Deck 3: Power and Ideology

Question 1

In Great Britain, the queen plays a ceremonial role but has little say in governance. This is an example of a constitutional monarchy.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Bossuet's idea that monarchies, as representatives of God's will, could rule absolutely, ignoring the will and well-being of their subjects is called

A) inalienable rights.
B) the divine rights of kings.
C) natural law.
D) a social contract.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Communism is a strain of the larger ideological movement of socialism.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Fascists often see the nation-state as an organic whole.

Question 5

In a traditional economic system, established over the long-term guide how individuals and groups allocate scarce resources.

Question 6

Inalienable rights are granted by government and belong to individuals by virtue of their natural human condition.

Question 7

Natural law is the premise that the laws that govern human behavior come from the nature of humans themselves, but cannot be universally applied.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a way that ideologies function to control people's behavior?

A) Reward individual creativity
B) Provide standards of right and wrong
C) Motivate people to social and political action
D) Describe the character of human beings in society

Question 9

Fascism strives for totality of power in which all sectors of society-education, labor, art, science-are incorporated into the state and serve the purposes of the state.

Question 10

Marx asserted that only a violent revolution would place the capitalists in power.

Question 11

Fundamentally, socialism means public ownership of the means of production, distribution, and service.

Question 12

Classical liberalism emphasized the rational ability of human beings to determine their own destinies, and it advocated ideas, practices, and institutions that submerged individuals into a larger whole and deprived them of their essential dignity.

Question 13

China, North Korea and Cuba are examples of which type of government?

A) Oligarchy
B) Democracy
C) Monarchy
D) Command

Question 14

Nationalization involves government seizure of industries from private owners.

Question 15

According to libertarianism, government should take a "hands-off" approach in most matters.

Question 16

Communism asserts the individual's right to own property and to buy, sell, rent, and trade in a free market.

Question 17

Socialists believe that wealth must be redistributed by a nonviolent transfer of all holdings to the government and that a socialist society must be governed by a true democracy.

Question 18

Genocide is the mass murder of people based on their racial, national, or ethnic origins.

Question 19

In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx included the revolutionary rallying call "Workers of the world, unite. You have nothing to lose but your chains."

Question 20

The first sentence of the Communist Manifesto exclaims, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of natural laws."

Question 21

Socialism and communism share the belief that

A) democracy is inherently unfair.
B) the republican form of government underrepresents minorities and women.
C) a dictatorship of the proletariat is a necessary step in the economic liberation of the masses.
D) the free market system exploits the masses while providing an abundance of wealth for the privileged few.

Question 22

Classical liberalism looks with suspicion on government as a potential source of "interference" with personal freedom, but modern liberalism looks on the power of the government as a positive force used to contribute to

A) the elimination of social and economic conditions that adversely affect people's lives.
B) the basic premise of laissez-faire.
C) the overall economic growth of all citizens.
D) none of these.

Question 23

Communists believe that the mode of production creates the class structure, the political system, religion, education, family life, law, and art and literature. This idea is called

A) socialism.
B) economic freedom.
C) economic determinism.
D) capitalism.

Question 24

The core idea of socialism is

A) collective ownership.
B) condemnation of the capitalist system.
C) a society without government class struggle.
D) class struggle.

Question 25

__________ is an ideology that asserts the supremacy of the nation or race over the interests of the individual.

A) Democracy
B) Fascism
C) Communism
D) Capitalism

Question 26

Laissez-faire emphasizes a hands-off approach to government intervention in economic affairs and is part of which ideology?

A) Socialism
B) Classic liberalism
C) Totalitarianism
D) Capitalism

Question 27

Marx urged workers to organize for revolutionary action. He asserted that only violent revolution will place the proletariat in power so they can set up the dictatorship of the proletariat to do which of the following?

A) Rationalize a way of life
B) Provide standards of right and wrong
C) Motivate people to social and political action
D) Protect their class interests

Question 28

John Locke's ideas about inalienable rights influenced Thomas Jefferson to include which of the following as God-given rights in the Declaration of Independence?

A) Life, love, and liberty
B) Life, liberty, and food
C) Life, liberty, and happiness
D) Liberty, happiness, and employment

Question 29

Locke asserted that human beings form a social contract to establish a __________ to protect their rights.

A) government
B) revolution
C) defense department
D) criminal justice system

Question 30

According to Marx, a revolution of the proletariat will ultimately result in a classless society in which

A) natural rights must be safeguarded.
B) there is no need for government.
C) the proletariat will govern themselves through a "dictatorship of the proletariat."
D) the class struggle will weaken the capitalists and result in a utopia.

Question 31

Conservatives hold that people are rational beings, but that they are also victims of passion-and, rationalism is not sufficient to guide action. Thus, which of the following are needed for the realization of human purposes?

A) Police states
B) Stronger military forces
C) Totalitarian principles
D) Law, tradition, and morality

Question 32

Capitalism asserts the individual's right to own private property and to buy, sell, rent, and trade in a free market. The economic version of this liberty is the freedom to do which of the following?

A) Make contracts
B) Bargain for one's services
C) Move from job to job
D) All of these

Question 33

Libertarianism can be found to the right of conservatism on a traditional ideological spectrum. Libertarians believe that

A) the more government, the better.
B) government should be abolished.
C) the less government intervention, the better.
D) that government should foster a social agenda.

Question 34

Socialists envision a gradual change from private to public ownership of property. This process involves government seizure of industries from private owners and is known as

A) nationalization.
B) revolution.
C) a constitutional amendment.
D) the merging of race and nation.

Question 35

Classical liberalism as a political ideology is closely related to capitalism as a(n) _________ ideology.

A) economic
B) philosophic
C) political
D) religious

Question 36

Modern liberals believe that true equality of opportunity cannot be achieved where significant numbers of people suffer from hunger, remediable illness, or extreme hardships in the conditions of life. They support political equality and support government efforts to do which of the following?

A) Promote the rights of the rich
B) End class struggle
C) Bring socialism to the United States
D) Reduce various inequalities in society

Question 37

The goal of the fascist state is the

A) welfare of the mass of people.
B) development of a superior race of humans.
C) primacy of the Fascist Party over everything else.
D) triumph of the working class over the bourgeoisie.

Question 38

According to communists, the _________ determines the class structure and the political system.

A) mode of production
B) proletariat
C) class struggle
D) Communist Manifesto

Question 39

The premise that the laws that govern human behavior come from the nature of humans themselves and can be universally applied is known as

A) inalienable rights.
B) the divine rights of kings.
C) natural law.
D) a social contract.

Question 40

The class that owns the mode of production is in the dominant position and exploits the other classes. This exploitation creates antagonism, or class struggle, which eventually bursts into

A) internal contradictions.
B) bloated markets.
C) cyclical depressions.
D) revolution.

Question 41

Today the system of government that always accompanies a free market is

A) republicanism.
B) democracy.
C) free trade.
D) classic liberalism.

Question 42

Totalitarianism is the incorporation of every sector of society into the state. Fascism strives for totality of power in which all sectors of society-education, labor, art, science-are incorporated into the state and serve

A) God.
B) the people.
C) the rich.
D) the state.

Question 43

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a ________ monarchy because the monarch is both the ceremonial and the governmental head of state.

Question 44

The murder of millions of Jews, gypsies, Catholics, homosexuals, and the disabled was carried out in Nazi death camps during the Holocaust. This mass murder, or genocide, was carried out because these groups of people

A) owed money to the government.
B) ran illegal enterprises.
C) were considered inferior and defilers of German racial purity.
D) had openly declared revolution against Hitler.

Question 45

A ________ economic system is one in which the government decides how resources are distributed, what products are produced, the price of these products, and the price of labor.

Question 46

Explain how modern liberalism rationalizes and justifies much of the growth of the United States in the twentieth century.

Question 47

Gorbachev is the former Soviet leader who was closely associated with perestroika ("restructuring") and glasnost ("openness"). These economic and political reforms threatened

A) peaceful relations with the United States.
B) to spread communism worldwide.
C) powerful interests in the Soviet state.
D) to trigger another holocaust.

Question 48

The __________was the murder of millions of Jews, as well as millions belonging to other religious, ethnic, and cultural groups, in Nazi death camps during World War II.

Question 49

__________ is race and nation united.

Question 50

Define and give examples of the three types of government identified in the chapter.

Question 51

The supremacy of the nation over the individual is a component of _________.

Question 52

Communism collapsed in Russia and Eastern Europe in 1989. Which of the following does not suggest a reason why communism collapsed?

A) Inability to provide an adequate standard of living
B) Destruction of the individual's incentive to work
C) Loss in the trust of people
D) Compatibility with democracy

Question 53

__________ is an integrated system of ideas or beliefs that rationalizes and justifies the exercise of power, influencing how power is exercised.

Question 54

The goal of the fascist state is the development of a __________ of human beings.

Question 55

Neofascism today can be observed in some extremist movements in Germany, France, Great Britain, and the United States. Extremist parties frequently echo fascist themes in which of the following ways?

A) Aggressive patriotism
B) Calls for a revolution
C) Preaching tolerance
D) Advocating for minorities

Question 56

Rights not granted by government but belonging to individuals by virtue of their natural human condition are __________.

Question 57

Describe the relationship between classical liberalism and modern conservatism.

Question 58

Anti-Semitism is a hatred of and prejudice against __________.

Question 59

The United States has a vital continuing interest in promoting democracy and economic reform in Russia because

A) Russia has unlimited oil reserves.
B) Russia has the nuclear capability to destroy the United States.
C) Russia participates in cultural exchanges with the United States.
D) None of the above is true.

Question 60

The idea that government arises from an implied contract among people as a means of protecting their rights is called a _________.

Question 61

Discuss the influence of British philosopher Thomas Hobbes on modern conservatism.

Question 62

Discuss the role of the major leaders in the history of the rise of communism in Russia. How were the ideologies that eventually led to the rise of communism at least partly responsible for its collapse?

Question 63

Describe the relationship between the political ideology of classical liberalism and the economic ideology of capitalism.

Question 64

Explain the link between the goals of the fascist state, anti-Semitism, and the Holocaust.

Question 65

What is the dictatorship of the proletariat?

Question 66

Explain the evolutionary view of social progress set forth by conservatism.

Question 67

Describe the main differences in the liberal and conservative views on economic policy, crime, social policy, and national security policy.

Question 68

Compare and contrast the central planning in a socialist state with the free market system of a capitalistic society.

Question 69

How might liberals and conservatives vary on their answers to the question "to what extent should government be involved in people's everyday lives"?

Question 70

Describe the power structure of a fascist regime.

Question 71

Explain the modern liberal view of the relationship between the role of government and the concept of equality of opportunity.