Deck 28: Plant Form and Function

Question 1

​Plants can close tiny gaps in their epidermis, referred to as ____, to limit water loss from internal tissues.

A) ​periderm
B) ​stomata
C) ​endoderm
D) ​tracheids
E) ​sclereids

Answer 1

B

Question 2

​Which of the following cells conduct sugars and other organic solutes?

A) ​tracheids
B) ​vessel elements
C) ​companion cells
D) ​sieve elements
E) ​xylem

Answer 2

D

Question 3

​The simple tissue composed of living, thin-walled cells with functions that depend on location is called ____ tissue.​

A) ​vascular
B) ​dermal
C) ​collenchyma
D) ​sclerenchyma
E) ​parenchyma

Answer 3

E

Question 4

​With more than ____ species, flowering plants dominate the plant kingdom.

A) ​100,000
B) ​175,000
C) ​260,000
D) ​375,000
E) ​480,000​

Question 5

​What type of vascular tissue conducts water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant?

A) ​xylem
B) ​phloem
C) ​sclereids
D) ​companion cells
E) ​sieve tubes

Question 6

​Which of the following cells are alive at maturity?

A) ​sieve tube members
B) ​vessel members
C) ​tracheids
D) ​fibers
E) ​sclereids

Question 7

​What simple tissue composed of living cells is responsible for supporting rapidly growing plant parts such as young stems and leaf stalks?

A) ​vascular tissue
B) ​dermal tissue
C) ​collenchyma tissue
D) ​sclerenchyma tissue
E) ​parenchyma tissue

Question 8

​Which of the following plants was used to remove contaminants from soil at the Aberdeen Proving Ground site?

A) ​hemlock
B) ​poplar trees
C) ​maple trees
D) ​sawgrass
E) oak trees​

Question 9

​The gritty feel of a pear is due to ____ cells.

A) ​collenchyma
B) ​epidermal
C) ​fiber
D) ​sclereid
E) ​parenchyma

Question 10

​The tissue systems of the root and shoot systems are classified as ____.

A) ​ground tissue
B) ​dermal tissue
C) ​vascular tissue
D) ​ground and dermal tissues
E) ​ground, dermal, and vascular tissues

Question 11

​In older stems and roots, a complex dermal tissue called ____ replaces the epidermis.

A) ​endoderm
B) ​periderm
C) ​mesophyll
D) ​cortex
E) ​lignin

Question 12

​Among the following substances contaminating Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, which is an organic compound that damages the nervous system, liver, and lungs?

A) ​lead
B) ​arsenic
C) ​dimethyl chloride
D) ​trichloroethylene
E) ​mercury

Question 13

What structures allow water to move laterally and vertically through xylem cells?

A) ​sieve elements
B) ​companion cells
C) ​sclereids in the cell walls
D) ​pits in the cell walls
E) ​perforated sieve plates

Question 14

​The simple tissue composed of dead, thick-walled cells that provide structural support to plants is referred to as ____.

A) ​vascular
B) ​dermal
C) ​collenchyma
D) ​sclerenchyma
E) ​parenchyma

Question 15

​Which of the following is a plant cell type that is commonly found in and gives support to vascular tissues in stems and leaves?

A) ​sclereids
B) ​fibers
C) ​stomata
D) ​parenchyma
E) ​collenchyma

Question 16

​The use of plants to clean up environmental contaminants is called ____.

A) ​photosynthesis
B) ​phototropism
C) ​translocation
D) ​phytoremediation
E) ​transpiration

Question 17

​What complex polysaccharide imparts flexibility to the unevenly thickened cell walls of collenchyma cells?

A) ​pectin
B) ​cellulose
C) ​lignin
D) ​starch
E) ​wax

Question 18

​What tissues make up most of the soft internal parts of a plant?

A) ​vascular tissues
B) ​dermal tissues
C) ​ground tissues
D) ​ground and dermal tissues
E) ​ground and vascular tissues

Question 19

​If a mutation prevented the formation of lignin, which tissue would be most affected?

A) ​vascular cambium
B) ​parenchyma
C) ​collenchyma
D) ​sclerenchyma
E) ​mesophyll

Question 20

​Which of the following plant cells has a companion cell?

A) ​tracheids
B) ​vessel elements
C) ​sieve elements
D) ​sclereids
E) ​fibers

Question 21

______ drives the movement of water from the soil into the root because fluid in the plant typically contains ____ solutes than soil water.

A) Photosynthesis; more
B) Osmosis; more
C) Cellular respiration; less
D) Transpiration; less
E) Osmosis; less

Question 22

​What is a bulb?

A) ​a short section of underground stem encased by overlapping layers of scales
B) ​a short, thickened underground stem that contains nodes
C) ​a flattened, photosynthetic stem specialized to store water
D) ​a fleshy stem that typically grows under the soil and parallel to its surface
E) ​a stems that branches from a plant's main stem and grows horizontally on the ground

Question 23

What type of specialized stem do plants such as ginger possess?

A) cladodes
B) bulbs
C) tubers
D) rhizomes
E) corms

Question 24

​The vascular bundles inside a typical eudicot stem are arranged in a characteristic ring, which divides the stem's ground tissue into the ____ (inside the ring) and the ____ (outside the ring).

A) ​cortex; pith
B) ​pith; cortex
C) ​pith; cambium
D) ​cambium; cortex
E) ​cortex; epidermis

Question 25

​The names of the monocot and eudicot groups refer to the number of ____.

A) ​seed leaves in their embryos
B) ​ovules in their ovaries
C) ​flower parts they possess
D) ​leaf veins they possess
E) ​furrows in their pollen grains

Question 26

In monocots, flower parts are typically in ____ or multiples of ____.

A) threes; four
B) fours; five
C) threes, three
D) twos; two
E) fours; four

Question 27

​The "eyes" of a potato are ____.

A) ​bulbs
B) ​nodes
C) ​corms
D) ​leaves
E) ​roots

Question 28

​Modified stems that branch from the main stem of the plant and grow horizontally on the ground or just under it are referred to as ____.

A) ​rhizomes
B) ​bulbs
C) ​stolons
D) ​corms
E) ​tubers

Question 29

Which substance forces water to enter endodermal cells in the root, rather than going around them?

A) cellulose
B) starch
C) calcium ions
D) lignin
E) transport proteins

Question 30

​The main photosynthetic area of a leaf is ____.

A) ​mesophyll
B) ​cortex
C) ​phloem
D) ​epidermis
E) ​endoderm

Question 31

​The veins of leaves are used for ____.

A) ​support
B) ​identification
C) ​transport of water and nutrients
D) ​detachment in the autumn
E) ​regeneration

Question 32

​What tissue is found within a leaf vein?

A) ​xylem
B) ​cortex
C) ​pith
D) ​stomata
E) ​epidermis

Question 33

​The stalk that supports the individual eudicot leaf is the ____.

A) ​collenchyma
B) ​petiole
C) ​node
D) ​sclereid
E) ​peduncle

Question 34

​The first structure to emerge from a seed is a ____.

A) ​root
B) ​shoot
C) ​cotyledon
D) ​leaf
E) ​flower

Question 35

​Regions on a plant stem that can give rise to new shoots or roots are known as ____.

A) ​bundles
B) ​internodes
C) ​flowers
D) ​cotyledons
E) ​nodes

Question 36

What are the modified stems of cacti called?​

A) ​bulbs
B) ​corms
C) ​rhizomes
D) ​tubers
E) ​cladodes

Question 37

​In a leaf, where are the most chloroplasts found?

A) ​the phloem
B) ​the palisade mesophyll
C) ​the spongy mesophyll
D) ​the upper epidermis
E) ​stomata​

Question 38

​Most monocots have numerous ____ roots arising from the stem.

A) ​adventitious
B) ​primary
C) ​fibrous
D) ​secondary
E) ​tap

Question 39

​What is a cotyledon?

A) ​an embryonic root
B) ​a seed cover
C) ​a flower part
D) ​an embryonic leaf
E) ​a fruit

Question 40

​Stomata ____.

A) ​are found in the root cells
B) ​may be found scattered anywhere throughout the plant
C) ​allow the movement of gases into and out of plants
D) ​are more numerous on the top surface of a leaf
E) ​remain open at all times

Question 41

If you were to penetrate through the epidermal layer of a root, you would next encounter the ____.

A) ​xylem
B) ​endodermis
C) ​cortex
D) ​phloem
E) ​pith

Question 42

​When guard cells are filled with water, ____.

A) ​stomata are open
B) ​stomata are closed
C) ​sugars diffuse into the sieve tube members
D) ​gases cannot diffuse into the plant
E) ​gases cannot diffuse out of the plant

Question 43

The movement of materials already in the phloem is described as ____.

A) translocation
B) declining pressure flow
C) cohesion-tension
D) active transport
E) transpiration

Question 44

​Root hairs are extensions of the ____.

A) ​apical meristem
B) ​vascular bundles
C) ​pericycle
D) ​epidermal cells
E) ​root cap

Question 45

​What compound diffuses through open stomata into plant tissues thereby initiating photosynthesis?

A) ​water molecules
B) ​oxygen gas
C) ​carbon dioxide
D) ​potassium ions
E) ​calcium ions

Question 46

​The openings in leaves that function to exchange gases are called ____.

A) ​cuticles
B) ​stomata
C) ​guard cells
D) ​pits
E) ​pores

Question 47

​To which of the following processes is transpiration most analogous?

A) ​water moving through a water hose
B) ​magnets attracting metal
C) ​sucking soda through a straw
D) ​a waterfall
E) ​a sponge absorbing a spill

Question 48

​Fluid inside vessel elements is being pulled upward primarily by ____.

A) ​turgor pressure
B) ​evaporation and cohesion
C) ​osmotic gradients
D) ​pressure flow forces
E) ​active transport and osmosis

Question 49

What is responsible for creating the large holes in the sieve plates of phloem cells?

A) the loss of organelles from phloem cells
B) the cohesive property of water molecules
C) reduction of cellulose in the cell walls
D) translocation of organic molecules
E) enlargement of plasmodesmata

Question 50

The most commonly accepted theory used to explain movement of fluid through phloem is ____.

A) the cohesion-tension theory
B) the pressure flow theory
C) active transport
D) dialysis
E) turgor pressure

Question 51

​From the outside to the inside, which is the correct order of tissues in a eudicot root?

A) ​epidermis>>cortex>>endodermis>>vascular tissue
B) ​epidermis>>endodermis>>vascular tissue>>cortex
C) ​endodermis>>cortex>>epidermis>>vascular tissue
D) ​epidermis>>vascular tissue>>endodermis>>cortex
E) ​endodermis>>epidermis>>cortex>>vascular tissue

Question 52

​Most of the water moving into a leaf is lost through ____.

A) ​osmotic gradients
B) ​transpiration
C) ​pressure flow
D) ​translocation
E) ​osmosis

Question 53

​Approximately what percent of the water that enters a plant is lost by transpiration?

A) ​5
B) ​10
C) ​25
D) ​50
E) ​95

Question 54

Which theory of water transport states that hydrogen bonding allows water molecules to maintain a continuous fluid column as water is pulled from roots to leaves?

A) pressure flow
B) evaporation
C) cohesion-tension
D) abscission
E) fusion

Question 55

​The tissue found in the center of a root is ____.

A) ​xylem
B) ​endodermis
C) ​cortex
D) ​phloem
E) ​pith

Question 56

​The cells that surround stomata are called ____.

A) ​endodermal cells
B) ​guard cells
C) ​mesophyll cells
D) ​vascular bundle cells
E) ​vessel cells

Question 57

​Endodermis cells of the root secrete a waxy substance on ____.

A) ​all of their walls
B) ​the walls that lead into the xylem
C) ​the walls adjacent to the phloem only
D) ​walls of the endodermis that touch each other
E) ​their chloroplasts

Question 58

According to the pressure flow explanation of phloem transport, the source region - is most often the ____.

A) root
B) flower
C) stem
D) leaf
E) soil

Question 59

​Most flowering plants maximize their ability to take up nutrients by taking part in mutualisms with fungi. These mutualisms are called ____.

A) ​root nodules
B) ​Rhizobium
C) ​mycorrhizae
D) ​legumes
E) ​endodermal associations

Question 60

​Movement of soluble organic material through plants is known as ____.

A) ​translocation
B) ​transduction
C) ​transformation
D) ​transpiration
E) ​transportation

Question 61

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.gives rise to periderm
b.provides metabolic support and transfer sugars into sieve elements
c.region on a stem that gives rise to new shoots or roots
d.cell that conducts food from a photosynthetic source area to a storage sink area
e.single layer of cells that separates the root cortex from the vascular cylinder
f.multistranded cluster of xylem, phloem, and sclerenchyma fibers running through a stem or leaf
g.one type of dead cell that conducts water and lends structural support to plant parts
h.long, tapered sclerenchyma cell occurring in a bundle that supports and protects vascular tissue in stems and leaves
i.the principal photosynthetic region of a leaf
j.mass of rapidly dividing stem cells in the tip of a shoot or root
k.embryonic leaf of a flowering plant
fiber

Question 62

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. gives rise to periderm
b. provides metabolic support and transfer sugars into sieve elements
c. region on a stem that gives rise to new shoots or roots
d. cell that conducts food from a photosynthetic source area to a storage sink area
e. single layer of cells that separates the root cortex from the vascular cylinder
f. multistranded cluster of xylem, phloem, and sclerenchyma fibers running through a stem or leaf
g. one type of dead cell that conducts water and lends structural support to plant parts
h. long, tapered sclerenchyma cell occurring in a bundle that supports and protects vascular tissue in stems and leaves
i. the principal photosynthetic region of a leaf
j. mass of rapidly dividing stem cells in the tip of a shoot or root
k. embryonic leaf of a flowering plant
apical meristem

Question 63

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.gives rise to periderm
b.provides metabolic support and transfer sugars into sieve elements
c.region on a stem that gives rise to new shoots or roots
d.cell that conducts food from a photosynthetic source area to a storage sink area
e.single layer of cells that separates the root cortex from the vascular cylinder
f.multistranded cluster of xylem, phloem, and sclerenchyma fibers running through a stem or leaf
g.one type of dead cell that conducts water and lends structural support to plant parts
h.long, tapered sclerenchyma cell occurring in a bundle that supports and protects vascular tissue in stems and leaves
i.the principal photosynthetic region of a leaf
j.mass of rapidly dividing stem cells in the tip of a shoot or root
k.embryonic leaf of a flowering plant
tracheid

Question 64

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. gives rise to periderm
b. provides metabolic support and transfer sugars into sieve elements
c. region on a stem that gives rise to new shoots or roots
d. cell that conducts food from a photosynthetic source area to a storage sink area
e. single layer of cells that separates the root cortex from the vascular cylinder
f. multistranded cluster of xylem, phloem, and sclerenchyma fibers running through a stem or leaf
g. one type of dead cell that conducts water and lends structural support to plant parts
h. long, tapered sclerenchyma cell occurring in a bundle that supports and protects vascular tissue in stems and leaves
i. the principal photosynthetic region of a leaf
j. mass of rapidly dividing stem cells in the tip of a shoot or root
k. embryonic leaf of a flowering plant
​cork cambium

Question 65

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. gives rise to periderm
b. provides metabolic support and transfer sugars into sieve elements
c. region on a stem that gives rise to new shoots or roots
d. cell that conducts food from a photosynthetic source area to a storage sink area
e. single layer of cells that separates the root cortex from the vascular cylinder
f. multistranded cluster of xylem, phloem, and sclerenchyma fibers running through a stem or leaf
g. one type of dead cell that conducts water and lends structural support to plant parts
h. long, tapered sclerenchyma cell occurring in a bundle that supports and protects vascular tissue in stems and leaves
i. the principal photosynthetic region of a leaf
j. mass of rapidly dividing stem cells in the tip of a shoot or root
k. embryonic leaf of a flowering plant
​palisade mesophyll

Question 66

​Soft plant parts, such as leaves, are produced from ____.

A) ​the vascular cambium
B) ​the cork cambium
C) ​primary growth
D) ​secondary growth
E) ​lateral meristems

Question 67

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. gives rise to periderm
b. provides metabolic support and transfer sugars into sieve elements
c. region on a stem that gives rise to new shoots or roots
d. cell that conducts food from a photosynthetic source area to a storage sink area
e. single layer of cells that separates the root cortex from the vascular cylinder
f. multistranded cluster of xylem, phloem, and sclerenchyma fibers running through a stem or leaf
g. one type of dead cell that conducts water and lends structural support to plant parts
h. long, tapered sclerenchyma cell occurring in a bundle that supports and protects vascular tissue in stems and leaves
i. the principal photosynthetic region of a leaf
j. mass of rapidly dividing stem cells in the tip of a shoot or root
k. embryonic leaf of a flowering plant
vascular bundle

Question 68

​Annual growth rings are formed in woody stems principally through the activities of the ____.

A) ​cork cambium
B) ​cortex
C) ​vascular cambium
D) ​apical meristem
E) ​endodermis

Question 69

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. gives rise to periderm
b. provides metabolic support and transfer sugars into sieve elements
c. region on a stem that gives rise to new shoots or roots
d. cell that conducts food from a photosynthetic source area to a storage sink area
e. single layer of cells that separates the root cortex from the vascular cylinder
f. multistranded cluster of xylem, phloem, and sclerenchyma fibers running through a stem or leaf
g. one type of dead cell that conducts water and lends structural support to plant parts
h. long, tapered sclerenchyma cell occurring in a bundle that supports and protects vascular tissue in stems and leaves
i. the principal photosynthetic region of a leaf
j. mass of rapidly dividing stem cells in the tip of a shoot or root
k. embryonic leaf of a flowering plant
​endodermis

Question 70

From the outside of a tree to its center, which of the following is the correct order of appearance?
1) periderm
2) vascular cambium
3) sapwood
4) secondary phloem
5) cork cambium
6) heartwood

A) ​1-2-4-5-6-3
B) ​1-5-4-2-3-6
C) ​1-4-5-2-6-3
D) ​1-3-2-5-4-6
E) ​1-2-4-5-3-6

Question 71

​The tip of an actively lengthening shoot is called a ____.

A) ​flower stalk
B) ​shoot cap
C) ​lateral meristem
D) ​terminal bud
E) ​lateral bud

Question 72

​In a shoot, where is the apical meristem located?

A) ​in the terminal bud
B) ​in the center
C) ​in the immature leaves
D) ​in the leaf hair
E) ​in the ground tissue

Question 73

​During secondary growth of a plant, ____ gives rise to wood and ____ gives rise to periderm.

A) ​vascular cambium; cork cambium
B) ​cork cambium; apical meristem
C) ​cork cambium; vascular cambium
D) ​lateral meristem; apical meristem
E) ​vascular cambium; apical meristem

Question 74

​Stem and root thickening in eudicots is accomplished by ___ and is called ___ growth.

A) ​lateral meristems; primary
B) ​lateral meristems; secondary
C) ​apical meristems; primary
D) ​apical meristems; secondary
E) ​apical meristems; lateral

Question 75

​What is another term for periderm and all other living dead tissues outside the cylinder of vascular cambium?

A) ​wood
B) ​endoderm
C) ​cortex
D) ​cork
E) ​bark

Question 76

​Tissues on either sides of an apical meristem in a shoot develop into ____.

A) ​flowers
B) ​branches
C) ​lateral meristems
D) ​leaves
E) ​roots

Question 77

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.gives rise to periderm
b.provides metabolic support and transfer sugars into sieve elements
c.region on a stem that gives rise to new shoots or roots
d.cell that conducts food from a photosynthetic source area to a storage sink area
e.single layer of cells that separates the root cortex from the vascular cylinder
f.multistranded cluster of xylem, phloem, and sclerenchyma fibers running through a stem or leaf
g.one type of dead cell that conducts water and lends structural support to plant parts
h.long, tapered sclerenchyma cell occurring in a bundle that supports and protects vascular tissue in stems and leaves
i.the principal photosynthetic region of a leaf
j.mass of rapidly dividing stem cells in the tip of a shoot or root
k.embryonic leaf of a flowering plant
​sieve tube

Question 78

In an annual tree ring, the wood with large diameter, thin-walled xylem cells is ____.

A) called early wood
B) called heartwood
C) formed from crushed phloem cells
D) produced in the winter
E) called late wood

Question 79

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.gives rise to periderm
b.provides metabolic support and transfer sugars into sieve elements
c.region on a stem that gives rise to new shoots or roots
d.cell that conducts food from a photosynthetic source area to a storage sink area
e.single layer of cells that separates the root cortex from the vascular cylinder
f.multistranded cluster of xylem, phloem, and sclerenchyma fibers running through a stem or leaf
g.one type of dead cell that conducts water and lends structural support to plant parts
h.long, tapered sclerenchyma cell occurring in a bundle that supports and protects vascular tissue in stems and leaves
i.the principal photosynthetic region of a leaf
j.mass of rapidly dividing stem cells in the tip of a shoot or root
k.embryonic leaf of a flowering plant
​​cotyledon

Question 80

Matching
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.gives rise to periderm
b.provides metabolic support and transfer sugars into sieve elements
c.region on a stem that gives rise to new shoots or roots
d.cell that conducts food from a photosynthetic source area to a storage sink area
e.single layer of cells that separates the root cortex from the vascular cylinder
f.multistranded cluster of xylem, phloem, and sclerenchyma fibers running through a stem or leaf
g.one type of dead cell that conducts water and lends structural support to plant parts
h.long, tapered sclerenchyma cell occurring in a bundle that supports and protects vascular tissue in stems and leaves
i.the principal photosynthetic region of a leaf
j.mass of rapidly dividing stem cells in the tip of a shoot or root
k.embryonic leaf of a flowering plant
​companion cell