its aftermath laws governing the behavior of African Americans were made less harsh throughout the colonies.
B) It led whites in New York City to believe that a gang of thieves was involved in a conspiracy to bring about a slave uprising there.
C) All of those involved in the rebellion were able to make their way to Spanish Florida where they were given their freedom.
D) The rebellion led to debates about the morality of slavery in the South Carolina and Georgia colonial assemblies.

Question 57

The Reverend Cotton Mather and Zabdiel Boylston, a physician, began employing which disease-prevention strategy?

A) Isolation
B) Leaching
C) Inoculation
D) Separation

Question 58

Which of these statements is most consistent with the religious ideas expressed by Jonathan Edwards?

A) Even though human beings are filled with sin, they may be released from the bondage of that sin if they totally submit to the will of God.
B) Human beings are so filled with sin that nothing they do, no decision they make, will gain them entry into heaven.
C) Human beings are basically good and have the freedom to choose the path to salvation.
D) God is no longer active in the world, but by giving humans the power of reason, He gave them the means by which to make a better world.

Question 59

What was the importance of church attendance and civic activities in the lives of early-eighteenth-century colonial Americans? What values were expressed through involvement in such public rituals?

Question 60

Colonial assemblies most effectively influenced British-appointed officials by

A) sending petitions to the king.
B) sending petitions to Parliament.
C) threatening to engage in economic boycotts or strikes.
D) threatening to withhold their salaries.

Question 61

Discuss the importance of various rituals in early-eighteenth-century colonial America.

Question 62

Discuss the impact of George Whitfield on colonial thought and faith.

Question 63

Discuss the causes, consequences, and significance of the Stono Rebellion and the New York conspiracy.

Question 64

What were the role, function, and characteristics of the eighteenth-century colonial assemblies?

Question 65

Discuss the religious crisis that of the 1730s through the 1760s which gave rise to the First Great Awakening. What were its consequences?

Question 66

Discuss the lives of slaves in Chesapeake tobacco plantations.

Question 67

Compare and contrast urban and rural life in 1700s colonial America.

Question 68

Discuss the role and status of women in eighteenth-century colonial America.

Question 69

What was the role of the family and of extended kinship ties in the lives of African Americans?

Question 70

Defend the following statement: "By 1750, colonial America already displayed the socioeconomic, ethnic, and religious diversity that characterizes modern America. Although this diversity has been one of the strengths of American society, events in the eighteenth century demonstrate that tension, conflict, and crisis are inherent elements of this diversity."