Deck 5: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

define the following term:
skepticism

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

What were the chief characteristics of popular religion in the eighteenth century?

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

To what extent did "high culture" and "popular culture" influence one another?

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

Compare and contrast baroque and Rococo art and architecture.

Question 5

define the following term:
Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Question 6

Who were the philosophes? What common characteristics did they have?

Question 7

How did Kant define the Enlightenment? What differences did he see between his time and earlier periods?

Question 8

How did the Enlightenment contribute to changes in European judicial systems?

Question 9

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau mean by the "general will"? What kind of government did he advocate?

Question 10

Discuss the significance and the influence of John Locke and Isaac Newton on the Enlightenment.

Question 11

define the following term:
reason

Question 12

define the following term:
separation of powers

Question 13

What role did the salon hostess play in the dissemination of Enlightenment ideas?

Question 14

define the following term:
philosophes

Question 15

define the following term:
John Locke's tabula rasa

Question 16

Define "high culture." In what ways was high culture expressed in the eighteenth century?

Question 17

define the following term:
cosmopolitan

Question 18

On what grounds did Mary Wollstonecraft challenge conventional eighteenth-century ideas about women's nature and their proper social roles?

Question 19

define the following term:
Montesquieu

Question 20

define the following term:
Immanuel Kant

Question 21

define the following term:
Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Question 22

define the following term:
Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Question 23

define the following term:
Denis Diderot

Question 24

define the following term:
Adam Smith

Question 25

define the following term:
Francois Quesnay

Question 26

define the following term:
economic liberalism

Question 27

define the following term:
salons

Question 28

define the following term:
popular culture

Question 29

define the following term:
Voltaire

Question 30

define the following term:
Antoine Watteau

Question 31

define the following term:
Physiocrats

Question 32

define the following term:
Wealth of Nations

Question 33

define the following term:
cultural relativism

Question 34

define the following term:
Émile

Question 35

define the following term:
Rococo

Question 36

define the following term:
deism

Question 37

define the following term:
Marie-Therese de Geoffrin

Question 38

define the following term:
laissez-faire

Question 39

define the following term:
Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 40

define the following term:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 41

define the following term:
Johann Sebastian Bach

Question 42

define the following term:
Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 43

define the following term:
high culture

Question 44

define the following term:
Versailles

Question 45

define the following term:
Cesare Beccaria

Question 46

define the following term:
The Social Contract and the general will

Question 47

define the following term:
feminism

Question 48

define the following term:
Enlightenment

Question 49

define the following term:
Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws

Question 50

define the following term:
Franz Joseph Haydn

Question 51

define the following term:
Carnival

Question 52

define the following term:
Voltaire's Treatise on Toleration

Question 53

define the following term:
George Frederick Handel

Question 54

define the following term:
Ashkenazic Jews

Question 55

define the following term:
Joseph II

Question 56

define the following term:
gin

Question 57

define the following term:
pogroms

Question 58

define the following term:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Question 59

define the following term:
Sephardic Jews

Question 60

define the following term:
Romanticism

Question 61

As a deist, Voltaire likened the universe to a

A)human being.
B)clock.
C)wild animal.
D)unsolvable riddle.
E)delicious meal.

Question 62

Supporters of polygenesis believed that

A)there were a number of separate human species.
B)there was only one human species.
C)the earth had been created by more than one god.
D)truth could only be discovered through the embrace of all religions.
E)racial differences were largely an illusion.

Question 63

Whose voyages in the Pacific Ocean were a major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century?

A)James Cook
B)Ferdinand de Lesseps
C)Zheng He
D)David Hume
E)Ferdinand Magellan

Question 64

From which segment of society did most of the French philosophes come?

A)The nobility and the middle class
B)The lower class and the lower middle class
C)Aristocracy and nobility
D)Urban artisans and craftsmen
E)Merchants and tradesmen

Question 65

With which of the following statements would Voltaire have agreed?

A)Women have no place in intellectual life.
B)The universe is a wild and unpredictable thing.
C)Jesus was a good man, but he was not divine.
D)God directs the lives of every individual.
E)Faith is more important than reason.

Question 66

Which statement best describes the French philosophes?

A)They flourished in an atmosphere of government support.
B)They sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines beyond philosophy.
C)They were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
D)They supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.
E)They were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

Question 67

The Plurality of Worlds used a dialogue between an aristocratic lady and her lover to explain

A)the mechanistic universe.
B)religious toleration.
C)the power of reason.
D)absolute monarchy.
E)human nature.

Question 68

Who advocated natural economic laws as the leader of the Physiocrats?

A)Denis Diderot
B)Adam Smith
C)Francois Quesnay
D)Cesare Beccaria
E)David Hume

Question 69

What was the main purpose of the Encyclopedia , according to Diderot?

A)To get the uneducated masses to respect authority
B)To usher in God's kingdom on earth
C)To dispute the claims of science
D)To exacerbate the hedonism of his peers
E)To change the general way of thinking

Question 70

What most closely describes the contributions of Isaac Newton and John Locke to the Enlightenment?

A)They created two antagonistic religious systems of thought.
B)They provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
C)They claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly.
D)They said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified.
E)They had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

Question 71

With what characteristic was every person born, according to John Locke?

A)A passion for evil
B)Love in their heart
C)The image of God in their mind's eye
D)A blank mind
E)A mixture of their parent's beliefs and values

Question 72

Which scientist-philosopher provided a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the 18^th century?

A)Voltaire
B)Diderot
C)Montesquieu
D)Beccaria
E)Fontenelle

Question 73

____ religion and growing secularization were important factors in the emergence of the Enlightenment.

A)A new devotion to
B)Skepticism toward
C)The absolute rejection of
D)A renewed faith in
E)The embrace of traditional

Question 74

Baron Paul d'Holbach believed that

A)emotion was more important than reason.
B)traditional values were always best.
C)religious revival was Europe's only hope.
D)God was like a clockmaker.
E)God did not exist.

Question 75

define the following term:
John Wesley and Methodism

Question 76

Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws ?

A)Mary Wollstonecraft
B)Denis Diderot
C)Voltaire
D)Montesquieu
E)John Locke

Question 77

How did Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, define the Enlightenment?

A)"Man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"
B)"The end of tyranny"
C)"A new era of equality for all"
D)"A false intimation of future woes"
E)"The proxy for real progress"

Question 78

According to Montesquieu, there were three basic types of governments: republican, monarchical, and

A)imperial.
B)socialist.
C)despotic.
D)democratic.
E)oligarchical.

Question 79

What is the main idea of deism?

A)It posits that religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious.
B)It suggests that if God exists, he has no interest in the world.
C)It argues that God created the universe, but has no direct involvement in it.
D)It suggests that a transcendent spirit controls every event.
E)It argues that praying matters.

Question 80

Which city was the recognized capital of the Enlightenment?

A)Geneva
B)Berlin
C)London
D)Vienna
E)Paris