Deck 4: Class, Race, and Gender

Question 1

According to the text, a principal difference between Karl Marx and Max Weber
Was that

A)Marx argued that there would ultimately be four classes.
B)Weber believed that there would be a middle class that controlled some power.
C)Marx was concerned about political power and inherited social status.
D)Weber was concerned only about who controlled the means of production.
E)Weber did not discuss wage earners at all.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The practice of hiring only one minority group member to work in an office is called

A)affirmative action.
B)the quota system.
C)tokenism.
D)the glass ceiling.
E)discrimination.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Repeated, unwelcome behavior with a sexual content that creates a hostile, intimidating, or offensive working environment may be a form of

A)affirmative action.
B)environmental degradation.
C)occupational segregation.
D)sexual harassment.
E)comparable worth.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

People with access to only the last-skilled and most insecure jobs may be called the

A)middle class.
B)marginalized middle.
C)price makers.
D)underclass.
E)upwardly mobile.

Question 5

A group that has often experienced upward mobility is

A)the children of immigrants.
B)the underclass.
C)unskilled workers.
D)part-time workers.
E)divorced women.

Question 6

The legal basis for the elimination of employment discrimination is

A)the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.Constitution.
B)the bill of rights.
C)Title VII of the U.S.Civil Rights Act of 1964.
D)the Executive Order of 1962.
E)Brown v.Board of Education.

Question 7

Downsizing at a firm is one source of:

A)occupational inheritance.
B)cultural division of labor.
C)discrimination.
D)intergenerational mobility.
E)downward mobility

Question 8

Class, race, and gender are each examples of

A)an employment barrier
B)lawfully prohibited bases for discrimination
C)master social status
D)disadvantaged status
E)minority groups

Question 9

The historical or cultural pattern of assigning certain groups to perform certain
Work is called

A)intergenerational mobility.
B)downward mobility.
C)the cultural division of labor.
D)the glass ceiling.
E)white backlash.

Question 10

Affirmative Action among government contractors began as a result of:

A)the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
B)the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
C)a Supreme Court decision.
D)desegregation in the Armed Forces.
E)an executive order issued by President Johnson.

Question 11

Compared with lower and middle classes, the upper class is much more likely to have

A)wealth.
B)political influence.
C)the ability to pass economic benefits on to their children.
D)both a and c
E)a, b, and c

Question 12

The existence of a large proletariat is most consistent with the work of

A)Max Weber
B)William Julius Wilson
C)Karl Marx
D)Charles Tilly
E)Barbara Reskin

Question 13

According to Hodson and Sullivan, which of the bases of discrimination in hiring, pay, and promotions no longer plays a prominent role?

A)tokenism
B)stereotypic
C)subjective criteria
D)formal/legal discrimination
E)discrimination based on marriage and family responsibilities

Question 14

Occupational steering

A)is based on race, class and gender.
B)is so institutionalized that it is impossible to counter or change.
C)is a direct result of the opportunity structure.
D)is necessary for affirmative action programs to be successful.
E)is unrelated to occupational mobility.

Question 15

Intergenerational social mobility occurs when

A)a worker moves from one employer to another.
B)employers hire whites and members of minority groups equally.
C)a worker pursues an occupation different from that of their parents.
D)a worker's earnings are based on job performance.
E)both a and b

Question 16

"Employment at will" means that

A)a worker can be fired for any reason.
B)employers are not bound by discrimination laws.
C)employers are bound to honor contracts with workers.
D)most employees are guaranteed job security.
E)a worker is entitled to due process before disciplinary actions occur.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a subjective screening criterion?

A)self-confidence
B)possession of a high school diploma
C)a minimum age of 18 years
D)experience in sales work
E)knowledge of the Linux operating system

Question 18

Social classes differ from one another principally because of

A)different religious beliefs.
B)different educational experiences.
C)different national origins.
D)different amounts of wealth and power.
E)different patterns of labor force participation.

Question 19

A functionalist approach to inequality stresses

A)the injustice of great differences in wealth.
B)the irrelevance of political power to inequality.
C)the useful outcomes deriving from inequality.
D)the benefits of having an underclass.
E)the reasons that class conflict occurs.

Question 20

Social class is

A)irrelevant in advanced industrial countries.
B)confused with inequality.
C)politically unimportant.
D)a major indicator of inequality.
E)the same from country to country.

Question 21

Statistical discrimination is based upon

A)stereotyping.
B)inadequate assessment of applicants' qualifications.
C)knowledge of an applicant's group membership.
D)knowledge of the average qualifications of a group.
E)a, b, c, and d

Question 22

Examining wages for full-time and year-round people in the same occupation, we can conclude

A)men have better education.
B)women have better education.
C)women are more likely to work part-time.
D)men have greater job experience.
E)there remains a substantial gap between men and women.

Question 23

Occupational steering is a mechanism that can reinforce

A)occupational segregation
B)comparable worth
C)the cultural division of labor
D)both a and c
E)both b and c

Question 24

The downwardly mobile and the underclass would be likely to

A)receive welfare.
B)belong to unions.
C)inherit their social status.
D)hold low-paying jobs.
E)have health benefits.

Question 25

When Malcolm X was discouraged from becoming a lawyer and encouraged to become a carpenter, he experienced

A)occupational mobility.
B)an occupational subculture.
C)occupational steering.
D)the sequential life plan.
E)block scheduling.

Question 26

Mr.Ostrowski's suggestion to Malcolm X that he become a carpenter instead of a lawyer is an example of

A)pragmatic job counseling.
B)occupational guidance.
C)occupational steering.
D)early job socialization.
E)lateral mobility.

Question 27

The opportunity structure refers to

A)the relative availability of good jobs.
B)the number of employers who offer equal pay.
C)the number of employers who forbid sexual harassment.
D)the amount of intragenerational social mobility.
E)channeling women or minorities into jobs considered appropriate.

Question 28

The principle that equally-skilled but sex-segregated jobs should be equally compensated is called:

A)sex integration.
B)compensation equity.
C)occupational steering.
D)residual reduction.
E)comparable worth.

Question 29

This is the idea that jobs of equal value or contribution should be paid equally.

A)Affirmative action
B)Comparable worth
C)Tokenism
D)Statistical discrimination
E)Generalized equality

Question 30

The glass ceiling refers to

A)a job that a worker can see but never attain.
B)a job level that no woman has attained.
C)transparency in job requirements.
D)discrimination in pay.
E)the highest marginal level of income taxation.

Question 31

Which of the following is accurate regarding women and minority representation in various occupations?

A)Women are underrepresented in professional jobs.
B)Blacks are overrepresented in craft occupations.
C)Both women and blacks are overrepresented in service jobs.
D)Neither women nor blacks are underrepresented in skilled crafts.
E)Women and minorities are proportionately represented in all occupations.

Question 32

The fact that an advanced industrial society can support a middle class is most consistent with the work of

A)Karl Marx.
B)Max Weber.
C)Barbara Reskin.
D)Charles Tilly.
E)C.Wright Mills.

Question 33

Because of recent court decisions and referenda, affirmative action is today increasingly focused on

A)African-Americans and Latinos.
B)job quotas.
C)hiring goals.
D)active recruitment of women and minority applicants.
E)both b and c

Question 34

Sexual harassment in the workplace is most likely when

A)women are tokens.
B)women are numerically dominant.
C)women are in relatively powerless positions.
D)women are in relatively powerful positions.
E)there is an official organizational statement on sexual harassment.

Question 35

Comparable worth means that

A)two people with the same qualifications should earn the same wage.
B)men and women should earn the same wage for the same job.
C)if two jobs have the same value, they should have the same wage.
D)identical positions should pay the same wage across companies.
E)two people who earn the same wage should do the same work.

Question 36

Clark, a successful architect, has just been elected Senator from his state.In his
Victory address, he thanks his mother, who worked as a maid in a hotel.The
Contrast between Clark's jobs and his mother's job is an example of:

A)intergenerational mobility.
B)intragenerational mobility.
C)horizontal mobility.
D)career mobility.
E)contest mobility.

Question 37

What are the obstacles faced by women in getting better jobs?
A) gender typing of jobs
B) socialization process different from men
C) lower educational qualification
D) family roles

A)A and B
B)A, B, C
C)A, B, D
D)B, C, D
E)A, C, D

Question 38

Violet is the first woman supervisor in a large sales group.She finds her job very stressful, and although she works very hard she believes the men in her group do not respect her.Violet is suffering from

A)tokenism.
B)the glass ceiling.
C)gender discrimination.
D)white backlash.
E)stereotyping.

Question 39

An unintended consequence of affirmative action has been:

A)a decline in sexual harassment
B)elimination of glass ceilings
C)a decline in tokenism
D)more openness and rigor in job decisions
E)a negative impact on the economy as a whole

Question 40

According to the text, Affirmative Action has a number of consequences.Which of the following is NOT one?

A)The creation of a black middle class.
B)The elimination of the black underclass.
C)Increased resentment among whites.
D)The erosion of many racial hiring barriers.
E)New occupational opportunities for women.

Question 41

One conclusion that Chapter 5 suggests is that current-day discrimination is

A)more widespread than ever.
B)now limited to minority groups.
C)never directed toward immigrants.
D)more subtle and hard to eradicate.
E)irrelevant to employers.

Question 42

Women aged 16-24 are especially likely to be

A)paid below the federal minimum wage.
B)employed in the skilled trades.
C)uninterested in two-year and four-year college degrees.
D)unaffected by gender-typing of jobs.
E)unaffected by comparable worth discrimination.

Question 43

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not forbid discrimination against

A)women.
B)Muslims.
C)Mexican-Americans.
D)blacks.
E)gays and lesbians.

Question 44

Gender differences in employment are probably not due to

A)discrimination.
B)geographic moves that favor the husband's career.
C)gender-typing of some occupations.
D)lower educational attainment of women workers.
E)the socialization of women.

Question 45

One advantage of affirmative action is that it provides:

A)tokens.
B)role models for younger people.
C)plaintiffs.
D)more occupational steering.
E)a defense against illegal discrimination.

Question 46

Two high school graduates, both male, apply for a job.One is Mexican-American and the other is majority white.The interviewer believes that Mexican-Americans are more likely to belong to gangs, but does not ask any questions about gang membership or convictions.The interviewer recommends the majority white applicant on the assumption that he was unlikely to be a gang member.A sociologist observing this hiring process would consider the interviewer's reasoning to be a case of

A)institutional sexism.
B)statistical discrimination.
C)comparable worth.
D)collective bargaining.
E)organizational culture.

Question 47

Jim has changed jobs every five years, each time moving to a new employer in a position of greater responsibility and with a larger paycheck.Jim's work history could be described as

A)breaking the glass ceiling.
B)intergenerational social mobility.
C)intragenerational social mobility.
D)downward mobility.
E)an opportunity structure.

Question 48

One result of prior discrimination is that minority and women workers may have

A)lower pay.
B)less seniority.
C)fewer promotions.
D)a, b, and c
E)a and c

Question 49

An important obstacle to eliminating sexual harassment is

A)lack of interest in the issue by feminist organizations.
B)inability to file lawsuits for legal remedies.
C)differing definitions of the situation by the workers and managers involved.
D)overemphasis on the issue by managers.
E)lack of serious social consequences for the workers who have been harassed.