Deck 12: Comparative Cognition II

Question 1

According to the behavioral theory of timing, the discriminative stimuli for the required timing responses are

A)the number of impulses sent by the pacemaker.
B)the total time the switch is active.
C)the comparison of impulses in the comparator.
D)the subjects own adjunctive responses.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A scrub jay demonstrates that it knows what happened, where it happened, when it happened, and seems to have integrated these pieces into a a coherent representation. This is evidence of

A)semantic memory
B)procedural memory
C)episodic memory
D)motor memory

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to the behavioral theory of timing; which is an adjunctive behavior?

A)pre-food focal search
B)post-food focal search
C)general search
D)all are adjunctive behaviors

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A trial begins with presentation of a discriminative stimulus. If the stimulus is a light, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 20 seconds and can be earned with a lever press. If the stimulus is a tone, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 40 seconds and can be earned with a lever press. Test trials involve recording the subject's responses over 80 non-reinforced seconds. This type of experiment is investigating an organism's ability to

A)form concepts.
B)produce durations.
C)estimate durations.
D)chunk information.

Question 5

In theories of timing that use oscillators, the oscillator is most like a

A)pacemaker
B)an hourglass
C)a pendulum
D)a comparator

Question 6

In an experiment with hungry rats, food is delivered to a food cup at regular 40 s intervals. The rats' head pokes into the food cup area are suggestive of

A)episodic memory.
B)duration estimation.
C)duration production.
D)scalar invariance.

Question 7

A task in which the discriminative stimulus is the length of time of an event is referred to as a _____ task.

A)time shaping
B)interval training
C)duration estimation
D)time conditioning

Question 8

A trial begins with presentation of a discriminative stimulus. If the stimulus is a light, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 20 seconds and can be earned with a lever press. If the stimulus is a tone, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 40 seconds and can be earned with a lever press. Test trials involve recording the subject's responses over 80 non-reinforced seconds. This procedure is called

A)a duration estimation task.
B)a peak procedure.
C)an interval training task.
D)a model-rival technique.

Question 9

Evidence for episodic memory in scrub jays comes from the finding that

A)they will always prefer worms at all time periods since the food was cached.
B)they will always prefer worms only if they are provided fresh worms at all time periods after caching including very long delays.
C)they will prefer peanuts at short delays, but worms at longer delays after caching.
D)evidence for episodic memory only has been found in mammals like rats, monkeys, and humans including human infants.

Question 10

A pigeon is used in a modified matching-to-sample experiment. If the bird is presented with a 3 second long sample, it must peck a red key. If the sample is 10 seconds long, the pigeon must peck a green key. This type of experiment is called a

A)duration estimation task.
B)time conditioning task.
C)interval training task.
D)time shaping task.

Question 11

Results from duration estimation tasks suggest that

A)rats can base their behavior on duration estimation, but pigeons cannot.
B)pigeons can base their behavior on duration estimation, but rats cannot.
C)neither pigeons nor rats can base their behavior on duration estimation.
D)both pigeons and rats can base their behavior on duration estimation.

Question 12

A rat is used in a modified matching-to-sample experiment. If the rat is presented with a 4-second-long sample, it must push the left lever. If the sample is 10 seconds long, the rat must depress the right lever. This type of experiment tests the rat's ability to

A)form concepts.
B)produce durations.
C)estimate durations.
D)chunk information.

Question 13

In Scalar Expectancy Theory, what relays the number of pulses that have occurred to working memory?

A)the pacemaker
B)the comparator
C)the accumulator
D)the switch

Question 14

According to Scalar Expectancy Theory, which of the following is not part of the clock process?

A)the comparator
B)the switch
C)the accumulator
D)the pacemaker

Question 15

Retrospective: Prospective as

A)scalar expectancy theory: behavior theory of timing
B)behavior theory of timing: scalar expectancy theory
C)behavior theory of timing: adjunctive behavior
D)adjunctive behavior: superstitious behavior

Question 16

Which of the following is not a feature important to the behavioral theory of timing?

A)a pacemaker
B)a comparator
C)adjunctive behaviors
D)a decision process

Question 17

The circadian clock has been linked to neural activity in

A)the amygdala.
B)the parietal cortex.
C)the suprachiamatic nucleus.
D)the nucleus accumbens.

Question 18

According to Clayton et al. what is the required content of a memory for it to be considered "episodic"?

A)what happened
B)when it happened
C)where it happened
D)all of the above

Question 19

Applying transcranial magnetic stimulation to which brain region is most likely to disrupt performance on longer (suprasecond)timing tasks?

A)the cerebellum.
B)the amygdala.
C)the prefrontal cortex.
D)the dorsal spinal cord.

Question 20

Which of the following is most closely analogous to human episodic memory?

A)the contents of value transfer in pigeons
B)the contents of memory for hidden food items in scrub jays
C)the contents of paired associate learning in chimpanzees
D)the contents of the internal clock in pigeons

Question 21

In an ordered behavior task, a response to stimulus A results in the presentation of stimulus B. Responding to B results in C, and so forth. In order to correctly perform this task, a subject must learn

A)paired associations.
B)serial patterns.
C)stimulus-response associations.
D)serial representations.

Question 22

Monkeys were trained to respond sequentially in a simultaneous stimulus array procedure. After training, which of the following sets of test stimuli will lead to the longest latency to press the first key?

A)C, B
B)A, E
C)E, D
D)A, D

Question 23

A dog is trained to fetch sodas from the refrigerator. It knows to first go the refrigerator. Once at the refrigerator, it knows to pull on the door. When the door is open, it knows to grab the can. With the can in its mouth, it knows to return to its master. This dog probably learned

A)serial patterns.
B)serial representations.
C)stimulus-response associations.
D)paired associates.

Question 24

Perceptual concepts involve

A)generalization within a category.
B)discrimination within a category.
C)generalization between categories.
D)All of the above

Question 25

Which theory assumes that concept learning is due to responding to certain stimulus aspects that members of a perceptual category have in common?

A)similarity approach
B)exemplar approach
C)prototype approach
D)common feature approach

Question 26

In order to respond correctly in tests of perceptual concept learning, a dolphin must

A)respond similarly to members of different categories if they share similar elements.
B)respond differently to members of the same category if they have different elements.
C)respond similarly to members of different categories even if they are very different.
D)respond similarly to members of the same category even if they have different elements.

Question 27

Data from a study with baboons exposed to four letter word or non-word stimuli to see if they could learn to distinguish between words and random combinations of letters suggest that

A)they could use only S-R cues to discriminate.
B)they could use only S-R and S-S cues to discriminate.
C)they could use orthographic information to discriminate.
D)they could not discriminate above chance between words and non-words.

Question 28

Studies of perceptual concept learning suggest that

A)only humans form true perceptual concepts.
B)only primates form true perceptual concepts.
C)only primates and dolphins form true perceptual concepts.
D)many species, including pigeons, form true perceptual concepts.

Question 29

In an ordered behavior task, a response to stimulus A results in the presentation of stimulus B. Responding to B results in C, and so forth. This type of task is called

A)paired associate learning.
B)a response chain.
C)serial pattern learning.
D)serial representation learning.

Question 30

The common elements approach to perceptual concept learning suggests that organisms form perceptual concepts based on

A)prototypes of the perceptual category.
B)geotypes of the perceptual category.
C)shared critical features of members of the perceptual category.
D)different combinations of shared features of members of the perceptual category.

Question 31

After learning to press five keys, "A" through "E," in alphabetical order, monkeys were given tests in which subsets of two keys were presented. A comparison of the latencies to press the second key revealed that as the number of letters missing between the two test keys increased, (BD)versus (BE)for example, the latency to press the second key _____, suggesting that the monkeys were subject to the symbolic distance effect.

A)remained the same
B)increased
C)decreased
D)increased if the first key was "A" or "B," and decreased if the first key was "C" or "D" ("E" could not be the first key)

Question 32

Discriminating between which of the following would demonstrate abstract concept formation?

A)natural and artificial
B)red and orange
C)males and females
D)same and different

Question 33

In order to correctly perform the behavior required of a response chain, a subject must learn

A)S-R associations.
B)paired associations.
C)R-O associations.
D)All of the above

Question 34

Monkeys were trained to press five buttons, "A" through "E," in alphabetical order. When presented with the smaller subset of keys "B" and "D," they were able to press these keys in order also. This suggests the monkeys learned

A)paired associates.
B)response-outcome associations.
C)stimulus-response associations.
D)serial representations.

Question 35

Monkeys were trained to respond sequentially in a simultaneous stimulus array procedure. After training, which of the following sets of test stimuli will lead to the longest latency to press the second key?

A)E, A
B)B, C
C)C, B
D)D, B

Question 36

Evidence from drug studies, clinical disorders, and transgenic mice suggests which neurotransmitter is important for timing?

A)norepinepherine
B)dopamine
C)serotonin
D)acetylcholine

Question 37

Evidence of generalization to novel exemplars is used to support

A)a paired associate learning interpretation.
B)a stimulus-response learning interpretation.
C)a concept-learning interpretation.
D)a serial pattern learning interpretation.

Question 38

A cat is trained to fetch a piece of balled paper. The cat has learned that the sound of the paper being crumpled means that the game is on. The game being on tells the cat that the paper is about to fly. Seeing the flying paper means that it is time for the hunt. Grabbing the paper lets the cat know that a treat is waiting. This cat must have learned

A)paired associates.
B)a serial pattern.
C)stimulus-response associations.
D)serial representations.

Question 39

In a careful study of tool use in apes and crows, the researchers found

A)that only the ape behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.
B)that only the crow behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.
C)that both ape and crow behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.
D)that neither ape nor crow behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.

Question 40

A simultaneous presentation of all response choices in a serial order task cannot be solved by learning

A)a serial pattern.
B)serial representations.
C)stimulus-response associations.
D)paired associates.

Question 41

Why has determining whether nonhuman animals are capable of learning language come to be considered an unimportant question? What do modern investigations of animal language attempt to determine?

Question 42

Explain why tests with subsets of items from a simultaneous array are useful in assessing the mechanisms of serial pattern learning.

Question 43

Which of the following is not a component of linguistic competence?

A)learning a vocabulary
B)developing a grammar
C)language comprehension
D)None of the above; all are components of linguistic competence.

Question 44

If Kanzi wanted you to carry him, the sentence he would be most likely to communicate would be

A)CARRY, and then a point to you.
B)a point to you, and then CARRY.
C)CARRY only.
D)with a point to you only.

Question 45

Do you believe that tool use is a defining feature of advanced intelligence? Why or why not? Why might the New Caledonian crow have a predisposition for tool use?

Question 46

What are the components of language competence? What evidence of these components is found in nonhuman animals?

Question 47

Which of the following is not a consideration of nonhuman language learning?

A)Can animals learn language?
B)What type of training leads to language skills?
C)What language skills do animals develop during training?
D)How can language skills be documented?

Question 48

Compare response chains, paired associate learning and serial representation learning. How can an investigator determine which strategy is being used by an animal in a simultaneous chain procedure?

Question 49

Attempts to determine if nonhuman animals are capable of language have led to the conclusion that

A)only chimpanzees are capable of language.
B)many species of animals are capable of language.
C)only chimpanzees and dolphins are capable of language.
D)this is not an answerable question.

Question 50

Describe the internal clock. Compare the Scalar Expectancy Theory and behavioral theory of how timing might take place.

Question 51

Describe the peak procedure and how results obtained with the peak procedure may be explained by scalar expectancy theory.

Question 52

In the model-rival technique,

A)a prototype of the lexigram is repeatedly presented to the subject.
B)a model of the lexigram is presented by the experimenter.
C)a different student competes with the subject for the experimenter's attention.
D)several different prototypes of the lexigram are presented only once in series to the subject.

Question 53

Human infants are said to have language

A)at birth.
B)usually by 6 months.
C)usually by 12 months.
D)There is no one point where a child can be said to graduate to having language.

Question 54

Describe two techniques for measuring an animal's ability for timing behavior.

Question 55

Compare and contrast the scalar expectancy model of timing and the behavioral theory of timing.

Question 56

What does learning a perceptual concept involve?

Question 57

Describe how the behavior of food storing birds can be used to provide evidence of episodic memory.

Question 58

What evidence suggests that food caching birds know where food is stored, what food is stored, and when they stored the food?

Question 59

The best evidence that great apes use grammar is

A)the large size of their vocabulary.
B)that most most utterances are multiple word phrases.
C)that two-word utterances did not occur in random order.
D)that they could convey their desires to humans.

Question 60

Describe food caching behavior and what factors experimenters have to rule out before concluding that the behavior is mediated by working memory.

Question 61

Describe similarities and differences in language learning among chimpanzees and human children.

Question 62

Compare and contrast perceptual and abstract concept learning.

Question 63

Describe instances of tool use in avian species and discuss how tool use may be acquired.