Deck 11: Biotechnology

Question 1

What do biologists use in order to identify clones that contain the DNA fragment of interest?​

A) probes​
B) ​plasmids
C) ​templates
D) ​primers
E) ​ligases

Answer 1

A

Question 2

An example of a restriction enzyme is ____.

A) DNA polymerase
B) DNA ligase
C) EcoRI
D) E. coli
E) SNP

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Many restriction enzymes generate ____ on DNA fragments after being cut.​

A) frank ends​
B) ​recombinant ends
C) ​curved ends
D) ​sticky ends
E) ​oblique ends

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following molecules are often used as a cloning vector?​

A) plasmids​
B) ​restriction enzymes
C) ​recombinant DNA
D) ​DNA fragments
E) ​SNPs

Question 5

In a PCR reaction, a few seconds at high temperature disrupts the ____ that hold the two strands of DNA together, so every molecule of DNA unwinds and becomes single-stranded.​

A) covalent bonds​
B) ​peptide bonds
C) ​hydrogen bonds
D) ​lipoproteins
E) ​DNA ligases

Question 6

After DNA fragments with complementary sticky ends base pair, ____ seals the gaps between the fragments to produce a continuous DNA molecule.

A) plasmids
B) E. coli
C) EcoRI
D) DNA ligase
E) restriction enzymes

Question 7

When a bacterium reproduces, its offspring inherit a full complement of genetic information, which includes ____.​

A) one chromosome plus plasmids​
B) ​a genetically complete plasmid
C) ​at least two chromosomes
D) ​two chromosomes plus plasmids
E) ​a single strand of circular DNA

Question 8

Which most accurately describes the expression "recombinant DNA"?

A) DNA molecule cloned from a given organism
B) DNA molecule that contains genetic information from more than one organism
C) DNA molecule that is moved from one tube to another in a laboratory
D) DNA molecule isolated from a specific organism
E) DNA molecule that has been used in a laboratory for experimental purposes

Question 9

​The APOE gene encodes ____.​

A) lipoproteins​
B) ​surface antigens
C) ​myofilaments
D) ​hydrolytic enzymes
E) ​receptor proteins

Question 10

Which of the following most accurately describes the process of DNA cloning?​

A) set of laboratory procedures that consist of cutting a segment of DNA with restriction enzymes​
B) ​set of laboratory procedures that consist of isolating of a DNA fragment from a living organism and inserting it into a plasmid
C) ​set of laboratory procedures that uses living cells to mass-produce specific DNA fragments
D) ​set of laboratory procedures by which a DNA fragment is transferred from a living organism to a SNP chip
E) ​the manipulation of DNA fragments in a laboratory using modern techniques of molecular biology

Question 11

In bacteria, restriction enzymes function to ____.​

A) identify sequences of interest in a DNA library​
B) produce human proteins​
C) ​provide antibiotic resistance
D) ​chop up invading viral DNA
E) ​make the cells vulnerable to viruses

Question 12

​A fragment of DNA or RNA labeled with a tracer that can hybridize with a nucleotide sequence of interest is referred to as a ____.

A) ​clone
B) ​plasmid
C) ​vector
D) ​marker
E) probe​

Question 13

Approximately ____ percent of a person's 3 billion nucleotides are unique to that individual.

A) 1
B) 5
C) 10
D) 25
E) 50

Question 14

A DNA molecule that can accept foreign DNA and be replicated inside a host cell is known as a ____.​

A) genetic probe​
B) ​DNA library
C) ​recombinant DNA
D) ​cloning vector
E) ​restriction enzyme

Question 15

The E4 variation of the APOE gene increases a person's chances of developing ____.​

A) cystic fibrosis​
B) ​Parkinson's disease
C) ​Huntington's disease
D) ​Alzheimer's disease
E) ​Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

Question 16

Which of the following molecules are able to cut DNA molecules at specific sequences?​

A) assembly enzymes​
B) ​hydrolytic enzymes
C) ​restriction enzymes
D) ​ligase enzymes
E) ​repair enzymes

Question 17

The restriction enzyme EcoRI recognizes the sequence GAATTC; therefore, it will ____ whenever it encounters this sequence.​

A) paste the DNA molecule​
B) ​cut the DNA molecule
C) ​break the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together
D) ​replicate the DNA
E) ​transcribe the DNA

Question 18

What is a SNP?​

A) a computer chip that recognizes differences in DNA sequences​
B) ​a variation in a single nucleotide of a DNA sequence
C) ​a tool used in DNA research to cut segments of DNA
D) ​a drug developed from DNA technology
E) ​a highly conserved sequence of DNA

Question 19

When a population is made up of individuals who are genetically identical, each individual is said to be a ____ of the other individuals.​

A) homolog​
B) ​clone
C) ​twin
D) ​recombinant
E) ​probe

Question 20

The complete genetic information of a person is isolated from some of her cells, cut with restriction enzymes, and the resulting fragments inserted into cloning vectors. Next, the recombinant DNA molecules are introduced into bacteria for cloning purposes. This describes the procedure for creating a ____.

A) genetic library
B) mRNA library
C) gene library
D) DNA library
E) nucleotide library

Question 21

Which of the following happens first in the PCR process?​

A) repeated cycles of high and low temperatures​
B) ​mixing of DNA polymerase with template DNA, nucleotides, and primers
C) ​DNA hybridization
D) ​DNA synthesis
E) ​DNA unwinds

Question 22

Once a probe has hybridized with a gene of interest in a DNA library, the hybrid is identified by detection of ____.​

A) ​its sticky tail
B) ​its radioactive label
C) ​restriction enzymes
D) ​mRNA
E) the vector​

Question 23

The technique of ____ analyzes 500,000 SNPs in an individual's genome.

A) electrophoresis
B) cutting and pasting
C) DNA cloning
D) PCR
E) SNP-chips

Question 24

Sticky ends are so named because ____.

A) they are single-stranded and will base pair with complementary sequences
B) covalent bonds spontaneously form between them to form a continuous DNA molecule
C) primers hybridize to them during the first step of PCR
D) they hybridize to a DNA sequence of interest
E) they stick to invading viral DNA

Question 25

Which special property of Taq polymerases make them useful for PCR?​

A) they are stable at high temperatures​
B) their hydrogen bonds do not break at low pHs​
C) ​they multiply quickly
D) ​they are easy to isolate from common fungi
E) ​they paste two DNA fragments together

Question 26

After DNA unwinds and becomes single-stranded in a PCR reaction, the temperature is lowered to allow the ____ to hybridize with the DNA template.​

A) vectors​
B) ​primers
C) ​tracers
D) ​restriction enzymes
E) ​DNA ligase

Question 27

When DNA fragments are inserted into plasmids, the resulting recombinant molecules must be introduced into ____ in order for the DNA to be replicated.​

A) rabbits​
B) ​humans
C) ​bacteria
D) ​mice
E) ​chimpanzees

Question 28

To analyze DNA in a single hair found at a crime scene, the ____ technique is used.​

A) DNA library​
B) ​sequencing
C) ​genomic
D) ​DNA cloning
E) ​PCR

Question 29

Short tandem repeats on ____ may be used to determine genetic relationships among male relatives and descendants.​

A) the Y chromosome​
B) ​chromosome 3
C) ​the X chromosome
D) ​chromosome 8
E) ​chromosome 20

Question 30

One of the advantages of PCR is the ability to ____.​

A) sequence DNA​
B) ​transcribe DNA into mRNA transcripts
C) ​make millions of copies of the entire genome
D) ​double the amount of a rare DNA sequence
E) make millions of copies of a rare DNA sequence​

Question 31

​Which is a complete list of the ingredients that are essential for PCR?

A) nucleotides, DNA template, Taq polymerase, and primers​
B) ​nucleotides, DNA template, DNA ligase, and primers
C) ​restriction enzymes, DNA template, Taq polymerase, and primers
D) ​nucleotides, DNA template, Taq polymerase, and plasmids
E) ​nucleotides, DNA template, DNA ligase, and plasmids

Question 32

DNA polymerase begins DNA synthesis at the site of ____ hybridization.​

A) tracer​
B) ​vector
C) ​plasmid
D) primer​
E) ​enzyme

Question 33

Which procedure is used to amplify DNA in the laboratory?​

A) DNA cloning​
B) ​reverse transcription
C) ​nucleic acid hybridization
D) DNA restriction
E) ​polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 34

The entire set of genetic material of a given individual is its ____.

A) genome
B) plasmid
C) vector
D) library
E) recombinants

Question 35

If the nucleotide sequence ACTGAG represents the sticky end of a DNA molecule, to what other sticky end sequence would it base pair?​

A) TGACTC​
B) ​UGACUC
C) ​ACTGAG
D) ​ACUGUG
E) ​GAGTCA

Question 36

Which of the following applications seeks to reveal differences in the number of tandem repeats among individuals for the purposes of identification?​

A) genomics​
B) ​DNA libraries
C) ​DNA hybridization
D) ​DNA profiling
E) ​DNA probe analysis

Question 37

​During a DNA profiling analysis, short tandem repeats are first ____.

A) ​subjected to high heat
B) inserted into a plasmid​
C) ​chopped up using a restriction enzyme
D) ​placed on a gel for electrophoresis
E) ​amplified using PCR

Question 38

After obtaining DNA fragments by PCR, the fragments are ____ to reveal the lengths of the short tandem repeats.​

A) ​separated by a centrifuge
B) ​viewed under a microscope
C) ​separated by an electric current
D) inserted into a plasmid​
E) chopped up using restriction enzymes​

Question 39

The discovery of ____ allowed researchers to cut chromosomes into manageable-sized DNA fragments.

A) single-nucleotide polymorphisms
B) restriction enzymes
C) DNA assembly enzymes
D) fragment-length polymorphisms
E) receptor proteins

Question 40

Which two enzymes do DNA researchers need to cut and paste DNA from different sources?​

A) restriction enzymes and DNA ligase​
B) ​restriction enzymes and DNA polymerase
C) ​DNA ligase and DNA polymerase
D) ​restriction enzymes and helicase
E) ​helicases and DNA polymerase

Question 41

When a gene from one species is transferred into another species, the result is ____.​

A) a GMO​
B) ​a new species
C) ​a hybrid animal
D) ​eugenics
E) ​a lethal mutation

Question 42

Researchers introduce DNA into plants by using ____. I.
Bacteria
II)
Electric shocks
III)
Chemical shocks

A) ​I only
B) ​II only
C) ​III only
D) ​II and III
E) ​I, II, and III

Question 43

GMO crops such as ____ help farmers use smaller amounts of toxic pesticides because these crops are pest resistant.​

A) ​glyphosphate
B) ​Golden Rice
C) ​A. tumefaciens corn
D) ​Ti corn and rice
E) ​Bt corn and soy

Question 44

Which organism is used in the genetic engineering of plants?​

A) ​E. coli
B) ​T. aquaticus
C) ​A. tumefaciens
D) ​P. flourescens
E) ​B. thuringiensis

Question 45

By using mice, researchers found a correlation between mutations in the gene APOA5 and ____.​

A) high triglycerides in blood​
B) ​breast cancer
C) ​receptors of the immune system
D) ​sickle-cell anemia
E) ​Alzheimer's disease

Question 46

Golden Rice is made more β-carotene rich with genes from bacteria and ____.

A) corn
B) mice
C) tulips
D) daffodils
E) oranges

Question 47

In agriculture, the use of GMOs is regulated by the ____.​

A) ​FDA
B) ​AHA
C) ​EPA
D) ​USDA
E) ​NIH

Question 48

Electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of ____.​

A) molecular charge​
B) ​molecular bonding
C) ​molecular size
D) ​polarity
E) ​nonpolarity

Question 49

Most genetically modified crops carry genes for ____.​

A) ​herbicide resistance
B) ​disease and pest resistance
C) ​nutritional enhancement
D) ​making human medicines
E) ​increased yields

Question 50

What is the most assured method of identifying an individual?

A) full genome sequencing
B) short tandem repeat analysis
C) SNP-chip analysis
D) DNA-DNA hybridization
E) PCR amplification

Question 51

Which process consists of modifying an individual's genome?​

A) DNA hybridization​
B) ​PCR
C) ​SNPing
D) ​DNA profiling
E) ​genetic engineering

Question 52

The term "biotech barnyards" refers to ____.

A) the production of human therapeutic proteins by farm animals
B) the development of new species of farm animals
C) the increased production of milk, egg, wool, and so on
D) modern methods of raising more animals on less feed
E) the creation of transgenic animals that can produce several products

Question 53

Most genetic engineering involves the use of ____.​

A) ​yeast and plants
B) ​plants and E. coli
C) ​yeast and mice
D) ​bacteria and mice
E) ​yeast and bacteria

Question 54

Today, almost all cheese is made with ____ chymosin produced by transgenic____.​

A) pig; yeast​
B) ​bacterial; yeast
C) ​calf; yeast
D) ​sheep; bacteria
E) ​bacterial; calf

Question 55

Which of the following subdisciplines of biology focuses on understanding the entire genetic composition of organisms?

A) evolutionary biology
B) molecular biology
C) genomics
D) comparative anatomy
E) embryology

Question 56

The increased reliance on genetically engineered crops grew from the need to ____.​

A) develop new species of crop plants​
B) ​provide farmers with more expensive seeds
C) ​find new pesticides
D) produce more food at lower cost without harming the environment​
E) ​find more ways to profit from crop plants

Question 57

Traditionally, chymosin used in the food industry to make cheese was extracted from ____.​

A) mold fermentation​
B) ​yeast fermentation
C) ​sheep stomachs
D) ​bacterial fermentation
E) ​calf stomachs

Question 58

In which organism is genetically engineered human insulin produced?​

A) pigs​
B) ​E. coli
C) ​humans
D) ​T. aquaticus
E) ​B. thuringiensis

Question 59

Sequencing the human genome was possible with the use of ____ sequencing methods.​

A) automated​
B) ​mRNA
C) ​electrophoretic
D) ​international
E) ​patented

Question 60

What is a transgenic organism?​

A) an organism with multiple copies of the same gene​
B) ​an organism that has genes from another species
C) ​an organism that does not use DNA to specify proteins
D) ​an organism that has had its entire genome sequenced
E) ​an organism that has been DNA profiled

Question 61

How much Golden Rice will supply a child's daily need for the vitamin that is converted from β-carotene?

A) two teaspoons
B) a half of a cup
C) one cup
D) one quart
E) one pint

Question 62

Matching
Match the following organisms to the description with which they best correspond.
a.A. tumefaciens
b.rice
c.E. coli
d.goats
e.mice
slight modifications of this bacteria's genes have yielded fast-acting and slow-release forms of human insulin

Question 63

When performing gene therapy, DNA can be introduced into human cells by using genetically engineered ____, which are designed to deliver their genetic material into the cells they infect.​

A) sheep cells​
B) ​mouse cells
C) ​bacteria
D) ​plasmids
E) ​viruses

Question 64

Gene therapy has been successful in curing ____.​

A) AIDS​
B) ​SCID
C) diabetes​
D) ​hemophilia A
E) ​cystic fibrosis

Question 65

Matching
Match the following organisms to the description with which they best correspond.
a.A. tumefaciens
b.rice
c.E. coli
d.goats
e.mice
a transgenic plant that has been engineered to make β-carotene, an orange photosynthetic pigment that is remodeled by cells of the small intestine into vitamin A, making it more nutritious to humans

Question 66

Gene therapy is performed by ____.

A) replacing the genomes of an individual with a brand-new set of genomes with the goal of treating a genetic defect
B) replacing a defective gene in an individual with a normal gene with the goal of treating a genetic disorder
C) transferring a mutated gene into an individual with the goal of treating a genetic defect
D) transferring a normal or a modified gene into an individual with the goal of treating a genetic defect
E) replacing a defective enzyme in an individual with a normal enzyme with the goal of treating a genetic disorder

Question 67

Crops have been genetically modified to resist the herbicide ____.

A) glyphosate
B) DDT
C) triazine
D) 2,4-D
E) atrazine

Question 68

The idea of deliberately improving the genetic qualities of the human race is referred to as ____.​

A) ​genomics
B) ​genetic cloning
C) ​gene therapy
D) ​eugenics
E) ​euthanasia

Question 69

Matching
Match the following organisms to the description with which they best correspond.
a.A. tumefaciens
b.rice
c.E. coli
d.goats
e.mice
transgenic animals that produce proteins used to treat human conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, heart attacks, blood clotting disorders, and nerve gas exposure

Question 70

β-Carotene is converted to vitamin ____ in the cells of the small intestine.

A) B12
B) A
C) E
D) C
E) D

Question 71

If a virus-injected gene interrupts a growth control gene, ____ could result.​

A) diabetes​
B) ​cancer
C) ​hemophilia A
D) sickle-cell anemia​
E) ​heart attack

Question 72

Matching
Match the following organisms to the description with which they best correspond.
a.A. tumefaciens
b.rice
c.E. coli
d.goats
e.mice
genes can be introduced into plant cells using this bacteria

Question 73

In gene therapy, what is transferred into an individual's chromosomes?​

A) a new genome​
B) ​an unmutated gene
C) ​a mutated gene
D) ​bacterial plasmids
E) ​DNA libraries

Question 74

Match the following terms to the definition with which they best correspond.
a.single-nucleotide polymorphism
b.cloning vector
c.DNA ligase
d.probe
e.genome
an organism's complete set of genetic material

Question 75

Match the following terms to the definition with which they best correspond.
a.single-nucleotide polymorphism
b.cloning vector
c.DNA ligase
d.probe
e.genome
a DNA molecule that can accept foreign DNA and be replicated inside a host cell

Question 76

Which animal makes human interleukin-2, a protein that triggers immune cells to divide and is being used as a cancer drug?​

A) cows​
B) ​sheep
C) ​mice
D) ​goats
E) ​rabbits

Question 77

Currently, the only possible cure for genetic disorders is ____.​

A) genetically modified drugs​
B) ​transplantation
C) ​whole genome replacement
D) ​gene therapy
E) ​GMOs

Question 78

Which human body system is affected in individuals with SCIDs?​

A) ​digestive
B) ​immune
C) ​reproductive
D) ​nervous
E) ​cardiovascular

Question 79

Matching
Match the following organisms to the description with which they best correspond.
a.A. tumefaciens
b.rice
c.E. coli
d.goats
e.mice
researchers studied these transgenic animals resulting in much of our current understanding of how diabetes works in humans

Question 80

Match the following terms to the definition with which they best correspond.
a.single-nucleotide polymorphism
b.cloning vector
c.DNA ligase
d.probe
e.genome
fragment of DNA or RNA labeled with a tracer and can hybridize with a nucleotide sequence of interest