Deck 3: Cell Structure

Question 1

​To visualize the structure of DNA, which has a width of 10 nm, which microscope would be best?

A) ​fluorescence microscope
B) ​light microscope
C) ​staining microscope
D) ​polarized microscope
E) ​electron microscope

Answer 1

E

Question 2

​Eukaryotic cells have their DNA enclosed in the _____.

A) ​plasma membrane
B) ​nucleus
C) ​nucleoid
D) ​nuclear envelope
E) ​nucleotide

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Since viruses are typically 20-200 nm in diameter, the ____ microscope is best for viewing them.

A) light
B) electron
C) fluorescent
D) polarizing
E) contrasting

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How does cell volume affect nutrient exchange between the cell and its external environment?

A) Very large cells are the best adapted for nutrient exchange.
B) Very small cells are the best adapted for nutrient exchange.
C) Nutrient exchange is not impacted by cell volume.
D) The ratio of cell volume to surface area determines the efficiency of nutrient exchange.
E) Cells with a large volume and small surface area are well adapted for nutrient exchange.

Question 5

​If the size of a cell doubles, what will be its surface area to volume ratio?

A) ​8:4
B) ​4:8
C) ​16:4
D) ​16:8
E) ​64:16

Question 6

​Which organelle is enclosed by a double membrane?

A) ​ribosome
B) ​nucleus
C) ​lysosome
D) ​peroxisome
E) ​Golgi body

Question 7

​One of the generalizations of cell theory is that ____.

A) ​all living organisms are made up of cells
B) ​all cells divide by meiosis
C) ​all cells have a nucleus
D) ​cells arise through spontaneous generation
E) ​growth is solely the result of cell division

Question 8

Which statement describes bacteria?

A) Most bacteria are harmful.
B) Bacteria only inhabit surfaces.
C) Bacteria outnumber human cells in our bodies.
D) Bacteria are restricted in their distribution to certain ecosystems.
E) Bacteria are the most common organisms in the domain Eukarya.

Question 9

E. coli strains toxic to humans live in the intestine of ____ without sickening them. I.
Birds and frogs
II)
Goats and sheep
III)
Cattle and deer

A) I only
B) I and II
C) II and III
D) I and III
E) I, II, and III

Question 10

​A molecular analysis of plasma or nuclear membranes would reveal the presence of _____.

A) ​cellulose and chitin
B) ​suberin and cutin
C) ​phospholipids and proteins
D) ​microtubules and microfilaments
E) ​phospholipids and nucleic acids

Question 11

​Which microscope visualizes specimens coated with a thin layer of metal?

A) ​transmission electron microscope
B) ​scanning electron microscope
C) ​fluorescence microscope
D) ​phase-contrast microscope
E) ​compound microscope

Question 12

​Meat, fruits, and vegetables could be contaminated with E. coli strains toxic to humans when they come in contact with animal ____. I.
Feces
II)
Urine
III)
Blood

A) ​I only
B) ​I and II
C) ​II and III
D) ​I and III
E) ​I, II, and III

Question 13

​The phospholipids of plasma membranes contain _____.

A) ​a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail
B) ​two hydrophobic heads and a hydrophilic tail
C) ​a hydrophobic head and two hydrophobic tails
D) ​a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails
E) ​a hydrophilic head and two hydrophilic tails

Question 14

​Which cell feature is absent in bacterial cells?

A) ​ribosomes
B) ​cytoplasm
C) ​nucleoid
D) ​nucleus
E) ​DNA

Question 15

​The plasma membrane _____.

A) ​controls the contents of the cell
B) ​is composed mostly of cholesterol
C) ​is permeable to ions and polar molecules
D) ​is free of proteins
E) ​is rigid and impermeable

Question 16

Which cellular component is considered an organelle?

A) DNA
B) transport protein
C) plasma membrane
D) flagellum
E) ribosome

Question 17

​Which cellular component is common to all cell types?

A) ​cell wall
B) ​mitochondria
C) ​cytoplasm
D) ​nucleus
E) ​endoplasmic reticulum

Question 18

​The plasma membrane is composed mostly of ____.

A) ​phospholipids
B) ​cholesterol
C) ​triglycerides
D) ​steroids
E) ​sphingolipids

Question 19

​According to cell theory, ____.

A) ​all organisms are multicellular
B) ​all cells come from preexisting cells
C) ​DNA is the structural and functional unit of life
D) ​all cells are approximately the same size
E) ​proteins are the genetic material of cells

Question 20

​The size of a cell is limited by the ____.

A) ​lack of building materials
B) ​size of the organism
C) ​relationship between the volume of the cell and its surface area
D) ​job it does
E) ​materials it has to exchange

Question 21

The relative impermeability of membranes to water-soluble molecules is a result of the ____.

A) nonpolar nature of water
B) presence of large proteins that extend through both sides of membranes
C) presence of inorganic salt crystals scattered through some membranes
D) presence of cellulose and waxes
E) presence of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer

Question 22

​Archaea were given their own separate domain because they are ____.

A) ​considered a type of bacteria
B) ​most closely related to eukaryotes
C) ​multicellular
D) ​nucleated
E) ​not prokaryotic

Question 23

​The endomembrane system is composed of ____.

A) ​microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
B) ​endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and peroxisomes
C) ​vesicles, peroxisomes, and chloroplasts
D) ​mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and ribosomes
E) ​plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, and thylakoid membranes

Question 24

​Biofilms found in nature ____.

A) ​contain only bacteria
B) ​are composed of multicellular organisms
C) ​are most often found on liquid surfaces
D) ​are communities of unicellular organisms
E) ​contain only closely related organisms

Question 25

​Which two cellular components are enclosed by a membrane?

A) ​ribosomes and peroxisomes
B) ​microtubules and cytosol
C) ​Golgi apparatus and peroxisomes
D) ​chloroplasts and microtubules
E) ​endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

Question 26

Hydrophobic interactions of phospholipid tails make the ____ conformation of cell membranes possible.

A) lipid bilayer
B) single-layer
C) rigid
D) cytoskeletal
E) nonpolar

Question 27

​Transport proteins _____.

A) ​are found only in eukaryotic cells
B) ​allow only small molecules and ions to cross the membrane
C) ​are required for small nonpolar molecules to cross the membrane
D) ​allow ions and polar molecules to cross the membrane
E) ​are peripheral membrane proteins

Question 28

What accounts for the fluidity that defines the fluid mosaic model of a typical plasma membrane?

A) The proteins, being large, cause the membrane to jiggle around.
B) The phospholipids collectively form a jellylike substance similar to the cytoplasm.
C) The phospholipids are not bonded to each other and thus are freer to move around.
D) Water molecules infiltrate the bilayer causing it to become more watery and thus more fluid.
E) The phospholipids in a typical plasma membrane form covalent bonds, which are elastic and allow the membrane to stretch.

Question 29

​Ribosomes are ____.

A) ​membrane-enclosed organelles
B) ​attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) ​involved in polypeptide transport
D) ​required for DNA synthesis
E) ​involved in polypeptide synthesis

Question 30

​____ are involved in the transfer of genetic information from one bacterial cell to another.

A) ​Flagella
B) ​Pili
C) ​Cilia
D) ​Ribosomes
E) ​Bacterial chromosomes

Question 31

​Due to the molecular interactions between lipids and polar molecules, _____.

A) ​water molecules isolate themselves into droplets when mixed with lipids
B) ​lipids readily dissolve in water
C) ​nonpolar lipids will not interact with water
D) ​polar substances pass through a lipid bilayer more readily than nonpolar substances
E) ​polar molecules embed in the hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer

Question 32

​An example of a biofilm is ____.

A) ​oral bacteria living on teeth
B) ​a bacterial capsule
C) ​elongated pili
D) ​an oil slick
E) ​microalgae on a pond surface

Question 33

​Cell shape is reinforced by ____.

A) ​phospholipids
B) ​DNA
C) ​cytoskeletal filaments
D) ​transport proteins
E) ​ribosomes

Question 34

​Plasmids are ____.

A) ​circular RNA elements
B) ​linear DNA elements
C) ​circular DNA found in the nucleus
D) ​circular DNA found in the cytoplasm
E) ​linear RNA elements

Question 35

​A water-soluble hormone (signaling molecule) would most likely bind to which membrane protein?

A) ​active transporter
B) ​recognition
C) ​receptor
D) ​passive transporter
E) ​regulator

Question 36

Adhesion proteins are ____.

A) embedded in the nuclear envelope
B) involved in binding to signaling molecules
C) involved in nutrient transport
D) found only in bacterial plasma membranes
E) needed to fasten cells together

Question 37

​How do archaeal and eukaryotic cell membranes differ?

A) ​Archaeal membrane phospholipids form covalent bonds with one another, but eukaryotic membrane phospholipids do not.
B) ​Eukaryotic membrane phospholipids are not composed of fatty acids, but archaeal membrane phospholipids are.
C) ​Archaeal phospholipids move freely throughout the bilayer, but eukaryotic membrane phospholipids are stationary.
D) ​Archaeal, but not eukaryotic, membranes are described by the fluid mosaic model.
E) ​Eukaryotic membranes are less fluid than archaeal membranes.

Question 38

A hypothetical "microbullet" shot through a phospholipid bilayer will pass the bilayer components in which order?

A) tail → tail → head → head
B) head → tail → tail → head
C) head → tail → head → tail
D) head → head → tail → tail
E) tail → head → tail → head

Question 39

____ are cellular structures that act like propellers to move a cell through fluid environments.

A) Pili
B) Microvilli
C) Cilia
D) Flagella
E) Microfilaments

Question 40

​Most of the active functions of plasma membranes are carried out by ____.

A) ​cholesterol
B) ​proteins
C) ​hydrophilic heads
D) ​hydrophobic tails
E) ​carbohydrates

Question 41

The presence of circular DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts suggests that these organelles evolved from ____.

A) bacteria
B) nuclei
C) single-celled eukaryotes
D) anaerobic microorganisms
E) archaea

Question 42

​The development of the nervous system requires the migration and lengthening of neuronal cells. These events are driven by ____.

A) ​pseudopods
B) ​motor proteins
C) ​flagella
D) ​intermediate filaments
E) ​microfilaments

Question 43

​Which organelle completes protein modifications and packages the protein for export?

A) ​lysosome
B) ​Golgi body
C) ​peroxisome
D) ​smooth ER
E) ​rough ER

Question 44

Which cell components are found in both plant and animal cells?

A) nucleus, Golgi body, and chloroplasts
B) Golgi bodies, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticula
C) vacuoles, cell wall, and mitochondria
D) vacuoles, cell wall, nucleus, and lysosomes
E) starch grains, chloroplasts, and lysosomes

Question 45

​The enzyme catalase functions in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, a toxic by-product of fatty acid digestion. In which cellular organelle is catalase found?

A) ​Golgi body
B) ​peroxisome
C) ​lysosome
D) ​ribosome
E) ​mitochondrion

Question 46

Which organelle has enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and toxins?

A) lysosome
B) peroxisome
C) Golgi body
D) vacuole
E) rough ER

Question 47

​The organelle that pinches off portions of its membrane to form a vesicle used for storage or transport is the ____.

A) ​mitochondrion
B) ​chloroplast
C) ​nucleus
D) ​Golgi body
E) ​ribosome

Question 48

​Although some bacteria have membranes around their DNA, we do not call these structures nuclei because they lack ____.

A) ​pores
B) ​proteins
C) ​phospholipids
D) ​a bilayer construction
E) ​ribosomes

Question 49

If a microscopic pin was stuck into the center of a bacterium, what would be the order of the structures encountered from the outside in?

A) capsule; cell wall; plasma membrane; cytoplasm
B) cell wall; capsule; plasma membrane; cytoplasm
C) plasma membrane; cell wall; capsule; cytoplasm
D) cell wall; plasma membrane; capsule; cytoplasm
E) capsule; plasma membrane; cell wall; cytoplasm

Question 50

​Because the smooth ER does not contain ____, it cannot produce proteins.

A) ​Golgi bodies
B) ​mitochondria
C) ​ribosomes
D) ​DNA
E) ​lysosomes

Question 51

​In which cell would you most likely find microtubules?

A) ​leaf cells of cut flowers displayed in a vase
B) ​any cell from a deceased animal
C) ​neuronal cells that have completed their growth and migration during development
D) ​rapidly dividing tumor cells
E) ​muscle cells, which do not typically divide

Question 52

The double membrane of mitochondria contains the ATP-making machinery; therefore, this is where ____ would be found.

A) ​proteins and enzymes required for aerobic respiration
B) ​DNA
C) ​ribosomes
D) ​plasmids
E) ​vesicles

Question 53

​The endoplasmic reticulum is an extension of ____.

A) ​the cytoskeleton
B) ​flagella
C) ​cilia
D) ​the nuclear envelope
E) ​the plasma membrane

Question 54

​Which organelle primarily functions in packaging cellular secretions for export from the cell?

A) ​Golgi body
B) ​mitochondria
C) ​lysosome
D) ​ribosome
E) ​endoplasmic reticulum

Question 55

The ____ is responsible for making the lipids that form the cell's membranes.

A) rough ER
B) smooth ER
C) Golgi body
D) peroxisome
E) mitochondria

Question 56

​Vesicles from the Golgi body that will become lysosomes contain enzymes for ____.

A) ​aerobic respiration
B) ​photosynthesis
C) ​breaking down cellular debris
D) ​protein synthesis
E) ​digesting amino acids and fatty acids

Question 57

​Which organelle functions in the recapture of energy from organic compounds?

A) ​Golgi body
B) ​mitochondria
C) ​lysosome
D) ​ribosome
E) ​endoplasmic reticulum

Question 58

​In which part of a chloroplast does photosynthesis occur?

A) ​stroma
B) ​outermost membrane
C) ​innermost membrane
D) ​between the two outer membranes
E) ​ribosomes

Question 59

​Which organelle is correctly matched with its function?

A) ​vacuoles: production of ATP from carbohydrates
B) ​rough ER: synthesis of plasma membrane proteins
C) ​Golgi bodies: synthesis of membrane phospholipids
D) ​mitochondria: capture of light for photosynthesis
E) ​smooth ER: digestion of invading bacteria

Question 60

​Which organisms are the most diverse forms of life?

A) ​protists
B) ​fungi
C) ​animals
D) ​bacteria and archaea
E) ​plants

Question 61

Matching
Examine the following figure. Match each letter of the figure with the appropriate cell structure. ​
a.A
b.B
c.C
d.D
e.E
f.F
g.G
​pilus

Question 62

Match each cell structure represented with the appropriate description.
a.peroxisomes
b.chloroplasts
c.Golgi bodies
d.DNA molecules
e.cuticle
f.central vacuoles
g.lysosomes
h.mitochondria
i.pseudopods
j.ribosomes
receive and process proteins that arrive in vesicles from the rough ER

Question 63

Match each cell structure represented with the appropriate description.
a.peroxisomes
b.chloroplasts
c.Golgi bodies
d.DNA molecules
e.cuticle
f.central vacuoles
g.lysosomes
h.mitochondria
i.pseudopods
j.ribosomes
assembles amino acid into polypeptide chains

Question 64

Matching
Examine the following figure. Match each letter of the figure with the appropriate cell structure. ​
a.A
b.B
c.C
d.D
e.E
f.F
g.G
​cell wall

Question 65

Matching
Examine the following figure. Match each letter of the figure with the appropriate cell structure. ​
a.A
b.B
c.C
d.D
e.E
f.F
g.G
​plasma membrane

Question 66

​If a protein or molecule is taken up by the cell and must be digested, to which cellular structure is it sent?

A) ​the mitochondria
B) ​the lysosome
C) ​the rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) ​the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E) ​the Golgi body

Question 67

Matching
Examine the following figure. Match each letter of the figure with the appropriate cell structure. ​
a.A
b.B
c.C
d.D
e.E
f.F
g.G
​flagellum

Question 68

​Why are adhering junctions common in tissues subject to constant abrasion or stretching, such as skin?

A) ​These cells need to communicate by allowing cytoplasm to flow between adjacent cells.
B) ​The cells in these tissues require strong cell-to-cell junctions to hold them together.
C) ​Adhering junctions prevent harsh enzymes from flowing between adjacent cells.
D) ​These tissues do not have basement membranes.
E) ​Adhering junctions allow production of a protective cuticle.

Question 69

​Cilia and flagella ____.

A) ​are found only in cells that are actively moving
B) ​are found only in sex cells and unicellular organisms
C) ​use motor proteins to induce movement
D) ​may also function as receptor sites for certain hormones
E) ​are found only in unicellular organisms

Question 70

Match each cell structure represented with the appropriate description.
a.peroxisomes
b.chloroplasts
c.Golgi bodies
d.DNA molecules
e.cuticle
f.central vacuoles
g.lysosomes
h.mitochondria
i.pseudopods
j.ribosomes
contain enzymes for intracellular digestion

Question 71

Which hairlike cellular projections line the respiratory tract and sweep inhaled particles away from the lungs?

A) flagella
B) cilia
C) intermediate filaments
D) pseudopods
E) microvilli

Question 72

A basement membrane ____.

A) is a cell membrane
B) is a specialized lipid bilayer
C) forms on the surface of plant cells
D) supports and organizes animal tissues
E) is a sheet of nonfibrous material

Question 73

Matching
Examine the following figure. Match each letter of the figure with the appropriate cell structure. ​
a.A
b.B
c.C
d.D
e.E
f.F
g.G
​cytoplasm

Question 74

Matching
Examine the following figure. Match each letter of the figure with the appropriate cell structure. ​
a.A
b.B
c.C
d.D
e.E
f.F
g.G
​DNA

Question 75

​Peptic ulcers are caused by damage to the wall of the stomach by the acids that help digest food. This can be caused by the failure of ____.

A) ​tight junctions
B) ​adhering junctions
C) ​gap junctions
D) ​plasmodesmata
E) ​adhering and gap junctions

Question 76

​Plasmodesmata are most similar to ____.

A) ​gap junctions in animal cells
B) ​tight junctions in bacteria
C) ​basement membranes in animal cells
D) ​adhering junctions in heart muscle
E) ​both tight junctions in bacteria and adhering junctions in heart muscle

Question 77

​A protein is synthesized on a ribosome within the rough endoplasmic reticulum. If the protein needs to be modified and packaged before export from the cell, to which structure is it sent?

A) ​endosome
B) ​lysosome
C) ​Golgi body
D) ​nucleus
E) ​smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 78

​Extracellular matrix is typically composed of ____.

A) ​polysaccharides and fibrous proteins
B) ​fibrous proteins and microtubules
C) ​polysaccharides and microfilaments
D) ​fibrous proteins and phospholipids
E) ​polysaccharides and phospholipids

Question 79

Matching
Examine the following figure. Match each letter of the figure with the appropriate cell structure. ​
a.A
b.B
c.C
d.D
e.E
f.F
g.G
​capsule

Question 80

​Cardiac muscle undergoes fast, synchronous contractions stimulated by ion flow. Which type of cellular junction is essential for achieving this action in cardiac muscle?

A) ​gap junctions
B) ​tight junctions
C) ​plasmodesmata
D) ​adhering junctions
E) ​desmosomes