Deck 14: Prokaryotes, Protists, and Viruses

Full screen (f)
exit full mode
Question
____ are likely to provide hints about the Earth's early atmosphere.

A) Ancient rocks
B) Volcanic eruptions
C) Ancient rocks and volcanic eruptions
D) Meteorites and ancient rocks
E) Meteorites, volcanic eruptions, and ancient rocks
Use Space or
up arrow
down arrow
to flip the card.
Question
​____ may have been a source of organic monomers on early Earth.

A) ​Venus
B) ​Meteorites
C) ​Volcanoes
D) ​Stromatolites
E) ​Comets
Question
​ _____, which probably evolved from infoldings of the plasma membrane, first appear in the fossil record about 1.8 million years ago.

A) ​Eukaryotes
B) ​Archaea
C) ​Plants
D) ​Bacteria
E) ​Photosynthesizers
Question
It is hypothesized that ____ may have been the first informational molecule.

A) DNA
B) a protein
C) RNA
D) ozone
E) an amino acid
Question
​The earliest cells most likely ____.

A) ​were prokaryotic cells
B) ​did not have a nucleus but had membrane-bound organelles
C) ​used oxygen gas in order to thrive successfully
D) ​used energy from the sun
E) ​were multicellular
Question
​​Scientists hypothesize that ____ served as a primitive template for forming polymer chains from organic subunits, such as amino acids.

A) ​meteorites that landed in the oceans
B) ​clay particles in tidal flats
C) ​sulfur that precipitated out of hydrothermal vents
D) ​rusty rocks
E) ​magma spewed from early volcanic activity
Question
​Humans acquire their first microorganisms during ____.

A) ​fetal development
B) ​nursing
C) ​vaginal delivery
D) ​the first year of life
E) ​exposure to the air
Question
​Scientific evidence suggests that Earth had cooled enough for_____ to accumulate by 4.3 billion years ago.

A) ​carbon monoxide
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​oxygen
D) ​water
E) ​nuclei
Question
​Until the early 1800s, scientists believed that molecules of life could only be made _____.

A) ​by prokaryotes
B) ​by organisms with RNA genomes
C) ​inside hydrothermal vents
D) ​by protocells
E) ​inside living organisms
Question
​The appearance of _____ on Earth due to the action of photosynthetic bacteria occurred about 2.7 billion years ago.

A) ​water
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​ATP
D) ​oxygen
E) ​iron
Question
Experiments like those performed by Stanley Miller in the 1850s demonstrated that lightening-fueled atmospheric reactions could produce ____.

A) self-replicating DNA molecules
B) organic compounds required for life under artificial conditions
C) prokaryotic cells under artificial conditions
D) meteorites containing the building blocks of life
E) organic molecules in hydrothermal vents
Question
​____ are dome-shaped structures composed of layers of early cells and sediments.

A) ​Meteorites
B) ​Protocells
C) ​Stromatolites
D) ​Hydrothermal fossils
E) ​Protofossils
Question
​DNA is more stable than RNA for storing genetic information because ____.

A) ​uracil needed for RNA synthesis is far less common than thymine needed for DNA synthesis
B) ​RNA breaks more easily and accumulates more mutations than DNA does
C) ​DNA is easier to build from its component molecules
D) ​DNA requires less energy to construct than RNA does
E) ​RNA molecules are longer than DNA molecules and thus more prone to breakage
Question
What are the four main organic subunits found in all organisms?

A) protocell; fatty acids; nucleotides; simple sugars
B) amino acids; DNA; nucleotides; simple sugars
C) amino acids; fatty acids; RNA; simple sugars
D) amino acids; DNA; RNA; protocell
E) amino acids; fatty acids; nucleotides; simple sugars
Question
​Evidence supporting the lack of oxygen on early Earth includes _____.

A) ​the presence of early photosynthesizers
B) ​the immediate breakdown of organic molecules
C) ​the lack of iron oxidation on ancient rocks
D) ​the presence of iron oxidation on ancient rocks
E) ​the accumulation of ozone
Question
​Place the following hypothesized events of the beginning of life in their correct order. I
Organic polymers form
II
Inorganic molecules form
III
DNA-based cells form
IV
Organic monomers form
V
Protocells in the RNA world form

A) ​I, III, V, IV, II
B) ​II, I, IV, V, III
C) ​II, IV, I, V, III
D) ​IV, I, II, III, V
E) ​II, I, IV, V, III
Question
​____ may have been the ancestors of cellular life.

A) ​Circular RNA
B) ​Prokaryotic cells
C) ​Pseudocells
D) ​Lipid globules
E) ​Protocells
Question
​G. lamblia infection in the gut ____; therefore, some people may be benefited by the presence of this protist.

A) ​reduces the risk of parasitic worm infection
B) ​increases the likelihood of getting irritable bowel disease (IBD)
C) ​inhibits fat uptake from food
D) ​causes no ill effect
E) ​increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis
Question
​According to scientific evidence, the first organisms on Earth must have been ____.

A) ​aerobic
B) ​pathogenic
C) ​anaerobic
D) ​heterotrophs
E) ​multicellular
Question
A ____ is a disease-causing organism.

A) microbiota
B) pathogen
C) probiotic
D) antibiotic
E) prebiotic
Question
​The ____ is/are a plant's main line of defense against viral infection.

A) ​immune cells
B) ​viral toxins within the central vacuole
C) ​membrane proteins that latch onto virus particles
D) ​thick cell wall that prevents viral entry
E) ​nuclear membrane that is impermeable to viruses
Question
Bacteria ____.

A) are diploid organisms
B) produce gametes
C) have a life cycle that varies between unicellular stage and multicellular stage
D) have a single circular chromosome
E) lack both DNA and RNA
Question
Prokaryotic cells are ____.

A) found only in extreme habitats
B) the least common organisms on Earth
C) easily seen with the naked eye
D) stationary organisms
E) widespread on the planet
Question
​It is thought that viruses may have originated from cells because ____.

A) ​of their small size
B) ​they are pathogens
C) ​they can only replicate within a host cell
D) ​they do not have organelles
E) ​of their genetic material
Question
​____ allow bacteria to join together to transfer genes.

A) ​Flagella
B) ​Spores
C) ​Capsules
D) ​Pili
E) ​Cilia
Question
​Outbreaks of ____ in humans typically arise when a person comes in contact with an infected animal.

A) ​HIV
B) ​swine flu
C) ​bird flu
D) ​Ebola
E) ​herpes
Question
​The first eukaryotic cells were ____.

A) ​bacteria
B) ​archaea
C) ​protists
D) ​algae
E) ​fungi
Question
​Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved by the process of ____.

A) ​endosymbiosis
B) ​viral reassortment
C) ​transformation
D) ​decomposition
E) ​nitrogen fixation
Question
The theory that early metabolic reactions occurred in rocks near hydrothermal vents is known as the _____hypothesis.

A) RNA world
B) endosymbiont
C) iron-sulfur world
D) vital force
E) lightening-fueled
Question
​A coccus is a(n) ____.

A) ​rod-shaped bacterium
B) ​spherical bacterium
C) ​multicellular bacterial colony
D) ​spiral-shaped bacterium
E) ​bacteriophage
Question
​____ bacteria are found inside the roots of legumes, where they receive _____ from the host plant.

A) ​Thermophilic; water
B) ​Cyanobacteria; minerals
C) ​Nitrogen-fixing; carbohydrates
D) ​Methane-producing; minerals
E) ​Halophilic; carbohydrates
Question
Archaea ____.

A) have cell walls composed of cellulose
B) most commonly replicate by sexual reproduction
C) are more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria
D) are more closely related to bacteria than eukaryotes
E) have mitochondria
Question
​Anaerobic methanogens produce ____.

A) ​carbon monoxide
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​ammonia sulfide
D) ​methane
E) ​hydrogen sulfide
Question
Following infection of a white blood cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral reverse transcriptase produces a ____ copy of its RNA genome.

A) single-stranded DNA
B) double-stranded DNA
C) single-stranded RNA
D) double-stranded RNA
E) backward DNA
Question
​____ are believed to have once existed as independent prokaryotes.

A) ​Bacteriophages
B) ​Chloroplasts
C) ​Slime molds
D) ​Protists
E) ​Nuclei
Question
​A virus is most analogous to a(an) ____.

A) ​bank robber
B) ​carjacker
C) ​embezzler
D) ​attack dog
E) ​drug dealer
Question
_____, which occurs when two related viruses infect the same host at the same time, can lead to the emergence of new viral strains. Genetic isolation

A) DNA mutation
B) Cell lysis
C) Viral reassortment
D) Genetic isolation
E) Reverse transcription
Question
​All free viral particles contain _____.

A) ​a viral genome and a plasma membrane
B) ​both DNA and RNA protected by a viral envelope
C) ​RNA enclosed within a helical rod
D) ​a viral genome protected by a protein coat
E) ​a viral genome protected by a viral envelope
Question
Viral infections in plants often occur by the action of _____.

A) reverse transcriptase
B) disease vectors
C) bacteriophages
D) viral reassortment
E) host-cell DNA mutations
Question
​What is the function of bacterial flagella?

A) ​organization of the nuclear material
B) ​assisting in protein synthesis
C) ​energy production
D) ​locomotion
E) ​cell membrane construction
Question
​Foraminifera are predatory protists with a ____ shell, which is the ultimate source of _____.

A) ​silicon; oxygen
B) ​carbon; carbon dioxide
C) ​chitin; ozone
D) ​bicarbonate; chalk and limestone
E) ​calcium carbonate; chalk and limestone
Question
​Plasmodium is a(n)____.

A) ​apicomplexan
B) ​diatom
C) ​ciliate
D) ​dinoflagellate
E) ​flagellated protozoan
Question
​____ obtain both energy and carbon from organic compounds.

A) ​Photoautotrophs
B) ​Chemoautotrophs
C) ​Photoheterotrophs
D) ​Chemoheterotrophs
E) ​Decomposers
Question
The fusion of gametes of malaria-causing Plasmodium takes place ____.

A) in the gut of a female mosquito
B) in the liver
C) in the salivary glands of a mosquito
D) inside white blood cells
E) inside red blood cells
Question
​Red algae ____.

A) ​are primarily marine organisms
B) ​are thought to have developed from green algae
C) ​contain xanthophylls as their main accessory pigments
D) ​are actually brown
E) ​are primarily freshwater organisms
Question
Flagellated protozoans possess a ____, layer of elastic proteins just beneath the plasma membrane. Flagellated protozoans possess a ____, layer of elastic proteins just beneath the plasma membrane.

A) pellicle
B) cilium
C) capsule
D) pilus
E) flagellum
Question
​Bacteria can exchange genes with other bacteria by a method called ____.

A) ​binary fission
B) ​transduction
C) ​conjugation
D) ​translation
E) ​transformation
Question
​The ____ of flagellated protozoans are analogous to the ____ of prokaryotes.

A) ​cytoskeleton; flagellum
B) ​endoplasmic reticulum; ribosome
C) ​fimbriae; Golgi body
D) ​pellicle; cell wall
E) ​cytoskeleton; plastid
Question
​Algins, thickening compounds used in the food industry, are obtained from ____.

A) ​foraminiferans
B) ​brown algae
C) ​dinoflagellates
D) ​red algae
E) ​green algae
Question
​The ____ produce bioluminescent molecules.

A) ​foraminiferans
B) ​apicomplexans
C) ​ciliates
D) ​dinoflagellates
E) ​euglenoids
Question
​Some bacteria in the deep oceans use iron as an energy source to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide. These bacteria would be classified as ____.

A) ​chemoautotrophs
B) ​chemoheterotrophs
C) ​photoautotrophs
D) ​photoheterotrophs
E) ​decomposers
Question
Protists that are part of a(n) _____ are integrated with other cells but remain self-sufficient.

A) multicellular organism
B) colonial organism
C) contractile vacuole
D) algal bloom
E) pathogenic life cycle
Question
​Some archaea are extreme halophiles. This means that they thrive in ___ conditions.

A) ​high temperature
B) ​low temperature
C) ​high sulfur
D) ​high salt
E) ​high oxygen
Question
The ____ form of Plasmodium is transferred to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito.

A) merozoite
B) gametocyte
C) cyst
D) sporozoite
E) spore
Question
​Which is an example of a benefit attributed to bacteria?

A) ​Bacteria can cause food spoilage.
B) ​Many species of bacteria cause disease in humans.
C) ​Bacteria in the human gut and vagina prevent the growth of pathogens.
D) ​Bacteria break down excess vitamin K in the human large intestine.
E) ​Bacteria prevent decomposition by fungi.
Question
​Ciliates, such as Paramecium, are likely to be found in ____ or in the gut of mammalian grazers where they aid in the digestion of _____.

A) ​seawater; animal flesh
B) ​seawater and freshwater; plant material
C) ​freshwater; animal flesh
D) ​acidic hot springs; soil minerals
E) ​seawater and acidic hot springs; plant material
Question
​Genes that are exchanged between prokaryotes are contained in ____ molecules.

A) ​pili
B) ​plasmid
C) ​prokaryotic RNA
D) ​nuclear
E) ​protein
Question
Diatoms are characterized by ____ and are the source of economically useful_____.

A) calcium carbonate shells; ozone
B) calcium carbonate sheaths; petroleum
C) silica shells; diatomaceous Earth
D) silica sheaths; limestone
E) silica carbonate shells; diatomaceous Earth
Question
​Dinoflagellates typically have ____; some photosynthetic species live inside coral cells, which they supply with _____.

A) ​multiple pili; shelter
B) ​hundreds of cilia; essential nutrients
C) ​no flagella; minerals
D) ​one flagella; essential sugars
E) ​two flagella; essential sugars
Question
​You boil water that has been extracted from a swamp and find archaea that are still alive. These archaea are most likely ____.

A) ​halophiles
B) ​methanophiles
C) ​photophiles
D) ​thermophiles
E) ​chemophiles
Question
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​makes its own carbohydrates
Question
The ____ spend most of their lives as individual haploid organisms.

A) cellular slime molds
B) plasmodial slime molds
C) amoebas
D) multicelled protists
E) single-celled protists
Question
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​lower the ocean's carbon dioxide concentration
Question
​____ is the best studied species of bacteria.

A) ​Rhizobium sp.
B) ​Prevotella copri
C) ​E. coli
D) ​G. lamblia
E) ​Agrobacterium sp.
Question
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​membranous sac that contains interacting organic molecules
Question
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​move by pseudopods
Question
​Agar is produced by ____.

A) ​brown algae
B) ​red algae
C) ​phycobilins
D) ​brown and red algae
E) ​red algae and phycobilins
Question
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​disease-causing agent
Question
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
Question
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​diverse lineage of eukaryotes
Question
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​cause of malaria
Question
Match the prokaryote with the correct description.
a.halophiles
b.cyanobacteria
c.thermophiles
d.bacteria
e.methanogens
​These live in temperatures that are not usually conducive to life.
Question
The ____ protists may cause dysentery after drinking contaminated water. amoeba

A) dinoflagellate
B) apicomplexan
C) amoeba
D) ciliate
E) water mold
Question
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​genetically distinct subtype of a particular microorganism
Question
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​share a common ancestor with green plants
Question
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​cause of algal blooms
Question
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​multicellular protist able to live in deep ocean water
Question
​The close relationship between ____ and animals can be seen in the similarity of these protists and sponges, simple animals.

A) ​cellular slime molds
B) ​choanoflagellates
C) ​diatoms
D) ​brown and red algae
E) ​flagellates protozoans
Question
Match the prokaryote with the correct description.
a.halophiles
b.cyanobacteria
c.thermophiles
d.bacteria
e.methanogens
​These produce methane.
Question
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​thrives in high salt conditions
Unlock Deck
Sign up to unlock the cards in this deck!
Unlock Deck
Unlock Deck
1/95
auto play flashcards
Play
simple tutorial
Full screen (f)
exit full mode
Deck 14: Prokaryotes, Protists, and Viruses
1
____ are likely to provide hints about the Earth's early atmosphere.

A) Ancient rocks
B) Volcanic eruptions
C) Ancient rocks and volcanic eruptions
D) Meteorites and ancient rocks
E) Meteorites, volcanic eruptions, and ancient rocks
E
2
​____ may have been a source of organic monomers on early Earth.

A) ​Venus
B) ​Meteorites
C) ​Volcanoes
D) ​Stromatolites
E) ​Comets
B
3
​ _____, which probably evolved from infoldings of the plasma membrane, first appear in the fossil record about 1.8 million years ago.

A) ​Eukaryotes
B) ​Archaea
C) ​Plants
D) ​Bacteria
E) ​Photosynthesizers
A
4
It is hypothesized that ____ may have been the first informational molecule.

A) DNA
B) a protein
C) RNA
D) ozone
E) an amino acid
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
5
​The earliest cells most likely ____.

A) ​were prokaryotic cells
B) ​did not have a nucleus but had membrane-bound organelles
C) ​used oxygen gas in order to thrive successfully
D) ​used energy from the sun
E) ​were multicellular
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
6
​​Scientists hypothesize that ____ served as a primitive template for forming polymer chains from organic subunits, such as amino acids.

A) ​meteorites that landed in the oceans
B) ​clay particles in tidal flats
C) ​sulfur that precipitated out of hydrothermal vents
D) ​rusty rocks
E) ​magma spewed from early volcanic activity
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
7
​Humans acquire their first microorganisms during ____.

A) ​fetal development
B) ​nursing
C) ​vaginal delivery
D) ​the first year of life
E) ​exposure to the air
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
8
​Scientific evidence suggests that Earth had cooled enough for_____ to accumulate by 4.3 billion years ago.

A) ​carbon monoxide
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​oxygen
D) ​water
E) ​nuclei
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
9
​Until the early 1800s, scientists believed that molecules of life could only be made _____.

A) ​by prokaryotes
B) ​by organisms with RNA genomes
C) ​inside hydrothermal vents
D) ​by protocells
E) ​inside living organisms
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
10
​The appearance of _____ on Earth due to the action of photosynthetic bacteria occurred about 2.7 billion years ago.

A) ​water
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​ATP
D) ​oxygen
E) ​iron
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
11
Experiments like those performed by Stanley Miller in the 1850s demonstrated that lightening-fueled atmospheric reactions could produce ____.

A) self-replicating DNA molecules
B) organic compounds required for life under artificial conditions
C) prokaryotic cells under artificial conditions
D) meteorites containing the building blocks of life
E) organic molecules in hydrothermal vents
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
12
​____ are dome-shaped structures composed of layers of early cells and sediments.

A) ​Meteorites
B) ​Protocells
C) ​Stromatolites
D) ​Hydrothermal fossils
E) ​Protofossils
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
13
​DNA is more stable than RNA for storing genetic information because ____.

A) ​uracil needed for RNA synthesis is far less common than thymine needed for DNA synthesis
B) ​RNA breaks more easily and accumulates more mutations than DNA does
C) ​DNA is easier to build from its component molecules
D) ​DNA requires less energy to construct than RNA does
E) ​RNA molecules are longer than DNA molecules and thus more prone to breakage
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
14
What are the four main organic subunits found in all organisms?

A) protocell; fatty acids; nucleotides; simple sugars
B) amino acids; DNA; nucleotides; simple sugars
C) amino acids; fatty acids; RNA; simple sugars
D) amino acids; DNA; RNA; protocell
E) amino acids; fatty acids; nucleotides; simple sugars
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
15
​Evidence supporting the lack of oxygen on early Earth includes _____.

A) ​the presence of early photosynthesizers
B) ​the immediate breakdown of organic molecules
C) ​the lack of iron oxidation on ancient rocks
D) ​the presence of iron oxidation on ancient rocks
E) ​the accumulation of ozone
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
16
​Place the following hypothesized events of the beginning of life in their correct order. I
Organic polymers form
II
Inorganic molecules form
III
DNA-based cells form
IV
Organic monomers form
V
Protocells in the RNA world form

A) ​I, III, V, IV, II
B) ​II, I, IV, V, III
C) ​II, IV, I, V, III
D) ​IV, I, II, III, V
E) ​II, I, IV, V, III
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
17
​____ may have been the ancestors of cellular life.

A) ​Circular RNA
B) ​Prokaryotic cells
C) ​Pseudocells
D) ​Lipid globules
E) ​Protocells
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
18
​G. lamblia infection in the gut ____; therefore, some people may be benefited by the presence of this protist.

A) ​reduces the risk of parasitic worm infection
B) ​increases the likelihood of getting irritable bowel disease (IBD)
C) ​inhibits fat uptake from food
D) ​causes no ill effect
E) ​increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
19
​According to scientific evidence, the first organisms on Earth must have been ____.

A) ​aerobic
B) ​pathogenic
C) ​anaerobic
D) ​heterotrophs
E) ​multicellular
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
20
A ____ is a disease-causing organism.

A) microbiota
B) pathogen
C) probiotic
D) antibiotic
E) prebiotic
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
21
​The ____ is/are a plant's main line of defense against viral infection.

A) ​immune cells
B) ​viral toxins within the central vacuole
C) ​membrane proteins that latch onto virus particles
D) ​thick cell wall that prevents viral entry
E) ​nuclear membrane that is impermeable to viruses
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
22
Bacteria ____.

A) are diploid organisms
B) produce gametes
C) have a life cycle that varies between unicellular stage and multicellular stage
D) have a single circular chromosome
E) lack both DNA and RNA
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
23
Prokaryotic cells are ____.

A) found only in extreme habitats
B) the least common organisms on Earth
C) easily seen with the naked eye
D) stationary organisms
E) widespread on the planet
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
24
​It is thought that viruses may have originated from cells because ____.

A) ​of their small size
B) ​they are pathogens
C) ​they can only replicate within a host cell
D) ​they do not have organelles
E) ​of their genetic material
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
25
​____ allow bacteria to join together to transfer genes.

A) ​Flagella
B) ​Spores
C) ​Capsules
D) ​Pili
E) ​Cilia
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
26
​Outbreaks of ____ in humans typically arise when a person comes in contact with an infected animal.

A) ​HIV
B) ​swine flu
C) ​bird flu
D) ​Ebola
E) ​herpes
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
27
​The first eukaryotic cells were ____.

A) ​bacteria
B) ​archaea
C) ​protists
D) ​algae
E) ​fungi
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
28
​Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved by the process of ____.

A) ​endosymbiosis
B) ​viral reassortment
C) ​transformation
D) ​decomposition
E) ​nitrogen fixation
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
29
The theory that early metabolic reactions occurred in rocks near hydrothermal vents is known as the _____hypothesis.

A) RNA world
B) endosymbiont
C) iron-sulfur world
D) vital force
E) lightening-fueled
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
30
​A coccus is a(n) ____.

A) ​rod-shaped bacterium
B) ​spherical bacterium
C) ​multicellular bacterial colony
D) ​spiral-shaped bacterium
E) ​bacteriophage
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
31
​____ bacteria are found inside the roots of legumes, where they receive _____ from the host plant.

A) ​Thermophilic; water
B) ​Cyanobacteria; minerals
C) ​Nitrogen-fixing; carbohydrates
D) ​Methane-producing; minerals
E) ​Halophilic; carbohydrates
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
32
Archaea ____.

A) have cell walls composed of cellulose
B) most commonly replicate by sexual reproduction
C) are more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria
D) are more closely related to bacteria than eukaryotes
E) have mitochondria
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
33
​Anaerobic methanogens produce ____.

A) ​carbon monoxide
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​ammonia sulfide
D) ​methane
E) ​hydrogen sulfide
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
34
Following infection of a white blood cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral reverse transcriptase produces a ____ copy of its RNA genome.

A) single-stranded DNA
B) double-stranded DNA
C) single-stranded RNA
D) double-stranded RNA
E) backward DNA
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
35
​____ are believed to have once existed as independent prokaryotes.

A) ​Bacteriophages
B) ​Chloroplasts
C) ​Slime molds
D) ​Protists
E) ​Nuclei
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
36
​A virus is most analogous to a(an) ____.

A) ​bank robber
B) ​carjacker
C) ​embezzler
D) ​attack dog
E) ​drug dealer
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
37
_____, which occurs when two related viruses infect the same host at the same time, can lead to the emergence of new viral strains. Genetic isolation

A) DNA mutation
B) Cell lysis
C) Viral reassortment
D) Genetic isolation
E) Reverse transcription
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
38
​All free viral particles contain _____.

A) ​a viral genome and a plasma membrane
B) ​both DNA and RNA protected by a viral envelope
C) ​RNA enclosed within a helical rod
D) ​a viral genome protected by a protein coat
E) ​a viral genome protected by a viral envelope
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
39
Viral infections in plants often occur by the action of _____.

A) reverse transcriptase
B) disease vectors
C) bacteriophages
D) viral reassortment
E) host-cell DNA mutations
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
40
​What is the function of bacterial flagella?

A) ​organization of the nuclear material
B) ​assisting in protein synthesis
C) ​energy production
D) ​locomotion
E) ​cell membrane construction
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
41
​Foraminifera are predatory protists with a ____ shell, which is the ultimate source of _____.

A) ​silicon; oxygen
B) ​carbon; carbon dioxide
C) ​chitin; ozone
D) ​bicarbonate; chalk and limestone
E) ​calcium carbonate; chalk and limestone
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
42
​Plasmodium is a(n)____.

A) ​apicomplexan
B) ​diatom
C) ​ciliate
D) ​dinoflagellate
E) ​flagellated protozoan
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
43
​____ obtain both energy and carbon from organic compounds.

A) ​Photoautotrophs
B) ​Chemoautotrophs
C) ​Photoheterotrophs
D) ​Chemoheterotrophs
E) ​Decomposers
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
44
The fusion of gametes of malaria-causing Plasmodium takes place ____.

A) in the gut of a female mosquito
B) in the liver
C) in the salivary glands of a mosquito
D) inside white blood cells
E) inside red blood cells
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
45
​Red algae ____.

A) ​are primarily marine organisms
B) ​are thought to have developed from green algae
C) ​contain xanthophylls as their main accessory pigments
D) ​are actually brown
E) ​are primarily freshwater organisms
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
46
Flagellated protozoans possess a ____, layer of elastic proteins just beneath the plasma membrane. Flagellated protozoans possess a ____, layer of elastic proteins just beneath the plasma membrane.

A) pellicle
B) cilium
C) capsule
D) pilus
E) flagellum
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
47
​Bacteria can exchange genes with other bacteria by a method called ____.

A) ​binary fission
B) ​transduction
C) ​conjugation
D) ​translation
E) ​transformation
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
48
​The ____ of flagellated protozoans are analogous to the ____ of prokaryotes.

A) ​cytoskeleton; flagellum
B) ​endoplasmic reticulum; ribosome
C) ​fimbriae; Golgi body
D) ​pellicle; cell wall
E) ​cytoskeleton; plastid
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
49
​Algins, thickening compounds used in the food industry, are obtained from ____.

A) ​foraminiferans
B) ​brown algae
C) ​dinoflagellates
D) ​red algae
E) ​green algae
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
50
​The ____ produce bioluminescent molecules.

A) ​foraminiferans
B) ​apicomplexans
C) ​ciliates
D) ​dinoflagellates
E) ​euglenoids
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
51
​Some bacteria in the deep oceans use iron as an energy source to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide. These bacteria would be classified as ____.

A) ​chemoautotrophs
B) ​chemoheterotrophs
C) ​photoautotrophs
D) ​photoheterotrophs
E) ​decomposers
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
52
Protists that are part of a(n) _____ are integrated with other cells but remain self-sufficient.

A) multicellular organism
B) colonial organism
C) contractile vacuole
D) algal bloom
E) pathogenic life cycle
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
53
​Some archaea are extreme halophiles. This means that they thrive in ___ conditions.

A) ​high temperature
B) ​low temperature
C) ​high sulfur
D) ​high salt
E) ​high oxygen
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
54
The ____ form of Plasmodium is transferred to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito.

A) merozoite
B) gametocyte
C) cyst
D) sporozoite
E) spore
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
55
​Which is an example of a benefit attributed to bacteria?

A) ​Bacteria can cause food spoilage.
B) ​Many species of bacteria cause disease in humans.
C) ​Bacteria in the human gut and vagina prevent the growth of pathogens.
D) ​Bacteria break down excess vitamin K in the human large intestine.
E) ​Bacteria prevent decomposition by fungi.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
56
​Ciliates, such as Paramecium, are likely to be found in ____ or in the gut of mammalian grazers where they aid in the digestion of _____.

A) ​seawater; animal flesh
B) ​seawater and freshwater; plant material
C) ​freshwater; animal flesh
D) ​acidic hot springs; soil minerals
E) ​seawater and acidic hot springs; plant material
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
57
​Genes that are exchanged between prokaryotes are contained in ____ molecules.

A) ​pili
B) ​plasmid
C) ​prokaryotic RNA
D) ​nuclear
E) ​protein
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
58
Diatoms are characterized by ____ and are the source of economically useful_____.

A) calcium carbonate shells; ozone
B) calcium carbonate sheaths; petroleum
C) silica shells; diatomaceous Earth
D) silica sheaths; limestone
E) silica carbonate shells; diatomaceous Earth
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
59
​Dinoflagellates typically have ____; some photosynthetic species live inside coral cells, which they supply with _____.

A) ​multiple pili; shelter
B) ​hundreds of cilia; essential nutrients
C) ​no flagella; minerals
D) ​one flagella; essential sugars
E) ​two flagella; essential sugars
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
60
​You boil water that has been extracted from a swamp and find archaea that are still alive. These archaea are most likely ____.

A) ​halophiles
B) ​methanophiles
C) ​photophiles
D) ​thermophiles
E) ​chemophiles
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
61
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​makes its own carbohydrates
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
62
The ____ spend most of their lives as individual haploid organisms.

A) cellular slime molds
B) plasmodial slime molds
C) amoebas
D) multicelled protists
E) single-celled protists
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
63
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​lower the ocean's carbon dioxide concentration
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
64
​____ is the best studied species of bacteria.

A) ​Rhizobium sp.
B) ​Prevotella copri
C) ​E. coli
D) ​G. lamblia
E) ​Agrobacterium sp.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
65
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​membranous sac that contains interacting organic molecules
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
66
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​move by pseudopods
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
67
​Agar is produced by ____.

A) ​brown algae
B) ​red algae
C) ​phycobilins
D) ​brown and red algae
E) ​red algae and phycobilins
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
68
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​disease-causing agent
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
69
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
70
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​diverse lineage of eukaryotes
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
71
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​cause of malaria
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
72
Match the prokaryote with the correct description.
a.halophiles
b.cyanobacteria
c.thermophiles
d.bacteria
e.methanogens
​These live in temperatures that are not usually conducive to life.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
73
The ____ protists may cause dysentery after drinking contaminated water. amoeba

A) dinoflagellate
B) apicomplexan
C) amoeba
D) ciliate
E) water mold
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
74
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​genetically distinct subtype of a particular microorganism
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
75
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​share a common ancestor with green plants
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
76
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​cause of algal blooms
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
77
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​multicellular protist able to live in deep ocean water
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
78
​The close relationship between ____ and animals can be seen in the similarity of these protists and sponges, simple animals.

A) ​cellular slime molds
B) ​choanoflagellates
C) ​diatoms
D) ​brown and red algae
E) ​flagellates protozoans
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
79
Match the prokaryote with the correct description.
a.halophiles
b.cyanobacteria
c.thermophiles
d.bacteria
e.methanogens
​These produce methane.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
80
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​thrives in high salt conditions
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
locked card icon
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 95 flashcards in this deck.