Deck 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

Question 1

Did the Industrial Revolution create entirely new collective identities in the form of distinct classes? How did these classes differ from former social groupings?

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

How did railroads accelerate the process of industrialization? Would industrialization have continued at a rapid pace if railroads developed more slowly?

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? What forces drove it? Explain.

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

What factors contributed to the industrialization of the United States in the nineteenth century?

Question 5

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
cottage industry

Question 6

How did industrialization affect social life, city life, family life, and standards of living?

Question 7

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Richard Trevithick

Question 8

What were working conditions like for factory workers in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Question 9

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
coal

Question 10

How did the process of industrialization on the continent differ from the process of industrialization in Britain?

Question 11

What point were the British trying to make with the Great Exhibition of 1851?

Question 12

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
canals

Question 13

What were the goals of the Chartists? How successful were they in achieving these goals?

Question 14

What role did the middle classes play in the process of industrialization? How did the rise of industrialization influence the nature of social classes?

Question 15

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Industrial Revolution

Question 16

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
James Hargreaves' spinning jenny

Question 17

Who gained most from the early Industrial Revolution, and whose lives were most adversely affected? Why?

Question 18

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
James Watt and the steam engine

Question 19

How did technological advances lead to the advent of the factory system of manufacturing? Include some of the more important technological improvements in your answer, and state what changes they enabled.

Question 20

What attitudes and lifestyle defined the new industrial middle class?

Question 21

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
steamboats

Question 22

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
domestic servants

Question 23

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Public Health Act

Question 24

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
capital

Question 25

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
the Great Famine

Question 26

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
bourgeoisie

Question 27

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Great Exhibition of 1851

Question 28

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
the workhouse

Question 29

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
suburbs

Question 30

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
interchangeable parts

Question 31

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
trade unions

Question 32

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
factory acts

Question 33

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Luddites

Question 34

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
the People's Charter

Question 35

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
child labor

Question 36

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
railroads

Question 37

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
the factory

Question 38

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Britain's Poor Law Commission

Question 39

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
the Poor Law of 1834

Question 40

In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin?

A)France
B)Belgium
C)Prussia
D)the United States
E)Great Britain

Question 41

Britain's emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all of the following EXCEPT

A)a rapid population growth and a surplus pool of labor.
B)the agricultural revolution of the eighteenth century.
C)a ready supply of domestic and colonial markets.
D)Parliament's heavy and controlling involvement in private enterprise.
E)a developed financial system.

Question 42

The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following EXCEPT

A)canals.
B)roads.
C)bridges.
D)internal customs posts.
E)railroads.

Question 43

Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cotton manufacturing?

A)Arkwright's spinning frame.
B)Hargreaves' spinning jenny.
C)Cartwright's power loom.
D)Compton's mule.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 44

As Britain produced cotton quickly and cheaply with the aid of steam engines, which country could no longer compete?

A)India
B)America
C)France
D)Algeria
E)Russia

Question 45

The development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution was important in

A)increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering.
B)increasing the size of markets and the price of goods.
C)bringing about the demise of joint-stock companies.
D)defeating Napoleon.
E)making London a great port city.

Question 46

The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution

A)was rejected by evangelical religions as being "unchristian."
B)was basically a continuation from the cottage industry system.
C)was never adopted by the working class.
D)relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.
E)was inspired by the examples of Belgium and France.

Question 47

Who invented the spinning jenny?

A)Richard Hargreaves
B)James Watts
C)Benjamin Franklin
D)Richard Arkwright
E)Matthew Boulton

Question 48

What was true of Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century?

A)It could not keep up with French textile production.
B)It was inspired by the textile industry found in the United States.
C)It declined due to the lack of technical innovation.
D)It immediately declined with the success of the Industrial Revolution.
E)It was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.

Question 49

The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by

A)the urgent need to solve the great poverty in the eighteenth century.
B)the failure of the cottage industry.
C)entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.
D)the industrialization of the Dutch and French.
E)the economic and technological needs engendered by the French Revolution.

Question 50

What did Richard Trevithick pioneer in 1804?

A)An oil-fired locomotive
B)The steering wheel for trains
C)The first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line
D)The first electric-powered locomotive for military use
E)The motion-picture camera

Question 51

In the early eighteenth century, new methods of smelting ____ were devised using coke that was made by slowly burning coal.

A)bronze
B)silver
C)tin
D)copper
E)iron

Question 52

In which business segment did Britain's first step toward the Industrial Revolution occur?

A)Cotton textile industry
B)Wool textile industry
C)Iron industry
D)Railroad industry
E)Mining industry

Question 53

In the new factory system, workers - many of whom were formerly agricultural laborers - had to adjust to

A)urban environments.
B)taking orders from a boss.
C)standing on their feet all day.
D)working specific, regular hours.
E)being cooped up indoors.

Question 54

By 1850, trains could reach speeds of ____ miles per hour.

A)50
B)20
C)125
D)80
E)170

Question 55

For which invention, vital to the Industrial Revolution, is James Watt known?

A)The spinning jenny
B)The mule-powered Newcomen engine
C)A rotary steam engine that could drive factory machines
D)The first steam-powered locomotive
E)The power loom

Question 56

Upon which resource was Great Britain dependent for the success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution?

A)Timber
B)Coal
C)Water power
D)Electricity
E)Copper

Question 57

British exports ____ between 1660 and 1760.

A)fell by 80 percent
B)increased ten-fold
C)fell by 50 percent
D)quadrupled
E)doubled

Question 58

What was the name of the iron smelting process developed by Englishman Henry Cort?

A)Puddling
B)Cottling
C)Open hearth
D)Skimming
E)Corking

Question 59

By the late eighteenth century, Britain had

A)all but fully industrialized.
B)a declining population.
C)a ready supply of capital for investment in new enterprises.
D)a pressing desire to catch up to and surpass Prussia in the race to industrialize.
E)a fully democratic government in which all adult citizens could vote.

Question 60

What allowed steam engines to be located away from rivers?

A)They were small and hence portable.
B)They could access water via irrigation channels.
C)They ran on coal.
D)They ran on oil.
E)They ran on electricity.

Question 61

What began to replace steamboats as a viable mode of transportation in the United States after the Civil War?

A)Bicycles
B)Personal automobiles
C)Rickshaws
D)Trains
E)Horses

Question 62

What is correct about the European population in 1850?

A)It could not be closely approximated as government statistics were not yet kept.
B)It was close to figures from 1800.
C)It was over 58 million.
D)It was over 173 million.
E)It was over 265 million.

Question 63

Which continental nations were the first to establish a comprehensive railroad system?

A)France and Italy
B)Belgium and Germany
C)Prussia and Poland
D)Russia and Austria
E)the Scandinavian countries

Question 64

A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British industries obey the owner's factory discipline was

A)the promise of increased wages.
B)deportation to the colonies.
C)heavy fines for lost time.
D)lectures and schooling in the rules to parents.
E)repeated beatings.

Question 65

In the first half of the nineteenth century, Irish peasants depended on ____ for their survival.

A)oats
B)barley
C)corn
D)potatoes
E)wheat

Question 66

Which European nation lagged furthest behind in industrialization in 1870?

A)Germany
B)Belgium
C)The Netherlands
D)France
E)Russia

Question 67

Friedrich List showed how Germany could catch up with British industry by

A)using serfs to provide cheap labor in factories.
B)paying workers extremely high wages, as Henry Ford would later do.
C)protecting infant industries with high tariffs.
D)freeing private enterprise from government interference.
E)conquering neighboring countries to provide captive markets.

Question 68

Who established the first textile factory using water-powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in 1790?

A)Samuel Slater
B)Richard Arkwright
C)Eli Whitney
D)Samuel Newcomen
E)John Brown

Question 69

Where on the European continent did industrialization begin first?

A)Spain and Italy
B)Belgium, France and Germany
C)Russia and Sweden
D)Sweden and Denmark
E)Russia

Question 70

From where did most of the labor for America's growing number of factories come in the first half of the nineteenth century?

A)Great Britain
B)The urban northeast
C)Slaves from the south
D)Rural New England
E)Children from Germany

Question 71

What did Britain attempt to do in order to maintain its industrial monopoly?

A)Export fewer goods to continental countries.
B)Prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad.
C)Limit financial investment overseas.
D)Increase tariffs to keep out foreign manufactured goods.
E)Permanently dismantle its empire.

Question 72

How did the rise of the industrial factory system deeply affect the lives and status of workers?

A)They were often paid in kind.
B)They became wage laborers.
C)They were less vulnerable to more rapid cycles of economic boom and bust.
D)They got both good wages and many fringe benefits unknown before.
E)They became serfs, legally tied to factories.

Question 73

The Great Exhibition of 1851 showcased

A)the solidarity of the working classes.
B)France's sophistication and cultural leadership.
C)Britain's wealth.
D)the rapid industrialization of the United States.
E)the ideas of social reformers.

Question 74

In 1800, the United States was a(n)

A)agrarian country.
B)industrial power.
C)global military giant.
D)tiny country of less than 10,000 people.
E)net exporter of manufactured goods.

Question 75

Under whose control did much of India fall in the early nineteenth century?

A)The Dutch East India Company
B)The French Foreign Legion
C)The Qing dynasty of China
D)The British East India Company
E)The United States military

Question 76

The early center of American industrialization was

A)the South.
B)the Midwest.
C)the Northwest.
D)the Northeast.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 77

What was one of the differences between British and Continental industrialization?

A)The government played a larger role in British industrialization.
B)Britain relied upon railroads while Continental nations primarily made use of rivers and canals.
C)The government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.
D)Continental industrialization relied more upon textile manufacturing than did Britain.
E)Continental industrialization began much earlier than British industrialization.

Question 78

One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of

A)banking facilities.
B)roads and means of transportation.
C)manpower.
D)capital for investment.
E)political will.

Question 79

Under the American system, the use of ____ helped reduce costs and increase production.

A)child labor
B)interchangeable parts
C)synthetic materials
D)slave labor
E)wage and price controls

Question 80

What best describes industrial development on the continent before 1850?

A)Industry used serfs to provide cheap labor in factories.
B)Industries paid workers extremely high wages, as Henry Ford would later do.
C)Older forms of manufacturing were combined with new forms.
D)Governments did not intervene in private enterprise.
E)States tried to conquer neighboring countries to provide captive markets.