Deck 7: Dna Structure and Function

Question 1

In animal cells, ____ is/are usually a one-way path.​

A) ​replication
B) ​translation
C) ​transcription
D) ​differentiation
E) ​replication and translation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the final stage of SCNT, a(n) _____ is used to cause the foreign cell to fuse with, and empty its contents into, the cytoplasm of the egg.

A) fine point needle
B) virus
C) micropipette
D) electric current
E) calcium phosphate

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Trakr, the Ground Zero hero dog, was cloned in the hope that _____.

A) his clones would be adopted as pets
B) his clones would be better search and rescue dogs as he was
C) he would be the world's first cloned mammal
D) his clones would be just as good search and rescue dogs as he was
E) he would be brought back to life

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A somatic cell is defined as a(n) _____.

A) blastocyst
B) egg
C) body cell
D) cloned cell
E) sperm cell

Question 5

In a given strand of DNA, complementary bases are connected to each other by _____.​

A) ​ionic bonds
B) ​polar covalent bonds
C) ​hydrogen bonds
D) ​peptide bonds
E) ​nonpolar covalent bonds

Question 6

In the nucleotide sequence ACTGG, what does C stand for?​

A) ​cysteine
B) ​cytotoxic
C) ​cytosine
D) ​chargaff
E) ​cytoplasm

Question 7

Which scientist(s) discovered the basis for the base-pair rule, which states that the amounts of thymine and adenine are always equal in all DNA molecules, as are the amounts of cytosine and guanine?​

A) ​Watson and Crick
B) ​Beadles
C) ​Chargaff
D) ​Franklin
E) ​Pauling

Question 8

What was the first mammal cloned from an adult-differentiated cell?

A) a sheep
B) a dog
C) a cow
D) a cat
E) a mouse

Question 9

During SCNT, the DNA is extracted from the egg using a(n) _____.

A) fine point needle
B) virus
C) micropipette
D) electric current
E) calcium phosphate

Question 10

What is the basic problem with cloning adult animals?​

A) ​obtaining enough DNA
B) ​finding proper surrogates to carry the cloned embryos
C) ​reprogramming the DNA
D) ​obtaining DNA without mutations
E) ​autoimmune rejection of the embryo by the surrogate

Question 11

Which technique did Rosalind Franklin use to determine many of the physical characteristics of DNA?

A) scanning electron microscopy
B) transmission electron microscopy
C) recombinant DNA techniques
D) X-ray crystallography
E) DNA profiling

Question 12

In the technique of embryo splitting, _____.​

A) ​two embryos are fused
B) ​an embryo is split apart to form two identical individuals
C) ​two sperm are used to fertilize a single egg
D) ​two eggs and two sperm are used to form two embryos
E) ​an embryo's nucleus is removed and replaced with an adult embryo

Question 13

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a reproductive cloning method in which _____.

A) the DNA from a blastocyst is inserted into a donor egg
B) donor DNA is inserted into an unfertilized egg whose nucleus had been removed
C) an unfertilized egg is inserted into a donor uterus
D) an embryo is split during early development
E) the cell contents from a donor is inserted into a donor egg

Question 14

Which pair represents the correct complementary bonding of nitrogen-containing bases in a DNA molecule?

A) adenine and cytosine
B) adenine and guanine
C) cytosine and thymine
D) guanine and cytosine
E) guanine and thymine

Question 15

DNA varies from species to species in _____.​

A) ​how many adenine bases bind with thymine rather than with cytosine
B) ​whether DNA is a double or a single helix
C) ​the variation in the backbone structure
D) ​how many different bases it contains
E) ​the sequence of its base pairs

Question 16

Which scientist(s) was/were the first to suggest that the proportion of adenine and guanine differs from one species to another?

A) Watson and Crick
B) Wilkins
C) Hershey and Chase
D) Chargaff
E) Franklin

Question 17

The majority of DNA in a cell that has undergone differentiation is _____.

A) transcribed
B) translated
C) turned off
D) mutated
E) hydrolyzed

Question 18

The process by which cells become specialized during development is called _____.

A) somatic cell nuclear transfer
B) differentiation
C) development
D) mitosis
E) meiosis

Question 19

Rosalind Franklin's research contribution was essential in _____.

A) establishing the single-stranded nature of DNA
B) establishing the principle of base pairing
C) establishing most of the principal structural features of DNA
D) sequencing DNA molecules
E) determining the bonding energy of DNA molecules

Question 20

From DNA X-ray diffraction data, it was determined that _____.

A) the amount of adenine equaled the amount of thymine
B) different species have different proportions of adenine and guanine
C) nitrogen-containing bases were arranged on the outside of the double helix structure
D) the shape of the molecule could be a double helix
E) the backbone of the double helix was held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 21

How does X-ray crystallography provide details about molecular structure?

A) Only DNA molecules scatter X-rays; therefore, this helped to prove that DNA was the genetic material in cells.
B) X-rays are reflected by some atoms and absorbed by others, thereby giving clues to molecule structure.
C) X-rays are scattered by atoms in a specific pattern, from which molecular size, shape, and spacing of repeating elements can be calculated.
D) This technique captures photographs of magnified molecules.
E) X-rays can be used to isolate DNA molecules from living organisms.

Question 22

Why did most scientists assume that the bases of DNA should be on the outside of the helix?

A) The bases were easily digested by DNA cutting enzymes.
B) The hydrogen bonding between sugar and phosphate would form a helix as well.
C) The bases needed to be accessible for replication.
D) A single-stranded DNA molecule would not be able to support the bases on the interior.
E) The bases were hydrophobic.

Question 23

Which base(s) pair(s) with cytosine?

A) adenosine
B) cytosine
C) thymine
D) guanine
E) cytosine and thymine

Question 24

If a DNA molecule was a spiral staircase, what would the steps of the staircase be?​

A) ​covalent bonds
B) ​deoxyribose
C) ​base pairs
D) ​hydrogen bonds
E) ​phosphate

Question 25

A eukaryotic chromosome consists of _____.​

A) ​DNA and lipids
B) ​RNA and proteins
C) ​DNA and proteins
D) ​DNA and carbohydrates
E) ​just DNA

Question 26

DNA was first described by _____ in 1869.​

A) ​Johannes Miescher
B) ​Frederick Griffith
C) ​Oswald Avery and Macly McCarty
D) ​Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
E) ​Maurice Wilkins

Question 27

The two types of bonding found in a DNA molecule are _____.​

A) ​ionic and covalent
B) ​covalent and peptide
C) ​ionic and hydrogen
D) ​peptide and hydrogen
E) ​covalent and hydrogen

Question 28

Each DNA strand has a backbone that consists of alternating _____.​

A) ​amino acids
B) ​nitrogen-containing bases
C) ​hydrogen bonds
D) ​sugar and phosphate molecules
E) ​types of sugars

Question 29

A diploid organism contains _____.​

A) ​several copies of the same chromosomes
B) only autosomes
C) ​one copy of each chromosome
D) ​chromosomes of equal size
E) ​two of each type of chromosome

Question 30

Which base pairs with adenine in a DNA molecule?​

A) ​adenosine
B) ​cytosine
C) ​​thymine
D) ​guanine
E) ​uracil

Question 31

In the Hershey-Chase experiments, the radioactive tracers ³²P and ³⁵S were used to track DNA and protein, respectively, because _____.

A) bacterial DNA contains sulfur and viral DNA contains phosphorus
B) viral DNA contains sulfur and bacterial DNA contains phosphorus
C) only DNA contains phosphorus and only protein contains sulfur
D) DNA has more sulfur than protein and protein has more phosphorus than DNA
E) protein has more sulfur than DNA and DNA has more phosphorus than protein

Question 32

The structure of a DNA molecule is analogous to a _____.​

A) ​paper clip
B) ​ladder
C) ​fork
D) ​rope
E) ​coiled spring

Question 33

In DNA molecules, _____.

A) the nucleotides are arranged in a linear, unbranched pattern
B) the nitrogenous bases are found on the outside of the molecule
C) the phosphate-sugar pattern runs 5' to 3' on both DNA strands
D) the backbone is internal to the molecule
E) the pairing of bases is nonspecific

Question 34

After DNA replication, each chromosome contains two sister _____.​

A) ​chromatids
B) ​chromatins
C) ​chromosomes
D) ​centromeres
E) ​centrioles

Question 35

The connection point of two sister chromatids is called the _____.​

A) ​chromatid
B) ​chromatin
C) ​centriole
D) ​centrosome
E) ​centromere

Question 36

Before a cell divides, it must ____ its genetic information.​

A) ​duplicate
B) ​translate
C) ​isolate
D) ​protect
E) ​distribute

Question 37

One of Chargaff's rules is _____.​

A) ​different organisms have different proportions of adenine and guanine
B) ​the DNA molecule is a double helix
C) ​the two strands in a DNA molecule run in opposite directions
D) ​the backbone of a DNA molecule is on the outside
E) ​the backbone of the DNA is comprised of alternating sugars and phosphates

Question 38

In the Hershey-Chase experiments, _____ accumulated at a greater rate inside the bacterial cells, indicating that the bacteriophage that infected the bacteria had recently _____.​

A) ​³⁵S; inserted protein into the bacteria
B) ​³⁵S; inserted DNA into the bacteria
C) ​³⁵S; degraded protein in the bacteria
D) ​³²P; inserted protein into the bacteria
E) ​³²P; inserted DNA into the bacteria

Question 39

Rosalind Franklin did not share in the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the structure of DNA because _____.

A) she was a woman
B) her contributions were minimal
C) she was not liked by James Watson
D) her ideas were stolen by Maurice Wilkins
E) she died of cancer before the award was given

Question 40

The original published articles describing the structure of DNA were authored by _____ and _____.​

A) ​Crick; Franklin
B) ​Watson and Crick; Franklin
C) ​Wilkins; Franklin
D) ​Wilkins; Watson and Crick
E) ​Watson; Crick

Question 41

How many chromosomes are present in human somatic cells?​

A) ​22
B) ​23
C) ​44
D) ​46
E) ​48

Question 42

Each DNA strand serves as a _____during DNA synthesis.

A) ​replicate
B) ​substitute
C) ​template
D) ​source of nucleotides
E) ​primer

Question 43

Which male organism contains two identical sex chromosomes?​

A) ​turtles
B) ​birds
C) ​chimpanzees
D) ​dogs
E) ​lizards

Question 44

How many times does DNA wrap around a histone?​

A) ​1
B) ​2
C) ​4
D) ​6
E) ​10

Question 45

DNA replication is a ____ process.

A) noncomplementary
B) semiconservative
C) semisynthetic
D) mutational
E) denaturation

Question 46

If the DNA from a single cell were stretched end to end, how long would it be?​

A) ​2 nanometers
B) ​2 micrometers
C) ​2 millimeters
D) ​2 centimeters
E) ​2 meters

Question 47

​Butterflies Butterflies are diploid organisms. In these animals, the sex of an individual is determined by Z and W chromosomes. Use this information to answer the following question.
​
Which chromosomes are carried by a normal female butterfly?​

A) ​ZO
B) ​ZW
C) ​WW
D) ​WO
E) ​ZWW

Question 48

The most common source of DNA mutation is _____; however, these mistakes are typically corrected.​

A) ​cigarette smoke
B) ​UV light
C) ​errors in DNA replication
D) ​errors in protein synthesis
E) ​pesticides on the food we eat

Question 49

Body cells of human females contain _____.​

A) ​one X chromosome
B) ​two X chromosomes
C) ​one Y chromosomes
D) ​two Y chromosomes
E) ​one X and one Y chromosome

Question 50

Body cells of human males contain _____.​

A) ​one X chromosome
B) ​two X chromosomes
C) ​one Y chromosomes
D) ​two Y chromosomes
E) ​one X and one Y chromosome

Question 51

Which molecule provides the energy for the assembly of new nucleotides into a DNA strand during DNA replication?​

A) ​ATP
B) ​the nucleotide itself
C) ​NADH
D) ​primers
E) ​DNA ligase

Question 52

What does DNA ligase do?​

A) ​breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs
B) ​seals gaps between assembled nucleotides
C) ​provides energy for nucleotide assembly
D) ​acts as an initiator to start the replication process
E) ​seals the ends of the replicated DNA molecule

Question 53

The characteristic "X" shape of chromosomes is _____.

A) only evident during cell division
B) due to the wrapping of DNA around histones
C) a result of maximum compaction of the chromosome
D) only found in the female sex chromosome
E) indicative of a cell that is no longer dividing

Question 54

Which of the following female organisms contain two different sex chromosomes?​

A) ​humans
B) ​fruit flies
C) ​cows
D) ​butterflies
E) ​cats

Question 55

The image of an individual's complement of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location is called a(n) _____.

A) autotype
B) genotype
C) phenotype
D) karyotype
E) double helix

Question 56

In some species, the sex of the future individual is determined by environmental conditions and not by sex chromosomes. Which species determines its sex by temperature?​

A) ​birds
B) ​fruit flies
C) ​frogs
D) ​rabbits
E) ​zebras

Question 57

In DNA replication, a primer is _____.​

A) ​what the original DNA strands are called
B) ​an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs
C) ​a short piece of nucleic acid that serves as an attachment point for DNA polymerase
D) ​a molecule that provides the energy for nucleotide attachments
E) ​a regulatory protein that turns on the gene that starts DNA replication

Question 58

Butterflies Butterflies are diploid organisms. In these animals, the sex of an individual is determined by Z and W chromosomes. Use this information to answer the following question.
Which chromosomes are carried by a normal male butterfly?​

A) ​ZO
B) ​ZW
C) ​WW
D) ​WO
E) ​ZWW

Question 59

In order to visualize the DNA for a karyotype, _____.

A) DNA is treated with enzymes to open the compacted chromatin structure
B) DNA is treated with proteases to open the compacted chromatin structure
C) DNA is stained to visualize the DNA
D) DNA is treated with enzymes to compact the chromatin structure
E) DNA is treated with proteases to compact the chromatin structure

Question 60

In DNA replication, which type of molecule is a primer?

A) nucleic acid
B) lipid
C) protein
D) carbohydrate
E) inorganic

Question 61

Repair enzymes _____.​

A) ​repair only mutations that occur in mitochondrial DNA
B) ​repair only mutations that arise during replication
C) ​repair only DNA mismatch mutations
D) ​can only repair mutations that occur prior to replication
E) ​can only repair mutations that occur after replication

Question 62

Matching
Answer the following questions by matching each term with the most appropriate description. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.Chargaff
b.Franklin
c.Watson and Crick
d.Wilkins
e.Hershey and Chase
f.Miescher
along with Watson and Crick, received the Nobel Prize for his contribution to the discovery of DNA's structure

Question 63

Matching
Answer the following questions by matching each term with the most appropriate description. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.Chargaff
b.Franklin
c.Watson and Crick
d.Wilkins
e.Hershey and Chase
f.Miescher
built the first precise model of DNA that implied its method of replication

Question 64

What is the spontaneous process by which the base pairing occurs between two strands of DNA?

A) differentiation
B) duplication
C) hybridization
D) polymerization
E) replication

Question 65

Matching
Answer the following questions by matching each term with the most appropriate description. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.Chargaff
b.Franklin
c.Watson and Crick
d.Wilkins
e.Hershey and Chase
f.Miescher
used X-ray diffraction technology to determine that phosphate groups are located on the outside of the DNA molecule and bases on the inside

Question 66

When two adjacent bases in the same strand of DNA dimerize (form a covalent bond between them), what happens to the DNA?

A) The original strand of DNA now contains a new DNA sequence.
B) The original strand of DNA is kinked, which prevents DNA polymerase from working properly.
C) The original strand of DNA is methylated, which causes the bases to mismatch.
D) The original strand of DNA is prevented from opening during replication, so this section of DNA will not be replicated.
E) The original strand of DNA is unaffected, so no additional mutations arise.

Question 67

Matching
Answer the following questions by matching each term with the most appropriate description. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.Chargaff
b.Franklin
c.Watson and Crick
d.Wilkins
e.Hershey and Chase
f.Miescher
first described DNA as a substance rich in nitrogen and phosphorus

Question 68

What is the effect of ionizing radiation on DNA?

A) faster replication
B) the formation of nucleotide dimers
C) kinks in the DNA molecule
D) breaks in the DNA molecule
E)base-pair mismatching

Question 69

Matching
Answer the following questions by matching each term with the most appropriate description. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.Chargaff
b.Franklin
c.Watson and Crick
d.Wilkins
e.Hershey and Chase
f.Miescher
discovered that the sequence of DNA differs in different organisms

Question 70

Rosalind Franklin died from ovarian cancer at the age of 37. Her cancer was probably caused by DNA mutations that arose from _____.

A) extensive exposure to long-wavelength radiation
B) contaminated DNA samples
C) chemical exposure
D) unrepaired DNA replication errors
E) extensive exposure to X-rays

Question 71

If an error is made during replication that is not caught by DNA polymerase, the most likely is that _____.​

A) ​both strands of DNA will be mutated
B) ​only the daughter strand will be mutated
C) ​a mutation that causes cancer will occur
D) ​DNA ligase will repair the mistake before a mutation occurs
E) ​DNA replication will stall indefinitely

Question 72

Matching
Answer the following questions by matching each term with the most appropriate description. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.Chargaff
b.Franklin
c.Watson and Crick
d.Wilkins
e.Hershey and Chase
f.Miescher
this researcher's work suggested that DNA was double helix

Question 73

Order the steps of somatic cell nuclear transfer.
a. A skin cell harvested from a donor animal is injected into a region between the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane.
b. Electric current causes foreign cell to fuse with and empty its nucleus into the cytoplasm of the egg.
c. DNA from egg is suctioned out using a micropipette.
d. Embryo forms.
​Step 1

Question 74

Short, single strands of nucleotides that serve as attachment points for DNA polymerase are called _____.

A) primers
B) polymerases
C) ligases
D) mutations
E) diploids

Question 75

Which enzyme links nucleotides into a new stand of DNA?​

A) ​DNA ligase
B) ​DNA mutase
C) ​DNA polymerase
D) ​DNA primer
E) ​DNA replicase

Question 76

Matching
Answer the following questions by matching each term with the most appropriate description. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.Chargaff
b.Franklin
c.Watson and Crick
d.Wilkins
e.Hershey and Chase
f.Miescher
discovered that the amount of adenine in a DNA molecule was equal to the amount of thymine

Question 77

Matching
Answer the following questions by matching each term with the most appropriate description. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.Chargaff
b.Franklin
c.Watson and Crick
d.Wilkins
e.Hershey and Chase
f.Miescher
proved that DNA, not protein, transmits a full complement of hereditary information

Question 78

Hybridization of DNA is _____ and is driven entirely by _____.

A) nonspontaneous; ATP
B) nonspontaneous; hydrogen bonding
C) nonspontaneous; glycolysis
D) spontaneous; ATP
E) spontaneous; hydrogen bonding

Question 79

The addition of methyl groups to DNA by chemicals in tobacco can cause DNA to _____.​

A) ​replicate
B) ​polymerize
C) ​hybridize
D) ​mutate
E) ​fragment

Question 80

Chemicals in tobacco smoke can cause _____.​

A) ​DNA to break into pieces.
B) ​mispairing of bases.
C) ​kinking in the DNA molecule.
D) ​the formation of nucleotide dimers.
E) ​covalent bonding between adjacent adenine bases.