Deck 11: Nutrition Through the Life Span: Pregnancy and Lactation

Question 1

Babies born to obese women are more likely to be large for gestational age, weighing more than 9 pounds.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Improper breastfeeding position is a frequent cause of sore nipples.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Breastfeeding should not begin until one month following birth.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A pregnant woman's daily energy needs increase by _____ kcalories in the first trimester, ____ kcalories in the second trimester, and _____ kcalories in the third trimester.

A)0; 340; 450
B)100; 300; 500
C)50; 140; 250
D)0; 300; 600
E)25; 200; 400

Question 5

Nutrients and oxygen travel to the developing fetus via:

A)the placenta.
B)the amniotic sac.
C)its lungs.
D)its intestines.
E)the uterine wall.

Question 6

A man's nutrition usually does not affect his fertility or the genetic contributions he makes to his children.

Question 7

Alcohol easily enters breast milk and can adversely affect the production, volume, composition, and ejection of breast milk, as well as overwhelm an infant's immature alcohol-degrading system.

Question 8

A low birthweight baby has a statistically greater chance of contracting diseases and dying early in life.

Question 9

A lactating mother should avoid all types of oral contraceptives.

Question 10

What is a likely complication that obese pregnant women may face?

A)hyper-mature baby due to longer gestation
B)increased chance for twins
C)faster delivery
D)a larger-than-normal baby
E)a low-birthweight baby

Question 11

A nursing woman produces about 100 ounces of milk a day.

Question 12

Research suggests that low-birthweight babies may experience:

A)a higher adult IQ.
B)much better eyesight.
C)tall stature.
D)greater risk of heart disease and hypertension.
E)greater risk of psychological problems.

Question 13

The RDA for protein during pregnancy is an additional _____ grams per day.

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)25
E)35

Question 14

Increasing maternal fluid intake does not increase breast milk volume.

Question 15

During pregnancy, food energy needs increase less than nutrient needs. To achieve this balance, food selection should include:

A)foods of lower nutrient density.
B)increased portions of vitamin C-rich foods.
C)use of whole milk and fatty meats.
D)decreased portions of vitamin C-rich foods.
E)decreased portions of calcium-rich foods.

Question 16

Because of the dangers of obesity, an overweight woman should try to gain little or no weight during pregnancy.

Question 17

The effects of malnutrition during critical periods in pregnancy:

A)can be offset by vitamin and mineral supplementation.
B)are irreversible.
C)can be remedied later in pregnancy with a nutritious diet.
D)are not significant.
E)can be offset by boosting protein and carbohydrate intake.

Question 18

The most potent single predictor of an infant's future health status is:

A)rapidity of the mother's recovery.
B)the infant's birthweight.
C)the age at which the infant first learns to walk.
D)the ease and rapidity of delivery.
E)the infant's ethnicity.

Question 19

Low-carbohydrate diets during pregnancy:

A)help to prevent excess weight gain for the mother.
B)may impair brain development in the fetus.
C)may lead to pre-term labor.
D)aid in preventing gestational diabetes.
E)may boost brain development in the fetus.

Question 20

A pregnant woman needs ample carbohydrate intake to:

A)raise blood glucose levels.
B)fuel the fetal brain and spare protein needed for fetal growth.
C)provide adequate protein.
D)increase glycogen stores in the fetus.
E)alleviate gastrointestinal distress during the third trimester.

Question 21

The requirement for folate during pregnancy increases from 400 micrograms per day to _____ micrograms per day.

A)450
B)500
C)600
D)800
E)900

Question 22

For a healthy pregnant woman, physicians often recommend:

A)multivitamin and mineral supplements and weight gain of about 25-35 pounds
B)no vitamin or mineral supplements and weight gain of at least 30 pounds
C)vitamin C supplements and weight gain of about 20 pounds
D)multivitamin and mineral supplements and weight gain of no more than 20 pounds
E)as much weight gain as possible to supply the energy needs of the developing fetus

Question 23

Women who develop gestational diabetes have a greater risk of developing _____ later in life.

A)heart disease
B)type 2 diabetes
C)gastrointestinal problems
D)osteoporosis
E)hyponatremia

Question 24

Examine the following menu for a pregnant woman: ​ According to the recommended food intake for pregnancy, what is wrong with this menu?

A)it lacks adequate meat and milk, and offers too much starch
B)it lacks vegetables and fruits, especially a vitamin A-rich variety, and lacks adequate milk
C)it lacks adequate meat, milk, and fruits and vegetables
D)it lacks vegetables and fruits, especially a vitamin A-rich variety, and offers too much starch
E)it lacks milk, fruits and vegetables, and offers too much starch

Question 25

Pregnant women who are vegans do not eat any animal products; therefore, these women should get their protein from:

A)protein supplements.
B)high-protein smoothies.
C)legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and tofu.
D)milk, yogurt, and cheese.
E)eggs, nuts, and whole milk.

Question 26

What are some benefits of physical activity during pregnancy?

A)It improves the overall fitness of the fetus.
B)It prevents or manages type 1 diabetes.
C)It prevents early onset vitamin D deficiency.
D)It may result in fewer discomforts during pregnancy.
E)It promotes an earlier delivery.

Question 27

Women who enter pregnancy with iron-deficiency anemia have a greater risk of:

A)preterm delivery.
B)excessive weight gain.
C)inadequate weight gain.
D)gestational diabetes.
E)macular degeneration.

Question 28

The developing brain of a fetus contains substantial amounts of lipid material and depends on _____ for proper development and function.

A)long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
B)monounsaturated fatty acids
C)cholesterol
D)medium-chain fatty acids
E)saturated fats

Question 29

If a woman gains 30 pounds during pregnancy, the net amount of body fat she gains is about:

A)1 pound.
B)7 pounds.
C)10 pounds.
D)15 pounds.
E)20 pounds.

Question 30

A low intake of folate increases the likelihood that an infant will be born with a:

A)deviated septum.
B)tail or other appendage.
C)large head.
D)neural tube defect.
E)smaller than average heart.

Question 31

In early pregnancy, intestinal absorption of _____ doubles, which is stored in the mother's bones.

A)phosphorus
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin D
D)calcium
E)hydroxyapatite

Question 32

Which food is not provided by the WIC program?

A)milk
B)iron-fortified cereal
C)granola bars
D)eggs
E)dried beans

Question 33

If you were to counsel a pregnant woman suffering from "morning" sickness, you might suggest they:

A)limit the amount of fat in her diet.
B)take iron supplements on an empty stomach.
C)limit meals to three a day.
D)eat the foods she wants when she feels like eating.
E)only eat a large lunch, because breakfast will likely make her nauseous.

Question 34

Most pregnant women need iron supplements because:

A)their RDA for iron is twice that of non-pregnant women.
B)the body does not conserve iron well during pregnancy.
C)iron supplements are better absorbed than iron from food.
D)their iron reserves are generally not high.
E)iron does not occur in regular food .

Question 35

An increased requirement for _____ during pregnancy is related to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells.

A)calcium and vitamin K
B)vitamin E and vitamin C
C)folate and vitamin B₁₂
D)protein and calcium
E)vitamin C and calcium

Question 36

Jane does not eat many fruits and vegetables, and she dislikes dairy products. To increase her folate and calcium intake, you would recommend that she consume plenty of:

A)yogurt.
B)calcium-fortified orange juice.
C)calcium-fortified cheese.
D)enriched grains.
E)calcium-fortified milk.

Question 37

Nora, who is pregnant, awakens at 2:00 a.m. craving pickles and chocolate sauce. The craving probably indicates that she:

A)drank too much coffee last night.
B)drank too much alcohol last night.
C)needs some nutrients that are found in pickles and chocolate sauce.
D)is experiencing hormone-induced changes in taste.
E)is seriously lacking in sodium and carbohydrates .

Question 38

Which nutrients are typically found in greater quantities in prenatal supplements compared to regular vitamin/mineral supplements?

A)sodium, potassium, chloride
B)thiamin, niacin, riboflavin
C)folate, iron, calcium
D)folate, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin A
E)folate, calcium, magnesium

Question 39

For vegetarian women during pregnancy, meeting the recommendation for food energy each day and including generous servings of protein-containing plant foods are:

A)not as necessary.
B)imperative.
C)not a concern.
D)overrated.
E)optional.

Question 40

An obese women should gain between _____ pounds during pregnancy.

A)5 and 7
B)11 and 20
C)17 and 24
D)25 and 35
E)35 and 40

Question 41

Alcohol concentration in breast milk peaks within _____ after ingestion of even moderate amounts.

A)one-half hour
B)one hour
C)twenty minutes
D)ten minutes
E)just two minutes

Question 42

Infants who are _____ experience a wide array of health problems-poor growth, hearing impairment, vomiting, breathing difficulties, and even unexplained death.

A)"smoked and smothered"
B)"smoked out"
C)"smoked over"
D)"smoked under"
E)"smoking guns"

Question 43

Practices that should be avoided during pregnancy include:

A)smoking cigarettes and consuming alcohol.
B)smoking cigarettes, consuming alcohol, and consuming caffeine.
C)consuming alcohol only.
D)smoking cigarettes, consuming alcohol, exercise, and consuming fat.
E)smoking cigarettes only.

Question 44

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Dietetic Association support exclusive breastfeeding until an infant is _____ months old.

A)3
B)6
C)9
D)12
E)15

Question 45

If a lactating woman's diet is poor, her milk:

A)volume will be normal but the nutrient quality will be poor.
B)will be thin and watery.
C)quality will be maintained at the expense of maternal stores.
D)will contain toxic products.
E)quality will diminish exponentially over time.

Question 46

The most common cause of maternal mortality in developed countries is:

A)gestational hypertension.
B)eclampsia.
C)gestational diabetes.
D)preeclampsia.
E)chronic hypertension.

Question 47

Alcohol easily enters breast milk and can adversely affect the _____ of breast milk.

A)production, volume, composition, and ejection
B)production, ejection, and quality
C)production, volume, and contraindication
D)production, quality, and quantity
E)production, elimination, and expression

Question 48

To meet her increased energy needs, a breastfeeding woman is advised to consume an extra _____ kcalories per day until her infant is 6 months old.

A)230
B)330
C)430
D)530
E)630

Question 49

The _____ surrounds and cradles the fetus, cushioning it with fluids.

A)amniotic sac
B)cervix
C)placenta
D)blastocyst
E)umbilical cord

Question 50

What is an adverse effect of smoking during lactation? ​

A)excess milk production
B)type 2 diabetes
C)high weight gain in the baby
D)lower fat content in breast milk
E)higher fat content in breast milk

Question 51

The adverse effects of cigarette smoking by pregnant women include:

A)gestational diabetes.
B)inability to breastfeed.
C)nicotine resistance.
D)slowed growth in the fetus.
E)excessive maternal weight gain.

Question 52

In which situation should a mother refrain from breastfeeding?

A)use of birth control pills
B)an ordinary cold
C)drug addiction
D)moderate coffee consumption
E)a vegan diet

Question 53

Because of concern about mercury contamination, pregnant women are advised to avoid:

A)king mackerel.
B)shrimp.
C)catfish.
D)flounder.
E)clams.

Question 54

In which year was infant mortality the highest?

A)1915
B)1960
C)1980
D)2010
E)2020

Question 55

A woman who has an active, infectious case of _____ should not breastfeed.

A)angioplasty
B)the common cold
C)lupus
D)tuberculosis
E)sarcopenia

Question 56

The warning signs of preeclampsia include:

A)low blood iron and ketonuria.
B)glucosuria and hyperactivity.
C)hypertension and proteinuria.
D)diabetes and ketonuria.
E)low blood iron and edema.

Question 57

How many trimesters is a pregnancy cycle divided into?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)five

Question 58

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics  recommend that infants breastfeed with complementary foods for the first _____ months of life.

A)3
B)4
C)6
D)12
E)15

Question 59

Herbal supplements during pregnancy:

A)are generally considered safe.
B)do not need to be discussed with the physician because they can be purchased over the counter.
C)are not recommended due to lack of evidence about their safety and effectiveness.
D)are recommended for relieving nausea.
E)can only be prescribed by a doctor.

Question 60

A man's nutrition may affect his _____ and possibly the genetic contributions he makes to his children.

A)fermentation
B)flocculation
C)fertility
D)fidelity
E)functionality

Question 61

Milk is forced to the front of the breast when an infant begins to nurse. This is called the:

A)rooting reflex
B)rooting reflex.
C)infant grasp.
D)letdown reflex.
E)pumping reflex.

Question 62

The developing infant from eight weeks after conception until its birth is called a(n):

A)fetus.
B)embryo.
C)ovum.
D)blastocyst.
E)lanugo.

Question 63

To encourage breastfeeding, maternity facilities would be wise to adopt which of these policies?

A)Give artificial nipples or pacifiers to breastfeeding infants.
B)Help mothers initiate breastfeeding as early as one week after birth.
C)Train all health care staff in the skills necessary to implement the breastfeeding policy.
D)Force mothers to breastfeed their infants even when they are asleep.
E)Keep babies in the nursery until feeding time to allow new mothers to rest.

Question 64

A surgical childbirth, in which the infant is taken through an incision in the woman's abdomen is called a(n):

A)collateral excision.
B)ectopic extraction.
C)cutaway birth.
D)cesarean section.
E)critical period.

Question 67

How long should the infant be encouraged to nurse on each breast?

A)two to four minutes
B)four to eight minutes
C)until the infant has obtained half of the appropriate amount of milk
D)as long as the infant wishes
E)until the breast is depleted of milk

Question 68

A major deterrent to breastfeeding is:

A)fear and social anxiety.
B)the medical community's failure to encourage breastfeeding.
C)the difficulty in breastfeeding for working mothers.
D)post-partum depression.
E)the anti-breastfeeding stance of the Dairy Farmers of America.

Question 71

The ideal time for the first breastfeeding is:

A)immediately after delivery.
B)one hour after delivery .
C)four hours after delivery.
D)the next day after delivery .
E)three days after delivery.

Question 73

The developing infant from two to eight weeks after conception is called a(n):

A)fetus.
B)embryo.
C)ovum.
D)blastocyst.
E)lanugo.

Question 74

In the United States, about _____ of infants are still breastfeeding at one year of age.

A)10%
B)25%
C)35%
D)50%
E)60%

Question 75

Women of limited financial means may eat diets too low in _____, iron, vitamins A and C, and protein.

A)copper
B)phosphorus
C)calcium
D)magnesium
E)selenium

Question 77

Mothers should breastfeed their infants:

A)on demand.
B)every four hours.
C)as soon as she can feel that the milk has been replenished.
D)no more than 5 times in a 24 hour period.
E)every 30 minutes.

Question 78

An increase in blood supply to the placenta can result in about _____ of increased weight during pregnancy.

A)four grams
B)one-half pounds
C)three pounds
D)four ounces
E)four pounds