Deck 13: Early Life Forms And The Viruses

Question 1

The appearance of _____ on Earth due to the action of photosynthetic bacteria occurred about 2.7 billion years ago.

A)water
B)carbon dioxide
C)ATP
D)oxygen
E)iron

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Humans acquire their first microorganisms during ____.

A)fetal development
B)nursing
C)vaginal delivery
D)the first year of life
E)exposure to the air

Answer 2

C

Question 3

____ are dome-shaped structures composed of layers of early cells and sediments.

A)Meteorites
B)Protocells
C)Stromatolites
D)Hydrothermal fossils
E)Protofossils

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Two researchers suggested in the 1960s that ____ may have been the first informational molecule.

A)DNA
B)a protein
C)RNA
D)ozone
E)an amino acid

Question 5

The first life-related and carbon-based molecule,____,was synthesized in vitro by a German chemist in 1825.

A)RNA
B)DNA
C)protein
D)urea
E)ozone

Question 6

Evidence supporting the lack of oxygen on early Earth includes _____.

A)the presence of early photosynthesizers
B)the immediate breakdown of organic molecules
C)the lack of iron oxidation on ancient rocks
D)the presence of iron oxidation on ancient rocks
E)the accumulation of ozone

Question 7

_____,which probably evolved from infoldings of the plasma membrane,first appear in the fossil record about 1.8 million years ago.

A)Eukaryotes
B)Archaea
C)Plants
D)Bacteria
E)Photosynthesizers

Question 8

DNA is more stable than RNA for storing genetic information because ____.

A)uracil needed for RNA synthesis is far less common than thymine needed for DNA synthesis
B)RNA breaks more easily and accumulates more mutations than DNA does
C)DNA is easier to build from its component molecules
D)DNA requires less energy to construct than RNA does
E)RNA molecules are longer than DNA molecules and thus more prone to breakage

Question 9

The ____ began in 2007 and aims to classify the microorganisms the human body supports and how they impact overall health.

A)Human Genome Project
B)Human Microbiome Project
C)Human Proteome Project
D)Human Skin Flora Project
E)Human Health Project

Question 10

____ may have been a source of organic monomers on early Earth.

A)Venus
B)Meteorites
C)Volcanoes
D)Stromatolites
E)Comets

Question 11

According to scientific evidence,the first organisms on Earth must have been ____.

A)aerobic
B)pathogenic
C)anaerobic
D)heterotrophs
E)multicellular

Question 12

____ may have been the ancestors of cellular life.

A)Circular RNA
B)Prokaryotic cells
C)Pseudocells
D)Lipid globules
E)Protocells

Question 13

Scientific evidence suggests that Earth had cooled enough for_____ to accumulate by 4.3 billion years ago.

A)carbon monoxide
B)carbon dioxide
C)oxygen
D)water
E)nuclei

Question 14

Scientists hypothesize that ____ served as a primitive template for forming polymer chains from organic subunits,such as amino acids.

A)meteorites that landed in the oceans
B)clay particles in tidal flats
C)sulfur that precipitated out of hydrothermal vents
D)rusty rocks
E)magma spewed from early volcanic activity

Question 15

Place the following hypothesized events of the beginning of life in their correct order.I organic polymers form II inorganic molecules form III DNA-based cells form IV organic monomers form V protocells in the RNA world form   

A)I, III, V, IV, II
B)II, I, IV, V, III
C)II, IV, I, V, III
D)IV, I, II, III, V
E)II, I, IV, V, III

Question 16

The earliest cells most likely ____.

A)were prokaryotic cells
B)did not have a nucleus but had membrane-bound organelles
C)used oxygen gas in order to thrive successfully
D)used energy from the sun
E)were multicellular

Question 17

G.lamblia infection in the gut ____; therefore,some people may be benefited by the presence of this protist.

A)reduces the risk of parasitic worm infection
B)increases the likelihood of getting irritable bowel disease (IBD)
C)inhibits fat uptake from food
D)causes no ill effect
E)increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis

Question 18

Experiments like those performed by Stanley Miller in the 1850s demonstrated that lightening fueled atmospheric reactions could produce ____.

A)self-replicating DNA molecules
B)organic compounds required for life under artificial conditions
C)prokaryotic cells under artificial conditions
D)meteorites containing the building blocks of life
E)organic molecules in hydrothermal vents

Question 19

____ are likely to provide hints about the earth's early atmosphere.

A)Ancient rocks
B)Volcanic eruptions
C)Ancient rocks and volcanic eruptions
D)Meteorites and ancient rocks
E)Meteorites, volcanic eruptions, and ancient rocks

Question 20

Until the early 1800s,scientists believed that molecules of life could only be made _____.

A)by prokaryotes
B)by organisms with RNA genomes
C)inside hydrothermal vents
D)by protocells
E)inside living organisms

Question 21

The first eukaryotic cells were ____.

A)bacteria
B)archaea
C)protists
D)algae
E)fungi

Question 22

_____,which occurs when two related viruses infect the same host at the same time,can lead to the emergence of new viral strains.Genetic isolation

A)DNA mutation
B)Cell lysis
C)Viral reassortment
D)Genetic isolation
E)Reverse transcription

Question 23

Outbreaks of ____ in humans typically arise when a person comes in contact with an infected animal.

A)HIV
B)swine flu
C)bird flu
D)Ebola
E)herpes

Question 24

It is thought that viruses may have originated from cells because ____.

A)of their small size
B)they are pathogens
C)they can only replicate within a host cell
D)they do not have organelles
E)of their genetic material

Question 25

Prokaryotic cells are ____.

A)found only in extreme habitats
B)the least common organisms on earth
C)easily seen with the naked eye
D)stationary organisms
E)widespread on the planet

Question 26

   The pathway on the left is named for what is happening in the figure labeled with letter ____.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 27

The ____ is/are a plant's main line of defense against viral infection.

A)immune cells
B)viral toxins within the central vacuole
C)membrane proteins that latch onto virus particles
D)thick cell wall that prevents viral entry
E)nuclear membrane that is impermeable to viruses

Question 28

   In the figure above,the viral DNA in the lysogenic pathway ____.is no longer present

A)has been destroyed by host bacterial enzymes
B)is integrated into the bacterial chromosome
C)has been copied and changed into bacterial DNA
D)is no longer present
E)has been transcribed into RNA

Question 29

____ allow bacteria to join together to transfer genes.

A)Flagella
B)Spores
C)Capsules
D)Pili
E)Cilia

Question 30

Viral infections in plants often occur by the action of _____.

A)reverse transcriptase
B)disease vectors
C)bacteriophages
D)viral reassortment
E)host cell DNA mutations

Question 31

All free viral particles contain _____.

A)a viral genome and a plasma membrane
B)both DNA and RNA protected by a viral envelope
C)RNA enclosed within a helical rod
D)a viral genome protected by a protein coat
E)a viral genome protected by a viral envelope

Question 32

Archaea ____.

A)have cell walls composed of cellulose
B)reproduce primarily sexually
C)are more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria
D)are more closely related to bacteria than eukaryotes
E)have mitochondria

Question 33

Bacteria ____.

A)are diploid organisms
B)produce gametes
C)have a life cycle that varies between unicellular stage and multi-cellular stage
D)have a single circular chromosome
E)lack both DNA and RNA

Question 34

The theory that early metabolic reactions occurred in rocks near hydrothermal vents is known as the _____hypothesis.

A)RNA world
B)endosymbiont
C)iron-sulfur world
D)vital force
E)lightening fueled

Question 35

____  are believed to have once existed as independent prokaryotes.

A)Bacteriophages
B)Chloroplasts
C)Slime molds
D)Protists
E)Nuclei

Question 36

   In panel "A",what is being injected into the host cell?  

A)enzymes
B)the viral protein coat
C)nucleic acids
D)ribosomes
E)the viral envelope

Question 37

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved by the process of ____.

A)endosymbiosis
B)viral reassortment
C)transformation
D)decomposition
E)nitrogen fixation

Question 38

A virus is most analogous to a(an)____.

A)bank robber
B)carjacker
C)embezzler
D)attack dog
E)drug dealer

Question 39

Following infection of a white blood cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),viral reverse transcriptase produces a ____ copy of its RNA genome.

A)single stranded DNA
B)double stranded DNA
C)single stranded RNA
D)double stranded RNA
E)backwards DNA

Question 40

A coccus is a(n)____.

A)rod-shaped bacterium
B)spherical bacterium
C)multicellular bacterial colony
D)spiral-shaped bacterium
E)bacteriophage

Question 41

Flagellated protozoans possess a ____,layer of elastic proteins just beneath the plasma membrane.Flagellated protozoans possess a ____,layer of elastic proteins just beneath the plasma membrane.

A)pellicle
B)cilium
C)capsule
D)pilus
E)flagellum

Question 42

What is the function of bacterial flagella?  

A)organization of the nuclear material
B)assisting in protein synthesis
C)energy production
D)locomotion
E)cell membrane construction

Question 43

Ciliates,such as Paramecium,are likely to be found in ____ or in the gut of mammalian grazers where they aid in the digestion of _____.

A)seawater; animal flesh
B)seawater and freshwater; plant material
C)freshwater; animal flesh
D)acidic hot springs; soil minerals
E)seawater and acidic hot springs; plant material

Question 44

Protists that are part of a(n)_____ are integrated with other cells,but remain self-sufficient.

A)multicellular organism
B)colonial organism
C)contractile vacuole
D)algal bloom
E)pathogenic life cycle

Question 45

Bacteria can exchange genes with other bacteria by a method called ____.

A)binary fission
B)transduction
C)conjugation
D)translation
E)transformation

Question 46

Some archaea are extreme halophiles.This means that they thrive in ___ conditions.

A)high temperature
B)low temperature
C)high sulfur
D)high salt
E)high oxygen

Question 47

____ obtain both energy and carbon from organic compounds.

A)Photoautotrophs
B)Chemoautotrophs
C)Photoheterotrophs
D)Chemoheterotrophs
E)Decomposers

Question 48

Genes that are exchanged between prokaryotes are contained in ____ molecules.

A)pili
B)plasmid
C)prokaryotic RNA
D)nuclear
E)protein

Question 49

Plasmodium is a(n)____.

A)apicomplexan
B)diatom
C)ciliate
D)dinoflagellate
E)flagellated protozoan

Question 50

The ____ produce bioluminescent molecules.

A)foraminiferans
B)apicomplexans
C)ciliates
D)dinoflagellates
E)euglenoids

Question 51

Which is an example of a benefit attributed to bacteria?  

A)Bacteria can cause food spoilage.
B)Many species of bacteria cause disease in humans.
C)Bacteria in the human gut and vagina prevent the growth of pathogens.
D)Bacteria break down excess vitamin K in the human large intestine.
E)Bacteria prevent decomposition by fungi.

Question 52

____ bacteria are found inside the roots of legumes,where they receive _____ from the host plant.

A)Thermophilic; water
B)Cyanobacteria; minerals
C)Nitrogen-fixing; carbohydrates
D)Methane-producing; minerals
E)Halophilic; carbohydrates

Question 53

The ____ form of Plasmodium is transferred to  humans through the bite of an infected mosquito.

A)merozoite
B)gametocyte
C)cyst
D)sporozoite
E)spore

Question 54

The fusion of gametes of malaria-causing Plasmodium takes place ____.

A)in the gut of a female mosquito
B)in the liver
C)in the mosquito salivary glands
D)inside white blood cells
E)inside red blood cells

Question 55

Foraminifera are predatory protists with a ____ shell,which is the ultimate source of _____.

A)silicon; oxygen
B)carbon; carbon dioxide
C)chitin; ozone
D)bicarbonate; chalk and limestone
E)calcium carbonate; chalk and limestone

Question 56

The ____ of flagellated protozoans are analogous to the ____ of prokaryotes.

A)cytoskeleton; flagellum
B)endoplasmic reticulum; ribosome
C)fimbriae; Golgi body
D)pellicle; cell wall
E)cytoskeleton; plastid

Question 57

Some bacteria in the deep oceans use iron as an energy source to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide.These bacteria would be classified as ____.

A)chemoautotrophs
B)chemoheterotrophs
C)photoautotrophs
D)photoheterotrophs
E)decomposers

Question 58

You boil water that has been extracted from a swamp and find archaea that are still alive.These archaea are most likely ____.

A)halophiles
B)methanophiles
C)photophiles
D)thermophiles
E)chemophiles

Question 59

Dinoflagellates typically have ____; some photosynthetic species live inside coral cells,which they supply with _____.

A)multiple pili; shelter
B)hundreds of cilia; essential nutrients
C)no flagella; minerals
D)one flagella; essential sugars
E)two flagella; essential sugars

Question 60

Anaerobic methanogens produce ____.

A)carbon monoxide
B)carbon dioxide
C)ammonia sulfide
D)methane
E)hydrogen sulfide

Question 61

Diatoms are characterized by ____,and are the source of economically useful_____.

A)calcium carbonate shells; ozone
B)calcium carbonate sheaths; petroleum
C)silica shells; diatomaceous earth
D)silica sheaths; limestone
E)silica carbonate shells; diatomaceous earth

Question 62

Red algae ____.

A)are primarily marine organisms
B)are thought to have developed from green algae
C)contain xanthophylls as their main accessory pigments
D)are actually brown
E)are primarily freshwater organisms

Question 63

The ____ protists may cause dysentery after drinking contaminated water.Amoeba

A)dinoflagellate
B)apicomplexan
C)amoeba
D)ciliate
E)water mold

Question 64

Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.Pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
diverse lineage of eukaryotes

Question 65

Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.Pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
genetically distinct subtype of a particular microorganism

Question 66

Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.Pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
membranous sac that contains interacting organic molecules

Question 67

Match the following terms with the description  to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
lower the ocean's carbon dioxide concentration

Question 68

Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.Pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus

Question 69

Agar is produced by ____.

A)brown algae
B)red algae
C)phycobilins
D)brown and red algae
E)red algae and phycobilins

Question 70

The ____ spend most of their lives as individual haploid organisms.

A)cellular slime molds
B)plasmodial slime molds
C)amoebas
D)multi-celled protists
E)single-celled protists

Question 71

The ____ water mold was responsible for the Irish famine in the mid-1800s.

A)Phytophthora
B)Plasmodium
C)E.coli
D)Staphylococcus
E)Trichomonas

Question 72

Algins,thickening compounds used in the food industry,are obtained from ____.

A)foraminiferans
B)brown algae
C)dinoflagellates
D)red algae
E)green algae

Question 73

The close relationship between ____ and animals can be seen in the similarity of these protists and sponges,simple animals.

A)cellular slime molds
B)choanoflagellates
C)diatoms
D)brown and red algae
E)flagellates protozoans

Question 74

Match the following terms with the description  to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
move by pseudopods

Question 75

Match the following terms with the description  to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
share a common ancestor with green plants

Question 76

____ is the best studied species of bacteria.

A)Rhizobium sp.
B)Prevotella copri
C)E.coli
D)G.lamblia
E)Agrobacterium sp.

Question 77

Match the following terms with the description  to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
cause of algal blooms

Question 78

Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.Pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
thrives in high salt conditions

Question 79

Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.Pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
makes its own carbohydrates

Question 80

Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.Pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
disease-causing agent