Question 1

What does the presence of antidiuretic hormone stimulate?&#10;A)Water reabsorption from the urinary filtrate&#10;B)The release of water into the bladder to be voided as urine&#10;C)The increase of calcium levels in the blood&#10;D)Calcium reabsorption by the nephrons

Accepted Answer

Water reabsorption from the urinary filtrate.&#10;The most important job of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is to conserve water in the body by reducing the loss of water in urine. It does this by telling your kidneys how much water it needs to put back into your body instead of voiding it as urine.&#10;Antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors on cells in the collecting ducts of the kidney and promotes reabsorption of water back into the circulation.&#10;Parathyroid hormone is the hormone that increases the levels of calcium in the blood.&#10;Use the following mnemonic device to remember the purpose of ADH:&#10;ADH = Ain't&#160;Dumping&#160;H2O

Question 2

A sprain occurs when which of the following structures is stretched or torn?&#10;A)Ligament&#10;B)Tendon&#10;C)Muscle&#10;D)Fibrous joint

Accepted Answer

Ligament&#10;A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament.&#10;Ligaments are bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones at your joints.&#10;A strain is also a stretch or tear, but it happens in a muscle or a tendon.&#10;A tendon is a band of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bones.&#10;A&#160;fibrous joint is a joint connected by dense connective tissue consisting mainly of collagen. Fibrous joints are also called fixed or immovable joints because they do not move (unlike synovial joints, which are freely mobile). Fibrous joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. The sutures that connect the bones in your skull are an example of fibrous joints.&#10;See the diagram of the anatomy of the elbow below. &#10;Note the biceps tendon connecting the biceps muscle to the radius (bone). &#10;Also note the anterior band (ligament) connecting the radius (bone) to humerus (bone).&#160;&#10;

Question 3

Which of the following lists the correct pathway of blood through the circulatory system?&#10;A)Right ventricle, aorta, systemic circuit, vena cava, left atrium, left ventricle, lungs, right atrium&#10;B)Left ventricle, aorta, systemic circuit, vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium&#10;C)Left ventricle, vena cava, systemic circuit, aorta, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium&#10;D)Right ventricle, vena cava, systemic circuit, aorta, left atrium, left ventricle, lungs, right atrium

Accepted Answer

The pathway of blood through the circulatory system is comprised of 8 steps. 4 steps happen in the right side of the heart and 4 steps happen in the left.
Right Side of the Heart
The goal of the right side of the heart is to pump un-oxygenated blood (the blood that your body has used) into the lungs so that the blood can be re-supplied with oxygen. It happens in this order:
The un-oxygenated blood is collected by the vena cava, where the superior vena cava (SVC) collects blood from the upper extremities, and the inferior vena cava (IVC) collects blood from the lower extremities.
The vena cava then delivers the un-oxygenated blood directly into the right atrium.
The blood is then squeezed through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle.
Then the blood is squeezed through the pulmonic valve and shot up through the pulmonary artery and into the lungs to be re-oxygenated.
Left Side of the Heart
The goal of the left side of the heart is to pump the re-oxygenated blood from the lungs into the rest of the body so oxygen can be delivered to the other organs and tissues.
The re-oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the pulmonary vein and goes back into the left atrium.
The blood is then squeezed through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle.
From there, the blood is ejected out through the aortic valve and through the aorta, which is the large artery leaving the heart.
Blood is then distributed throughout the body (i.e. systemic circuit).
Note that this is a circuit. Thus, the correct answer does not necessarily have to start at the first step and end at the last.
The diagram below shows the right side of the heart in blue and the left side of the heart in red.
 11ec0fda_998d_6466_a67f_db6be73ed196_NR0004_00

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?&#10;A)Standing upright, facing the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed forward, and the palms facing posteriorly&#10;B)Standing upright, facing away from the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed forward, and the palms facing towards anteriorly.&#10;C)Standing upright, facing the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed forward, and the palms facing anteriorly&#10;D)Standing upright, facing the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed outward, and the palms facing anteriorly.

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Question 5

Which of the following male reproductive organs is also a part of the urinary system?&#10;A)Vas deferens&#10;B)Urethra&#10;C)Ureter&#10;D)Epidiymis

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Question 6

Which of the following is defined as &#34;a group of similar cells and their intercellular matrix that carry out a specific function together?&#34;&#10;A)Neuroglia&#10;B)Organs&#10;C)Tissues&#10;D)Organ systems

Accepted Answer

Histology is the study of tissues. A tissue is a group of structurally and functionally similar cells that work together to perform specific functions in the body.
There are four fundamental types of tissues in the body:
Epithelial: these cells cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs.
Connective: these cell groups are the framework for the body, providing structure and support for the organs. This is the most abundant type of tissue in the body.
Muscle: tissues that have the ability to contract (shorten).
Nervous: the tissues of the nervous system, composed of neurons and connective tissue called neuroglia.
Organs are groups of tissues working together to perform specific functions. The stomach, liver, and heart are all examples of organs.
Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions in the body. The digestive system, circulatory system, and respiratory system are examples of organ systems.
Below is a diagram of the organization of life, from cell to organism. 
 11ec0fda_998d_d99a_a67f_9b900de3b412_NR0004_00

Question 7

Which of the following occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?&#10;A)Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, digestion slows down&#10;B)Heart rate increases, pupils constrict, digestion slows down&#10;C)Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, digestion increases&#10;D)Heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion increases

Accepted Answer

Cardiac outpt increases
The sympathetic nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body to react to stresses such as threat or injury. When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, the following occurs:
Heart rate increases
Pupils dilate
Digestion slows down
The parasympathetic nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions of the body when it is at rest. It helps maintain homeostasis in the body. It causes muscles to relax and heart rate to decrease.
 11ec0fda_998d_d99b_a67f_430560aa6135_NR0004_00

Question 8

Which of the following is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration that can lead to muscular fatigue, muscle cramps, muscle pain, or a burning sensation in the muscles?&#10;A)Lactic acid&#10;B)Folic acid&#10;C)Hydrochloric acid&#10;D)Citric acid

Accepted Answer

The body makes lactic acid when it does not have enough oxygen to convert glucose into energy. Lactic acid buildup can result in muscle pain, cramps, and muscular fatigue.
Folic acid is a type of B vitamin naturally found in many foods. It is recommended for pregnant women to take in order to help prevent birth defects.
Citric acid is commonly found in citrus fruits and is an important component of the Krebs Cycle - a step aerobic cellular respiration.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that is present in the stomach. Although it is highly corrosive, it does not hurt your stomach. This is because of a protective mucous lining on the inside of your stomach.

Question 9

The internal reproductive organs are located in which of the following anatomical regions?&#10;A)Brachial&#10;B)Thoracic&#10;C)Femoral&#10;D)Pelvic

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Question 10

What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur?&#10;A)The formation of bile; Liver&#10;B)The formation of white blood cells; Spleen&#10;C)The formation of red blood cells; Heart&#10;D)The formation of red blood cells; Red bone marrow

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Question 11

Which organelle is responsible for regulating the transport of substances in and out of the cell?&#10;A)Rough endoplasmic reticulum&#10;B)Nucleus&#10;C)Cell membrane&#10;D)Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Accepted Answer

This may seem like a biology question, but the anatomy & physiology section of the HESI A2 will include a question or two about cell organelles since the cell is the basic unit of life and the building block of tissues and organs. With that in mind, here is a brief overview of the major cell organelles and their functions:
Cell membrane: Protects the cell, aids in communication with other cells, and regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell. It is also sometimes called the plasma membrane.
Mitochondria: The "powerhouse" of the cell; the site of cellular respiration and energy production.
Nucleus: Contains the DNA of the cell in organized masses called chromosomes. The nucleus is the brain of the cell.
Ribosomes: Synthesize (make) proteins. They are found in the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Covered in ribosomes and assists in protein synthesis and membrane production.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: The part of the ER not covered in ribosomes, it functions in the detoxification and metabolism of molecules in the cell.
Golgi Apparatus: Packages and transports proteins and lipids throughout the cell. This is the cell's post office.
Lysosomes: Lysosomes are full of hydrolytic enzymes that digest and break down cell waste.
Vacuoles: membrane-enclosed structures that take in food (through a process called phagocytosis) and store it in the cell.
Below is a diagram of a eukaryotic cell with its organelles labeled. Note that the cell membrane is labeled as "plasma membrane" below.
 11ec0fda_998e_27bd_a67f_49b5ca6f8295_NR0004_00

Question 12

The carpals articulate with the distal ends of which two bones?&#10;A)Radius and ulna&#10;B)Tibia and fibula&#10;C)Metacarpals and phalanges&#10;D)Tarsals and metatarsals

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Question 13

Which of the following is not a bone of the lower extremities?&#10;A)Tibia&#10;B)Ulna&#10;C)Fibula&#10;D)Femur

Accepted Answer

Lower extremity means leg. The bones of the lower extremities are:
femur (thigh)
patella (kneecap)
tibia and fibula (shin)
tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges (foot)
The ulna is not a bone in the leg. It is one of two bones that make up the the forearm (the other bone that makes up the forearm is the radius).
 11ec0fda_998e_74e0_a67f_25531beb8829_NR0004_00

Question 14

The shoulder is an example of which type of synovial joint?&#10;A)Hinge&#10;B)Ball and socket&#10;C)Pivot&#10;D)Saddle

Accepted Answer

Ball-and-socket joints are made up of a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone. Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest range of motion, as all movement types are possible in all directions. Your shoulders are ball-and-socket joints.
Hinge joints are formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend. The movement is similar to a door opening and closing. The elbows are hinge joints. 
Pivot joints allow only rotary movement around a single axis. The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament. Your neck, specifically between the C1 and C2 vertebrae, is an example of a pivot joint.
Condyloid joints consist of a shallow depression of one bone that receives a rounded end of another bone. Condyloid joints are found at the base of the fingers and at the wrist.
Below is an illustration of the six synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most common type of joints in the body. They are characterized by being freely mobile (able to move). 11ec0fda_998e_9bf1_a67f_8d9dbdf6d115_NR0004_00

Question 15

Where is the popliteal artery located?&#10;A)Below the jaw line between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle&#10;B)On the underside of the wrist&#10;C)Near the top of the cubital fossa&#10;D)Behind the knee

Accepted Answer

The popliteal artery is the artery located behind the knee.
The artery located on the underside of the wrist is the radial artery.
The cubital fossa is the triangular area that is in front of the elbow. This is where you palpate the brachial artery.
The artery located below the jawline between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle is the carotid artery.
 11ec0fda_998e_c302_a67f_fb4351eaff76_NR0004_00

Question 16

Which of the following glands secrete earwax?&#10;A)Sebaceous&#10;B)Ceruminous&#10;C)Salivary&#10;D)Eccrine

Accepted Answer

There are two types of sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine.
Eccrine sweat glands are the most widely distributed. They help regulate body temperature by secreting a watery substance on the surface of the skin that cools you down as it evaporates.
Apocrine sweat glands are located mainly in the armpits and groin. Their secretions include bits of cell debris that attracts bacteria, leading to body odor.
Ceruminous glands are a type of apocrine gland. They are located in the ear canal and secrete earwax.
Salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth; whereas sebaceous glands secrete sebum (an oily substance) onto the hair and skin to keep them lubricated and prevent drying.
Below is a diagram illustrating where cerumen (earwax) is deposited in the ear canal by the ceruminous glands.
 11ec0fda_998e_c303_a67f_13fd37ebc9a0_NR0004_00 OpenStax / CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) - modified with arrow

Question 17

Which of the following types of cancer would present warning signs that are identified using the ABCDE method?&#10;A)Basal cell carcinoma&#10;B)Squamous cell carcinoma&#10;C)Melanoma&#10;D)Leukemia

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Question 18

Which bones form via intramembranous ossification?&#10;A)The ulna, radius, and carpals&#10;B)The flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and clavicles&#10;C)The malleus, incus, and stapes&#10;D)The manubrium and xyphoid process

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Question 19

A patient who is on a plant-based diet complains that their skin is appearing to take on a yellowish color. Which of the following foods would you expect the patient to have eaten a large amount of?&#10;A)Shellfish&#10;B)Soda&#10;C)Carrots&#10;D)Cabbage

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Question 20

Where does digestion begin in the alimentary canal?&#10;A)Oral cavity&#10;B)Esophagus&#10;C)Stomach&#10;D)Small intestine

Accepted Answer

The alimentary canal is the digestive tube and consists of the primary organs of the digestive system. Those organs, in order, are:
mouth (oral cavity)
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus
Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth as the food is chewed. Chemical digestion involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients that can be used by the cells. Chemical digestion also begins in the mouth when food mixes with saliva. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the breakdown of carbohydrates.
Below is an illustrated diagram of the digestive system.
 11ec0fda_998f_3838_a67f_b3c359c33632_NR0004_00

Question 21

A patient with a lower than normal amount of thrombocytes could be at risk of ____________.&#10;A)fatigue and shortness of breath&#10;B)extensive bleeding&#10;C)unnecessary blood clotting&#10;D)inability to fight infection

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Question 22

What is the purpose of gastric mucous?&#10;A)To prevent pathogens from being absorbed by the stomach lining and into the bloodstream.&#10;B)To help break down fibrous foods.&#10;C)To trap waste products to be turned into fecal matter.&#10;D)To protect the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes.

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Question 23

Which of the following muscles is located towards the outer side of the leg?&#10;A)Gracilis&#10;B)Vastus medialis&#10;C)Rectus femoris&#10;D)Vastus lateralis

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Question 24

What is the function of endocrine glands?&#10;A)They are a group of cells that respond to specific hormones.&#10;B)They secrete hormones directly into the blood.&#10;C)They secrete products directly into a duct that carries the products to where they are needed.&#10;D)They transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body.

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Question 25

Which of the following organelles would you expect to find an abundance of in leukocytes?&#10;A)Golgi bodies&#10;B)Ribosomes&#10;C)Mitochondria&#10;D)Lysosomes

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Question 26

Using the provided image, choose the anatomical structure designated by letter B.&#10; &#10;A)Right ventricle&#10;B)Right atrium&#10;C)Left atrium&#10;D)Left ventricle

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Question 27

Which of the following options correctly lists the layers of the epidermis from the most superficial to the deepest layer?&#10;A)Stratum germinativum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum&#10;B)Stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum, stratum corneum&#10;C)Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum&#10;D)Stratum germinativum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum

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Question 28

Which of the following structures is part of the upper respiratory system?&#10;A)Lungs&#10;B)Pharynx&#10;C)Trachea&#10;D)Bronchi

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Question 29

Which of the following is a molecule carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction for all organisms?&#10;A)RNA&#10;B)Nucleus&#10;C)Ribosomes&#10;D)DNA

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Question 30

Which important minerals are stored within the skeletal system?&#10;A)Calcium and iron&#10;B)Calcium and sodium&#10;C)Calcium and phosphorous&#10;D)Calcium and carbon

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Question 31

The malleus, incus, and stapes are bones found in the _________.&#10;A)Arm&#10;B)Leg&#10;C)Ear&#10;D)Neck

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Question 32

Urine travels from the kidney to the urinary bladder through which structure?&#10;A)Collecting ducts&#10;B)Urethra&#10;C)Ureter&#10;D)Nephron

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Question 33

Which of the following best describes the primary function of hemoglobin?&#10;A)Carries oxygen to tissues and organs&#10;B)Regulates balance and thermoregulation&#10;C)Detects increases in carbon dioxide and decreases in oxygen in the blood&#10;D)Engages in the process of phagocytosis

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Question 34

A patient complaining of pain in their sternum reveals that they were recently in a mild car accident. Which of the following structures may have been injured in the accident?&#10;A)Fontanelle&#10;B)Vastus lateralis&#10;C)Xiphoid process&#10;D)Vomer

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Question 35

In which of the following reproductive structures does the fertilization of an ovum occur?&#10;A)Endometrium&#10;B)Uterus&#10;C)Fallopian tube&#10;D)Corpus luteum

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Question 36

The elbow is what type of joint?&#10;A)Ball-and-socket&#10;B)Hinge&#10;C)Pivot&#10;D)Planar

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Question 37

Which of the following is located in the thoracic cavity?&#10;A)The mediastinum&#10;B)The urinary and reproductive organs&#10;C)The small intestine&#10;D)The adrenal glands

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Question 38

Which type of connection do ligaments create?&#10;A)Muscle to muscle&#10;B)Bone to bone&#10;C)Muscle to bone&#10;D)Muscle to organ

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Question 39

Which of the following muscles pulls a body part away from the midline of the body?&#10;A)Abductors&#10;B)Extensors&#10;C)Adductors&#10;D)Flexors

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Question 40

Which part of the brain is involved in processing auditory information?&#10;A)Frontal lobe&#10;B)Parietal lobe&#10;C)Temporal lobe&#10;D)Occipital lobe

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Question 41

A patient complains of decreased sensation in the distal part of their arm and an inability to adduct and abduct their fingers. Based on these symptoms, which nerve is most likely compromised?&#10;A)Tibial&#10;B)Femoral&#10;C)Ulnar&#10;D)Olfactory

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Question 42

Which type of tissue is most widely distributed throughout the body?&#10;A)Muscle tissue&#10;B)Epithelial tissue&#10;C)Nervous tissue&#10;D)Connective tissue

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Question 43

Which of the four chambers of the heart has the thickest muscular wall?&#10;A)Left atrium&#10;B)Left ventricle&#10;C)Right ventricle&#10;D)Right atrium

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Question 44

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?&#10;A)To secrete a watery substance onto the surface of the skin to regulate body temperature.&#10;B)To secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film to lubricate the eye.&#10;C)To secrete earwax to protect the ear from bacteria and viruses.&#10;D)To secrete oil that lubricates the skin and prevents drying.

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Question 45

Which of the following best describes the function of the mitral valve?&#10;A)Lets blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle&#10;B)Lets blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium&#10;C)Lets blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium&#10;D)Lets blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

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Question 46

Which plane divides the body into left and right sides?&#10;A)Sagittal&#10;B)Coronal&#10;C)Transverse&#10;D)Frontal

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Question 47

Which organ is responsible for most of the nutrient absorption in the body?&#10;A)Gall bladder&#10;B)Small intestine&#10;C)Stomach&#10;D)Large intestine

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Question 48

How does serotonin affect the body?&#10;A)It helps to regulate motivation, euphoria, and fine motor function.&#10;B)It helps to regulate mood, anxiety, sleep, memory, and appetite.&#10;C)It helps to regulate urine output and maintains osmolarity.&#10;D)It stimulates the uterine muscles to contract during childbirth and promotes lactation.

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Question 49

Where is the tibialis anterior located?&#10;A)The back of the lower extremities&#10;B)The back of the upper extremities&#10;C)The front of the upper extremities&#10;D)The front of the lower extremities

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Question 50

Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?&#10;A)The hypothalamus is commonly known as the &#34;master gland.&#34;&#10;B)Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are stored in and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.&#10;C)Growth of pubic and axillary hair is induced by testosterone and estrogen.&#10;D)The adrenal glands secrete cortisol and aldosterone.

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Question 51

The pulse point located on the neck is palpated over which artery?&#160;&#10;A)Median cubital&#10;B)Carotid&#10;C)Popliteal&#10;D)Femoral

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Question 52

T-lymphocytes are developed by which of the following glands?&#10;A)Thymus&#10;B)Lymph nodes&#10;C)Hypothalamus&#10;D)Thyroid

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Question 53

Which blood vessel returns blood from the lungs back to the heart?&#10;A)Pulmonary artery&#10;B)Superior vena cava&#10;C)Pulmonary vein&#10;D)Inferior vena cava

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Question 54

What is secreted by the adrenal glands?&#10;A)Oxytocin only&#10;B)Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone&#10;C)Cortisol and aldosterone&#10;D)Progesterone and estrogen

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Question 55

Cerumen is secreted by apocrine glands located in which of the following structures?&#10;A)The eustachian tube&#10;B)The external auditory canal&#10;C)The cochlea&#10;D)The organ of corti

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Question 56

Eccrine glands secrete a watery substance onto the surface of the skin to maintain temperature homeostasis through which process?&#10;A)Absorption&#10;B)Condensation&#10;C)Evaporation&#10;D)Precipitation

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Question 57

In what area of the body would you expect to find especially thick stratum corneum?&#10;A)Heel of the foot&#10;B)On the scalp&#10;C)Back of the hand&#10;D)In the ear canal

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Question 58

What, in addition to adenosine triphosphate, must be present for a muscle to contract?&#10;A)Lactate&#10;B)Calcium&#10;C)Oxygen&#10;D)Sodium

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Question 59

Which of the following could result from a damaged olfactory nerve?&#10;A)Reduced sense of smell&#10;B)Distorted vision&#10;C)Discomfort in the lumbar region&#10;D)Loss of sensation in the arm

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Question 60

Which part of the eye allows us to see color?&#10;A)Iris&#10;B)Aqueous humor&#10;C)Retina&#10;D)Pupil

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Question 61

A patient reveals to you that they were recently involved in a car accident that they believe resulted in a deviated septum. Which of the following bones may have been injured in the accident, resulting in the deviated septum?&#10;A)Manubrium&#10;B)Maxilla&#10;C)Vomer&#10;D)Tibia

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Question 62

Which of the following describes the distal region of the humerus?&#10;A)The diaphysis of the humerus&#10;B)The epiphysis that articulates with the radius and ulna&#10;C)The epiphysis that articulates with the scapula&#10;D)The proximal articulating cartilage

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Question 63

Which of the following causes bone matrix resorption in response to a decrease of calcium levels in the blood?&#10;A)Osteoblasts&#10;B)Osteoprogenitor&#10;C)Osteoclasts&#10;D)Osteocytes

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Question 64

Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?&#10;A)Stratum corneum&#10;B)Dermis&#10;C)Keratin&#10;D)Stratum germinativum

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Deck 8: HESI-A2-Anatomy & Physiology