Deck 1: Foundations

Question 1

Work tasks in hunting and gathering societies

A)were divided into very specialized tasks.
B)were divided according to gender and age.
C)were the basis for distinctions based on social class.
D)were nonexistent.
E)involved the use of slaves.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following statements about bureaucracy is true?

A)A bureaucracy is a hierarchy based on personal authority and charisma.
B)Bureaucracies are highly inefficient by nature.
C)A bureaucracy is characterized by standardized rules and procedures.
D)By definition, a bureaucracy can exist only in the government or not-for-profit sector.
E)Bureaucracies exist only in Europe and the United States.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In early industrialization, women and children were employed because

A)there were no schools.
B)it was acceptable to pay them less.
C)they accepted harsh discipline in factories.
D)both a and c
E)both b and c

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The most significant innovation to bring about mass production was

A)the metal plow.
B)the assembly line.
C)electricity.
D)sewage systems.
E)the printing press.

Question 5

Which type of society is characterized by the least material inequality (smallest social stratification)?

A)postindustrial society
B)monopoly capitalism
C)merchant capitalism
D)feudal society
E)hunting and gathering society

Question 6

The most fundamental change over time in the nature of work is

A)increasing division of labor.
B)development of technology.
C)characteristics of the people in labor force.
D)conditions of labor such as working time.
E)type of government.

Question 7

In describing the history of work, Hodson and Sullivan use a developmental model to argue that __________ and __________ determine the nature of society and set the stage for the next development.

A)class structure; population size
B)social organization; technology
C)ideologies; the division of labor
D)the degree of alienation; the size of markets
E)economic surplus; working conditions

Question 8

The "putting out" industry was so called because

A)the artisans "put out" their finished products to be sold in street stalls and small shops.
B)merchants "put out" the raw materials to be worked up by the artisans.
C)each region "put out" their own specialty.
D)it put guilds out of business.
E)merchants who were disadvantaged by the industry were said to feel "put out."

Question 9

In a postindustrial society,

A)no one uses manufactured things.
B)agricultural employment grows.
C)monopoly capitalism withers away.
D)a smaller fraction of the labor force engages in manufacturing.
E)national productivity declines.

Question 10

Industrial capitalism (the factory system) was accompanied by

A)stopping emigration to the colonies.
B)the introduction of machinery.
C)a decrease in the division of labor.
D)greater attention to workers' conditions.
E)the emancipation of women through participation in the workforce.

Question 11

An ideology is a

A)political manifesto.
B)type of bureaucracy.
C)set of ideas that justify economic arrangements.
D)factory that does not use an assembly line.
E)knowledge worker.

Question 12

An oligopoly refers to

A)many buyers for a product.
B)many workers employed at a site.
C)relatively few producers of a product.
D)the financing plan for large companies.
E)any large company.

Question 13

Social organization refers to the

A)use of rules and the creation of precisely defined job positions.
B)classification of occupations.
C)regulation of technology.
D)laws that regulate wages, hours, and working conditions.
E)relationships among all those involved in work.

Question 14

The division of labor is highest in which type of society?

A)hunting and gathering
B)feudal
C)industrial
D)advanced industrial
E)imperial societies

Question 15

Which of the following is not associated with guilds?

A)encouraged destructive levels of competition
B)controlled training and job advancement
C)regulated prices of finished goods
D)regulated quality of finished goods
E)formed for mutual benefit of members

Question 16

Feudal society differs from agricultural society in that under the feudal system

A)taxes are extracted from peasants.
B)peasants are forced to labor on someone else's land.
C)the putting-out system replaces the guild system.
D)the first urban areas are established.
E)there is no social stratification.

Question 17

Compared with the traditional world, the modern world places more emphasis on

A)community.
B)conformity.
C)landed interests.
D)rational ways of thinking.
E)kinship and family relations.

Question 18

Which of the following is not characteristic of postindustrial society?

A)high agricultural productivity
B)rapid population growth
C)diverse employment opportunities
D)a growing service sector
E)rapidly changing knowledge-based technologies

Question 19

Imperial societies developed

A)the assembly line.
B)slave labor.
C)bureaucracy.
D)markets.
E)agriculture.

Question 20

In which of these societies was work regarded as a sacred ritual?

A)hunting and gathering societies
B)feudal system
C)merchant capitalism
D)mass production
E)postindustrial society

Question 21

Why did factory owners use women as workers in the early factory system?

A)Religious beliefs stressed the necessity for women to work to win salvation.
B)Using women as workers would ultimately decrease the rapid growth of the population.
C)Women held up better under the harsh conditions of factory life.
D)Women could be paid less than men.
E)Most men were in military service.

Question 22

The enclosure movement was associated with

A)an increase in sheep production.
B)the migration of rural workers to cities.
C)the development of factory labor.
D)both b and c
E)a, b, and c

Question 23

In the United States, agricultural productivity has increased over time.There is also a highly productive extractive sector, a large and productive manufacturing sector, and an increasing service sector.Given these characteristics, according to the textbook, what term best characterizes American society?

A)postindustrial society
B)monopoly capitalism
C)advanced industrial society
D)democratic capitalism
E)social democracy

Question 24

Markets in modern societies

A)are global in reach.
B)cover many more commodities used in daily life.
C)have replaced barter.
D)involve services as well as goods.
E)all of the above

Question 25

The contradictory nature of work is depicted by

A)the contrast between the situations of free workers and slaves.
B)the fact that work generates both goods and services.
C)the fact that both workers and managers can be described as working.
D)the fact that work produces both satisfaction and alienation.
E)the relationship of bureaucracy to technology.

Question 26

The earliest form of the system of wage labor typical of today was

A)craft guilds.
B)artisans.
C)peasant farmers.
D)putting-out.
E)corvee labor.

Question 27

Classical and contemporary theories of work are challenged by

A)rapid change in the nature of work.
B)the monetization of commodity production.
C)the development of bureaucracy.
D)the alienation of workers.
E)the creation of a class structure.

Question 28

Serfs are associated with

A)craft work in a city.
B)service work.
C)corvee labor.
D)craft work in ancient Rome.
E)sheep enclosures.

Question 29

Which of the following determines the nature of work at any given stage, according to the developmental model presented in the textbook?

A)the work ideology
B)the social relations of work
C)the nature of religious belief
D)the nature of scientific belief
E)the number of social classes

Question 30

Which of the following is most significant in the transition from industrial capitalism to postindustrial society?

A)immense productivity of mass-production system
B)decreasing international division of labor
C)increasing size of labor force
D)development of improved methods of transportation
E)harnessing of electricity

Question 31

The intense development of services is most consistent with which of the following characteristics of postindustrial society?

A)increased use of slaves
B)greater division of labor
C)greater consensus on work ideologies
D)reduced influence of scientific thought
E)homogeneity of workers

Question 32

Postindustrial society

A)has no ideology.
B)has no social relations of production.
C)has a highly complex division of labor.
D)has no remaining impact of religion.
E)has no social classes.

Question 33

The earliest form of capitalism to emerge was

A)peasant capitalism.
B)merchant capitalism.
C)imperial capitalism.
D)industrial capitalism.
E)monopoly capitalism.

Question 34

The social stratification of a society is most influenced by

A)the level of technology in services.
B)the number of women who work outside the home.
C)the number of factories per thousand workers.
D)the division of labor.
E)the ratio of unpaid to paid labor.

Question 35

Compared with traditional societies, modern societies are more likely to encourage

A)a balance of work and leisure.
B)more attention to religious practice.
C)conformity and solidarity.
D)diversity and competition.
E)controlled adoption of technology.