Deck 4: Clustering

Question 1

Work together with a fellow classmate to complete the following activity.
1. Underline the three addition signals in the following selection:
To create the time you need to pass difficult courses, find some easy courses. These are the ones that combine the least amount of work with the fewest tests and the most lenient professors. One way to find such courses is to ask friends and classmates about courses in which they received A's after attending only 25 percent of the classes. Also, inquire around to see which instructors lecture with the same notes every year and give the same tests. Photocopies of the class notes are usually cheap and widely available. Another great way of finding simple courses is to pick up a copy of the master schedule and study it carefully. Find the telltale course titles that signal an easy glide through a painless subject. Look for titles like "History of the Animated Cartoon," "Arts and Crafts for Beginners," and "Rock Music of the 1950s."
2. Underline the four time signals in the following selection:
After you've snagged the job of TV sports reporter, you have to begin working on the details of your image. First, invest in two or three truly loud sports jackets. Look for gigantic plaid patterns in odd color combinations like purple and green or orange and blue. These should become familiar enough to viewers so that they will associate that crazy jacket with that dynamic sportscaster. Next, try to cultivate a distinctive voice that will be just annoying enough to be memorable. A nasal whine or a gravelly growl will do it. Be sure to speak only in tough, punchy sentences that seem to be punctuated with imaginary exclamation points. Finally, you must share lots of pompous, obnoxious opinions with your viewers. Your tone of voice must convey the hidden message "I dare anyone to disagree with me." If the home teams lose, call them bums. If players strike, talk sarcastically about the good old days. If a sports franchise leaves town, say, "Good riddance."
3. Underline the three space signals in the following selection:
The vegetable bin of my refrigerator contained an assortment of weird-looking items. Next to a shriveled, white-coated lemon were two oranges covered with blue fuzz. To the right of the oranges was a bunch of carrots that had begun to sprout points, spikes, knobs, and tendrils. The carrots drooped into U shapes as I picked them up with the tips of my fingers. Near the carrots was a net bag of onions; each onion had sent curling shoots through the net until the whole thing resembled a mass of green spaghetti. The most horrible item, though, was a head of lettuce that had turned into a pool of brown goo. It had seeped out of its bag and coated the bin with a sticky, evil-smelling liquid.
4. Underline the two change-of-direction signals in the following selection:
Taking small children on vacation, for instance, sounds like a wonderful experience for the entire family. But vacations can be scary or emotionally overwhelming times for children. When children are taken away from their usual routine and brought to an unfamiliar place, they can become very frightened. That strange bed in the motel room or the unusual noises in Grandma's spare bedroom may cause nightmares. On vacations, too, children usually clamor to do as many things in one day as they can and to stay up past their usual bedtime. And, since it is vacation time, parents may decide to give in to the children's demands. A parental attitude like this, however, can lead to problems. After a sixteen-hour day of touring the amusement park, eating in a restaurant, and seeing a movie, children can experience sensory and emotional overload. They become cranky, unhappy, or even rebellious and angry.
5. Underline the two illustration signals in the following selection:
Supermarkets also use psychology to encourage you to buy. For example, in most supermarkets, the milk and the bread are either at opposite ends of the store or located far away from the first aisle. Even if you've stopped at the market only for staples like these, you must pass hundreds of items in order to reach them. The odds are that instead of leaving with just a quart of milk, you'll leave with additional purchases as well. Special displays, such as a pyramid of canned green beans in an aisle and a large end display of cartons of paper towels, also increase sales. Because you assume that these items are a good buy, you may pick them up. However, they may not even be on sale! Store managers know that the customer is automatically attracted to a display like this, and they will use it to move an overstocked product.
6. Underline the two conclusion signals in the following selection:
Finally, my grandmother was extremely thrifty. She was one of those people who hoard pieces of used aluminum foil after carefully scraping off the cake icing or beef gravy. She had a drawer full of old eyeglasses that dated back at least thirty years. The lens prescriptions were no longer accurate, but Gran couldn't bear to throw away "a good pair of glasses."
She kept them "just in case," but we could never figure out what situation would involve a desperate need for a dozen pairs of old eyeglasses. We never realized the true extent of Gran's thriftiness, though, until after she died. Her house was to be sold, and therefore we cleaned out its dusty attic. In one corner was a cardboard box filled with two- and three-inch pieces of string. The box was labeled, in Gran's spidery hand, "String too short to be saved."

Answer 1

Transitions (276-278)
1. One, Also, Another
2. After, First, Next, Finally
3. Next to, to the right, Near
4. But, however
5. For example, such as
6. Finally, therefore

Question 2

About Unity
1. Which sentence in paragraph 2 should be omitted in the interest of paragraph unity
________________________________________________________________________
About Support
2. Label as sight, touch, hearing, or smell all the sensory details in the following sentences taken from the essay.
a. "I would... tip-toe into the kitchen, quietly open the refrigerator and nibble on food."
b. "I would stand in the dark, motionless kitchen with only the refrigerator light on, looking at each shelf, and picking at leftover crispy fried chicken or slices of apple pie."
3. In a narrative, the main method of organization is time order. Which sentence in paragraph 3 is placed out of order (Write the opening words.)
___________________________________________________________________
About Coherence
4. List three phrases used as time transitions in paragraph 4.
__________ __________ __________
About the introduction and Conclusion
5. What method of introduction forms the first paragraph Circle the appropriate letter.
a. Broad, general statement narrowing to a thesis
b. Idea that is the opposite of the one to be developed
c. Questions

Answer 2

Questions (312-313)
1. The fact that I was being singled out is an entirely different essay…
2.
   hearing            hearing
a. "I would…tip-toe into the kitchen, quietly open the refrigerator and nibble on food."
sight
b. I would stand in the dark, motionless kitchen with only the refrigerator
   sight touch
light on, looking at each shelf, and picking at leftover crispy fried chicken or slices of apple pie.
3. The floor would sometimes squeak as I entered the kitchen.
4. Every morning, Every night, After a few weeks
5. a

Question 3

Following are brief sentence outlines from two essays. In each outline, the second and third topic sentences serve as transitional, or linking, sentences. Each reminds us of the point in the preceding paragraph and announces the point to be developed in the current paragraph. Working in groups of two or three, use the spaces provided to add the words needed to complete the second and third topic sentences.
Thesis 1
In order to set up a day-care center in your home, you must make sure your house conforms to state regulations, obtain the necessary legal permits, and advertise your service in the right places.
First supporting paragraph
First of all, as a potential operator of a home day-care center, you must make sure your house conforms to state regulations....
Second supporting paragraph
After making certain that_______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ , you must obtain ________....
Third supporting paragraph
Finally, once you have the necessary ___________ you can begin to ____________.
Thesis2
Cheaper cost, greater comfort, and superior electronic technology make watching football at home more enjoyable than attending a game at the stadium.
First supporting paragraph
For one thing, watching the game on TV eliminates the cost of attending the game....
Second supporting paragraph
In addition to saving me money, watching the game at home is more _______ than sitting in a stadium....
Third Supporting paragraph
Even more important than __________ and ___________, though, is the __________ that makes a televised game better than the "real thing."...

Answer 3

Transitions (278-279)
1. your house conforms to regulations
legal permits
legal permits
advertise
2. comfortable
cost
comfort
technology

Question 4

About Unity
1. Which of the following sentences from paragraph 3 of "Family Portrait" should be omitted in the interest of paragraph unity
a. Although the photo was taken seventy years ago, my grandmother is wearing a blouse and skirt that could easily be worn today.
b. It has a turned-down cowl collar and smocking on the shoulders and below the collar.
c. My grandmother can't find this bracelet now, despite the fact that we spent hours searching the attic for it.
d. On the third finger of her left hand is a ring with a large, squarecut stone.
About Support
2. How many separate items of clothing and jewelry are described in paragraph 3
a. four
b. five
c. seven
3. Label as sight, touch, hearing, or smell all the sensory details in the following sentences taken from the essay.
a. "The blouse is made of heavy eggshell-colored satin and reflects the light in its folds and hollows."
b. Her brows are plucked into thin lines, which are like two pencil strokes added to highlight those fine, luminous eyes.
About Coherence
4. Which method of organization does paragraph 2 use
a. Time order
b. Emphatic order
5. Which sentence in paragraph 2 suggests the method of organization ( Write the opening words. )_________________________________________________________________
About the introduction and Conclusion
5. Which statement best describes the introduction
a. It s tarts with an idea that is the opposite of the one then developed.
b. It explains the importance of the topic to its readers.
c. It begins with a general statement of the topic and narrows it down to a thesis statement.
d. It begins with an anecdote.

Question 5

In "The Hazards of Moviegoing," which sentence or sentences are used to attract the reader's interest
a. First sentence
b. First two sentences
c. First three sentences
2. In which sentence is the thesis of the essay presented
a. Third sentence
b. Fourth sentence
3. Does the thesis include a plan of development
a. Yes
b. No
4. Write the words in the thesis that announce the three major supporting points in the essay:
a. _______________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________________

Question 6

The following items use connecting words to help tie ideas together. The connecting words you are to identify are set off in italics. In the space, write T for t ransition , RW for repeated word , S for synonym , or P for pronoun.
____ 1. The family watched helplessly as the firefighters rushed into their home. Their house was engulfed in flames.
____ 2. Sanjay's dream is to become a computer software engineer. That is why he is going to college.
____ 3. Fiji is located between New Caledonia and Tonga. Nearby in the Pacific Ocean is Samoa.
____ 4. Jimmy donated his Air Jordans to the Nike Reuse-A-Shoe Program. His shoes will be recycled to build the turf for playgrounds and basketball courts.
____ 5. Grant's daughter Anna was adopted from an orphanage in Sichuan Province, China. At seven years of age, she is now eager to have a younger sibling.
____ 6. Barbara is taking classes to learn American Sign Language. Once she masters this language , she wants to become an interpreter.
____ 7. Alden completed his ten weeks of basic training for the Army National Guard. After he was done, he said that he felt like a changed person.
____ 8. The nurse advised his patient to prepare a living will before the surgery. He also told his patient that everything would be okay.
9. My son is constantly sending his friends text messages. On the other hand , I know very little about "txt talk."
____ 10. The Levi's that I bought are a relaxed fit. When I wear these jeans, I feel relaxed.
____11. I'm so lucky that my apartment has a full-sized washer and dryer. These appliances are fairly new.
____12. During deforestation, trees are cut down. As a result , more carbon dioxide remains in the air.
____13. Grace works part time as an accounting clerk. She plans to earn an accounting degree so that she can secure a full-time job.
____ 14. During the winter, I constantly remind my kids to put on a jacket before going out. Predictably, they find themselves needing an additional layer of clothing.
____ 15. The library is located near the admissions office. On the opposite side of campus, there is a computer lab and a tutoring center.

Question 7

About Unity
1. The ( fill in the correct answer: first, second, third) _________ supporting paragraph of "Successful Exercise" lacks a topic sentence.
Write a topic sentence that expresses its main point:
_______________________
2. Which of the following sentences from paragraph 4 should be omitted in the interest of paragraph unity
a. "Finally, use common sense in getting started."
b. "Common sense isn't so common, as anyone who reads newspapers and watches the world can tell you."
c. "If this is your first attempt at exercising, begin slowly."
d. "You do not need to do each movement the full number of times at first, but you should try each one."
About Support
3. Which sentence in paragraph 3 needs to be followed by more supporting details ( Write the opening words. )
_________________________________________________________________________
About Coherence
4. Read paragraph 3 and find the four sentences that begin with time signals. Write those four signals here.
____________ _____________
___________ _____________
About the introduction and Conclusion
5. Which statement best describes the introduction
a. It begins with a couple of general points about the topic and then narrows down to the thesis.
b. It explains the importance of daily exercise to the reader.

Question 8

What is the topic sentence for the first supporting paragraph of the model essay
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The first topic sentence is then supported by the following details (fill in the missing details):
a. Have to drive fifteen minutes
b._________________________________________________________________________
c. Endless ticket line
d._________________________________________________________________________
e._________________________________________________________________________
f. Sticky floor
3. What is the topic sentence for the second supporting paragraph of the essay
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. The second topic sentence is then supported by the following details:
a. At home, only snacks are celery and carrot sticks.
b. Theater is like a Seven-Eleven with seats.
(1) fresh popcorn
(2) ________
(3) ________
5. What is the topic sentence for the third supporting paragraph of the essay
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The third topic sentence is then supported by the following details:
a._________________________________________________________________________
b._________________________________________________________________________
c. Adults talk loudly and reveal plot twists.
d. People of all ages create distractions.

Question 9

Revise the following sentences, changing verbs from the passive to the active voice and making any other word changes necessary.
EXAMPLE
Fruits and vegetables are painted often by artists.
Artists often paint fruits and vegetables.
1. Many unhealthy foods are included in the typical American diet.
___________________________________________________________
2. The family picnic was invaded by hundreds of biting ants.
___________________________________________________________
3. Antibiotics are used by doctors to treat many infections.
___________________________________________________________
4. The fatal traffic accident was caused by a drunk driver.
___________________________________________________________
5. Final grades will be determined by the instructor on the basis of class performance.
___________________________________________________________

Question 10

About Unity
1. Which sentence in paragraph 2 should be omitted in the interest of paragraph unity ( Write the opening words. )
_______________________________________________________________________
About Support
2. After which sentence in paragraph 3 is more support needed
_____________________________________________________________________
About Coherence
3. What are the two transition words or phrases that signal two major points of support for the thesis
___________________ __________________
___________________ __________________
About the introduction and Conclusion
4. Which sentence best describes the opening paragraph
a. It begins with a general statement of the topic and narrows it down to a thesis statement.
b. It uses an incident or brief story.
c. It explains the importance of the topic to the reader.
d. It starts with an idea that is the opposite of the one then developed.
5. Which method is used in the conclusion
a. Summary and final thought
b. Thought-provoking question
c. Recommendation

Question 11

Which two sentences in the concluding paragraph restate the thesis and supporting points of the essay
a. First and second
b. Second and third
c. Third and fourth
2. Which sentence in the concluding paragraph contains the final thought of the essay
a. Second
b. Third
c. Fourth

Question 12

Cross out the unbalanced part of each sentence. In the space provided, revise the unbalanced part so that it matches the other item or items in the sentence.
EXAMPLE
Microwavable pizza is convenient, cheap, and
1. Before I do my homework, I need to prepare dinner, bathing the kids, and pay bills.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Features I look for in a computer are the speed of the processor, RAM memory, and hard drive space.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. "Txt talk" includes slang, emoticons, and abbreviating words.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. On the weekends, Kurt enjoys playing basketball, TV, and hanging out with his friends.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. My ideal mate would be attractive, wealthy, and have a great personality.
_____________________________________________________________________

Question 13

About Unity
1. In which supporting paragraph in "Studying: Then and Now" is the topic sentence at the end rather than at the beginning, where it generally belongs in student essays
________________________________________________________________________
About Support
2. Which sentence in paragraph 3 needs to be followed by more supporting details ( Write the opening words. )___________________________________
About Coherence
What method of development does the author use ____________________________
About the introduction and Conclusion
4. Which sentence best describes the opening paragraph
a. It begins with a broad statement that narrows down to the thesis.
b. It explains the importance of the topic to the reader.
c. It uses an incident or a brief story.
d. It asks a question.
5. The conclusion falls into which category
a. Some observations and a prediction
b. Summary and final thought
c. Question or series of questions

Question 14

Each cluster below contains one topic, one thesis statement, and two supporting sentences. In the space provided, label each item as follows:
T topic
TH thesis statement
S supporting sentence
Group 1
________ a. People listen to audiobooks while doing other tasks, such as commuting or exercising.
________ b. Audiobooks are more convenient than printed books for several reasons.
________ c. Listeners hear a dramatization of a printed book by the actual author or an actor.
________ d. Audiobooks
Group 2
________ a. A radiologic technology degree allows a person to work in medical settings where x-rays, CT scans, MRIs, sonograms, and other diagnostic imaging are needed.
________ b. There are many career opportunities for those in the medical sciences.
________ c. A person who obtains a degree in phlebotomy is able to work as a clinical laboratory technician.
________ d. Medical sciences
Group 3
________ a. Study skills
________ b. Time management is essential when juggling deadlines and other responsibilities.
________ c. Notetaking provides a student with the opportunity to review information later.
________ d. Strong study skills are needed if you want to be successful in college.
Group 4
________ a. Shingles
________ b. People should be aware of the symptoms of shingles, a neurological disease.
________ c. Burning pain is one of the first symptoms of shingles.
________ d. Painful skin rash and blisters often follow the burning pain.
Group 5
________ a. Dogs should be trained at an early age.
________ b. A puppy can be housebroken as soon as he or she is brought home.
________ c. Dogs
________ d. A puppy should be trained not to bite or "mouth" people, especially children.

Question 15

Change verbs as needed in the following selection so that they are consistently in the past tense. Cross out each incorrect verb and write the correct form above it, as shown in the example. You will need to make ten corrections.
My uncle's shopping trip last Thursday was discouraging to him. First of all, he had to drive around for fifteen minutes until he a parking space. There was a half-price special on paper products in the supermarket, and every spot is taken. Then, when he finally got inside, many of the items on his list were not where he expected. For example, the pickles he wanted are not on the same shelf as all the other pickles. Instead, they were in a refrigerated case next to the bacon. And the granola was not on the cereal shelves but in the health-food section. Shopping thus proceeds slowly. About halfway through his list, he knew there would not be time to cook dinner and decides to pick up a barbecued chicken. The chicken, he learned, was available at the end of the store he had already passed. So he parks his shopping cart in an aisle, gets the chicken, and came back. After adding half a dozen more items to his cart, he suddenly realizes it contained someone else's food. So he retraced his steps, found his own cart, transfers the groceries, and continued to shop. Later, when he began loading items onto the checkout counter, he notices that the barbecued chicken was missing. He must have left it in the other cart, certainly gone by now. Feeling totally defeated, he returned to the deli counter and says to the clerk, "Give me another chicken. I lost the first one." My uncle told me that when he saw the look on the clerk's face, he felt as if he'd flunked Food Shopping.

Question 16

About Unity
1. Which sentence in paragraph 2 of "Student Zombies" should be omitted in the interest of paragraph unity ( Write the opening words. )
________________________________________________________________________
2. What sentence in the final paragraph introduces a new topic and so should be eliminated ( Write the opening words. )
________________________________________________________________________
About Support
3. After which sentence in paragraph 4 is more support needed ( Write the opening words. )
________________________________________________________________________
About Coherence
4. Which sentence in paragraph 2 begins with a change-of-direction transitional word ( Write the opening words. )
_________________________________________________________________________
About the Introduction and conclusion
5. Which method of introduction is used in the opening paragraph ( Circle the letter of the answer. )
a. Anecdote
b. Idea that is the opposite of the one to be developed
c. Quotation
d. Broad, general statement narrowing to a thesis
e. Questions

Question 17

This activity will sharpen your sense of the parts of an essay. "Coping with Old Age" has no indentations starting new paragraphs. Read this essay carefully, and then double-underline the thesis and single-underline the topic sentence for each of the three supporting paragraphs and the first sentence of the conclusion. Write the numbers of those sentences in the spaces provided at the end.
Coping with Old Age
1 I recently read about an area of the former Soviet Union where many people live to be well over a hundred years old. 2 Being 115 or even 125 isn't considered unusual there, and these old people continue to do productive work right up until they die. 3 The United States, however, isn't such a healthy place for older people. 4 Since I retired from my job, I've had to cope with the physical, mental, and emotional stresses of being "old." 5 For one thing, I've had to adjust to physical changes. 6 Now that I'm over sixty-five, the trusty body that carried me around for years has turned traitor. 7 Aside from the deepening wrinkles on my face and neck, and the wiry gray hairs that have replaced my brown hair, I face more frightening changes. 8 I don't have the energy I used to. 9 My eyes get tired. 10 Once in a while, I miss something that's said to me. 11 My once faithful feet seem to have lost their comfortable soles, and I sometimes feel I'm walking on marbles. 12 In order to fight againstthis slow decay, I exercise whenever I can. 13 I walk, I stretch, and I climb stairs. 14 I battle constantly to keep as fit as possible. 15 I'm also trying to cope with mental changes. 16 My mind was once as quick and sure as a champion gymnast. 17 I never found it difficult to memorize answers in school or to remember the names of people I met. 18 Now, I occasionally have to search my mind for the name of a close neighbor or favorite television show. 19 Because my mind needs exercise, too, I challenge it as much as I can. 20 Taking a college course like this English class, for example, forces me to concentrate. 21 The mental gymnast may be a little slow and out of shape, but he can still do a back flip or turn a somersault when he has to. 22 Finally, I must deal with the emotional impact of being old. 23 Our society typecasts old people. 24 We're supposed to be unattractive, senile, useless leftovers. 25 We're supposed to be the crazy drivers and the cranky customers 26 At first, I was angry and frustrated that I was considered old at all. 27 And I knew that people were wrong to stereotype me. 28 Then I got depressed. 29 I even started to think that maybe I was a cast-off, one of those old animals that slow down the rest of the herd. 30 But I have now decided to rebel against these negative feelings. 31 I try to have friends of all ages and to keep up with what's going on in the world. 32 I try to remember that I'm still the same person who sat at a first-grade desk, who fell in love, who comforted a child, who got a raise at work. 33 I'm not "just" an old person. 34 Coping with the changes of old age has become my latest full-time job. 35 Even though it's a job I never applied for, and one for which I had no experience, I'm trying to do the best I can.
Thesis statement in "Coping with Old Age": _____________
Topic sentence of first supporting paragraph: _____________
Topic sentence of second supporting paragraph: _____________
Topic sentence of third supporting paragraph: _____________
Topic sentence of the conclusion: _____________

Question 18

Revise the following sentences, changing vague, indefinite words into sharp, specific ones.
EXAMPLE
My roommate Marcelo listens to a variety of music.
1. When my marriage broke up, I felt various emotions.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The food choices in the cafeteria were unappetizing.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Bugs invaded our kitchen and pantry this summer.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. All last week, the weather was terrible.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. In the car accident, our teacher suffered a number of injuries.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 19

About Unity
1. What sentence in paragraph 3 should be omitted in the interest of paragraph unity ( Write the opening words. )
_________________________________________________________________________
About Support
2. Which paragraph lacks sufficient specific details
________________________________________________________________________
About Coherence
3. Which topic sentence functions as a linking sentence between paragraphs ( Write the opening words. )
_________________________________________________________________________
About the Introduction and Conclusion
4. What kind of introduction is used ( Circle the appropriate letter. )
a. Broad, general statement narrowing to a thesis
b. Idea that is the opposite of the one to be developed
c. Quotation
d. Anecdote
e. Questions

Question 20

Sometimes a subject must go through several stages of limiting before it is narrow enough to write about. Below are four lists reflecting several stages that writers went through in moving from a general subject to a narrow thesis statement. Number the stages in each list from 1 to 5, with 1 marking the broadest stage and 5 marking the thesis.
List 1
______ Teachers
______ Education
______ Math teacher
______ My high school math teacher was incompetent.
______ High school math teacher
List 2
______ Bicycles
______ Dangers of bike riding
______ Recreation
______ Recreational vehicles
______ Bike riding in the city is a
______ dangerous activity.
List 3
______ Retail companies
______ Supermarkets
______ Dealing with customers
______ Working in a supermarket
______ I've learned how to handle
______ unpleasant supermarket customers.
List 4
______ Camping
______ First camping trip
______ Summer vacation
______ My first camping trip was a
______ disastrous experience.
______ Vacations
Later in this chapter you will get more practice in narrowing general subjects to thesis statements.

Question 21

Revise the following sentences, changing verbs from the passive to the active voice and making any other necessary word changes.
EXAMPLE
Soccer is played by children all over the world.
1. The pizza restaurant was closed by the health inspector.
____________________________________________________________________
2. Huge stacks of donated books were sorted by the workers in the library.
____________________________________________________________________
3. My computer was infected by a virus.
____________________________________________________________________
4. Gasoline prices will not be increased by oil companies this winter.
____________________________________________________________________
5. High-powered bombs were dropped by our airplanes onto enemy bases.
____________________________________________________________________
6. An additional charge was placed on our phone bill by the telephone company.
____________________________________________________________________
7. The community center was damaged by a group of vandals.
____________________________________________________________________
8. Stress is relieved by physical activity, meditation, and relaxation.
____________________________________________________________________
9. Taxes will be raised by the federal government to pay for highway improvements.
____________________________________________________________________
10. Studies show that violent behavior among young children is increased by watching violent TV programs.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

Question 22

About Unity
1. Which sentence in paragraph 4 of "Teenagers and Jobs" should be omitted in the interest of paragraph unity ( Write the opening words. )
___________________________________________________________________________
About Support
2. Which sentence in paragraph 4 needs to be followed by more supporting details ( Write the opening words of each sentence. )
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Which supporting paragraph raises an opposing idea and then argues against that idea ________ What transition word is used to signal the author's change of direction ________
About Coherence
4. Which two paragraphs begin with an addition transition, and what are those words
________ ___________
About the introduction and Conclusion
5. Two methods of introduction are used in "Teenagers and Jobs." Circle the letters of these two methods.
a. Broad, general statement narrowing to thesis
b. Idea that is the opposite of the one to be developed
c. Quotation
d. Anecdote
e. Questions

Question 23

Write A beside each sentence that is an announcement rather than a thesis statement. Write OK beside the statement in each pair that is a clear, limited point that could be developed in an essay.
1. _____ a. This essay will discuss the fitness classes offered at my gym.
_____b. My gym offers spinning, kick boxing, and yoga classes.
2. _____a. I learned the hard way that online gambling is very addictive.
_____b. My thesis in this paper is the very addictive nature of online gambling.
3. _____a. The Korean jeon , the French crêpe, and the American hotcake are variations of the pancake.
_____b. Variations of the pancake is the subject of this paper.
4. _____ a. This paper will be about the toys my cat prefers.
_____ b. My cat snubs store-bought toys in favor of toilet paper rolls, twist ties, and paper bags.
5. _____ a. My concern here is to discuss the rising fuel costs in the U.S. today.
_____ b. There are several possible explanations for the rising fuel costs in the U.S. today.

Question 24

Revise the following sentences, omitting needless words.
EXAMPLES
The ground beef patties that are manufactured at Wendy's are square in size.
1. Gio at this point in time does not know the answer owing to the fact that he was not in attendance at class last week.
__________________________________________________________________________
2. The oval in shape pendant that I chose holds a large in size and blue in color sapphire stone.
__________________________________________________________________________
3. You are informed that your line of credit has been increased due to the fact that you made payments by the deadlines.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. Professor Lee is of the opinion that students enrolled in his class should turn off their cellular phone devices before the beginning of a class session.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Alberta has a personal preference for a writing instrument that is a pencil over a writing instrument that is a pen, which, in her honest and humble opinion, is preferable because her handwritten mistakes can be removed with a rubber eraser.
__________________________________________________________________________

Question 25

See whether you can complete the following explanation of what Mark has done in preparing for the essay question.
First, Mark wrote down the heading and then numbered the sources of stress under it. Also, in parentheses beside each point he added __________________. Then he circled the four key words, and he wrote down the first __________________ of each word underneath his outline. Mark then used the first letter in each key word to make up a catchphrase that he could easily remember. Finally, he _____________ himself over and over until he could recall all four of the sources of stress that the first letters stood for. He also made sure that he recalled the supporting material that went with each idea.

Question 26

Write TB beside each statement that is too broad to be developed in an essay. Write OK beside the statement in each pair that is a clear, limited point.
1. _____ a. In many ways, sports are an important part of American life.
_____ b. Widespread gambling has changed professional football for the worse.
2. _____ a. Modern life makes people suspicious and unfriendly.
_____ b. A frightening experience in my neighborhood has caused me to be a much more cautious person in several ways.
3. _____ a. Toy ads on television teach children to be greedy, competitive, and snobbish.
_____ b. Advertising has bad effects on all of society.
4. _____ a. Learning new skills can be difficult and frustrating.
_____b. Learning to write takes work, patience, and a sense of humor.
5. _____ a. I didn't get along with my family, so I did many foolish things.
_____ b. Running away from home taught me that my parents weren't as terrible as I thought.

Question 27

Combine each of the following groups of simple sentences into one longer sentence. Omit repeated words. Various combinations are often possible, so try to find a combination in each group that flows most smoothly and clearly.
EXAMPLE
The technician arrived at the scene.
The technician worked for a crime lab.
The technician needed to dust for fingerprints.
1. Sophie had repaired her broken watchband with a paper clip.
The clip snapped.
The watch slid off her wrist.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. The physical therapist watched.
Julie tried to stand on her weakened legs.
They crumpled under her.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. There were parking spaces on the street.
Richie pulled into an expensive garage.
He did not want to risk damage to his new car.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. The truck was speeding.
The truck was brown.
The truck skidded on some ice.
The truck almost hit a police officer.
The police officer was startled.
The police officer was young.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5. The rainstorm flooded our basement.
The rainstorm was sudden.
The rainstorm was terrible.
It knocked slates off the roof.
It uprooted a young tree.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Question 28

Complete the short matching quiz below. It will help you review the meanings of some of the direction words listed on the following page.
1. List _____
a. Tell in detail about something.
2. Contrast _____
b. Give a series of points and number them 1, 2, 3, etc.
3. Define _____
c. Give a condensed account of the main points.
4. Summarize _____
d. Show differences between two things.
5. Describe _____
e. Give the normal meaning of a term.

Question 29

Write TN beside each statement that is too narrow to be developed in an essay. Write OK beside the statement in each pair that is a clear, limited point.
1. _____ a. I had squash, tomatoes, and corn in my garden last summer.
_____ b. Vegetable gardening can be a frustrating hobby.
2._____ a. The main road into our town is lined with billboards.
_____ b. For several reasons, billboards should be abolished.
3. _____a. There are now more single-parent households in our country than ever before.
_____b. Organization is the key to being a successful single parent.
4._____ a. My first job taught me that I had several bad work habits.
_____ b. Because I was late for work yesterday, I lost an hour's pay and was called in to see the boss.
5. _____ a. Americans abuse alcohol because it has become such an important part of their personal and public celebrations.
_____ b. Consumption of wine, beer, and hard liquor increases in the United States every year.

Question 30

In this activity, you will evaluate and revise two essays in terms of all four ACTIVITY 15
bases: unity, support, coherence, and sentence skills. Comments follow each supporting paragraph. Circle the letter of the one statement that applies in each case.
Chiggers
Essay1
1
I had lived my whole life not knowing what chiggers are. I thought they were probably a type of insect Humphrey Bogart encountered in The African Queen. I never had any real reason to care, until one day last summer. Within twenty-four hours, I had vividly experienced what chigger bites are, learned how to treat them, and learned how to prevent them.
2
First of all, I learned that chiggers are the larvae of tiny mites found in the woods and that their bites are always multiple and cause intense itching. A beautiful summer day seemed perfect for a walk in the woods. I am definitely not a city person, for I couldn't stand to be surrounded by people, noise, and concrete. As I walked through the ferns and pines, I noticed what appeared to be a dusting of reddish seeds or pollen on my slacks. Looking more closely, I realized that each speck was a tiny insect. I casually brushed off a few and gave them no further thought. I woke up the next morning feeling like a victim staked to an anthill by an enemy wise in the ways of torture. Most of my body was speckled with measlelike bumps that at the slightest touch burned and itched like a mosquito bite raised to the twentieth power. When antiseptics and calamine lotion failed to help, I raced to my doctor for emergency aid.
a. Paragraph 2 contains an irrelevant sentence.
b. Paragraph 2 lacks supporting details at one key spot.
c. Time order in paragraph 2 is confused.
d. Paragraph 2 contains two run-ons.
3
Healing the bites of chiggers, as the doctor diagnosed them to be, is not a simple procedure. lt seems that there is really no wonder drug or commercial product to help. The victim must rely on a harsh and primitive home remedy and mostly wait out the course of the painful bites. First, the doctor explained, the skin must be bathed carefully in alcohol. An antihistamine spray applied several hours later will soothe the intense itching and help prevent infection. Before using the spray, I had to saturate each bite with gasoline or nail polish remover to kill any remaining chiggers. A few days after the treatment, the bites finally healed. Although I was still in pain, and desperate for relief, I followed the doctor's instructions. I carefully applied gasoline to the bites and walked around for an hour smelling like a filling station.
a. Paragraph 3 contains an irrelevant sentence.
b. Paragraph 3 lacks supporting details at one key spot.
c. Time order in paragraph 3 is confused.
d. Paragraph 3 contains one fragment.
4
Most important of all, I learned what to do to prevent getting chigger bites in the future. Mainly, of course, stay out of the woods in the summertime. But if the temptation is too great on an especially beautiful day, I'll be sure to wear the right type of clothing, like a longsleeved shirt, long pants, knee socks, and closed shoes. In addition, I'll cover myself with clouds of superstrength insect repellent. I will then shower thoroughly as soon as I get home, I also will probably burn all my clothes if I notice even one suspicious red speck.
a. Paragraph 4 contains an irrelevant sentence.
b. Paragraph 4 lacks supporting details at one key spot.
c. Paragraph 4 lacks transitional words.
d. Paragraph 4 contains a run-on and a fragment.
5
I will never forget my lessons on the cause, cure, and prevention of chigger bites. I'd gladly accept the challenge of rattlesnakes and scorpions in the wilds of the West but will never again confront a siege of chiggers in the pinewoods.
Essay2
The Hazards of Being an Only Child
1
Many people who have grown up in multichild families think that being an only child is the best of all possible worlds. They point to such benefits as the only child's annual new wardrobe and the lack of competition for parental love. But single-child status isn't as good as people say it is. Instead of having everything they want, only children are sometimes denied certain basic human needs.
2
Only children lack companionship. An only child can have trouble making friends, since he or she isn't used to being around other children. Often, the only child comes home to an empty house; both parents are working, and there are no brothers or sisters to play with or to talk to about the day. At dinner, the single child can't tell jokes, giggle, or throw food while the adults discuss boring adult subjects. An only child always has his or her own room but never has anyone to whisper to half the night when sleep doesn't come. Some only children thrive on this isolation and channel their energies into creative activities like writing or drawing. Owing to this lack of companionship, an only child sometimes lacks the social ease and self-confidence that come from being part of a close-knit group of contemporaries.
a. Paragraph 2 contains an irrelevant sentence.
b. Paragraph 2 lacks supporting details at one key spot.
c. Paragraph 2 lacks transitional words.
d. Paragraph 2 contains one fragment and one run-on.
3
Second, only children lack privacy. An only child is automatically the center of parental concern. There's never any doubt about which child tried to sneak in after midnight on a weekday. And who will get the lecture the next morning. Also, whenever an only child gives in to a bad mood, runs into his or her room, and slams the door, the door will open thirty seconds later, revealing an anxious parent. Parents of only children sometimes don't even understand the child's need for privacy. For example, they may not understand why a teenager wants a lock on the door or a personal telephone. After all, the parents think, there are only the three of us, there's no need for secrets.
a. Paragraph 3 contains an irrelevant sentence.
b. Paragraph 3 lacks supporting details at one key spot.
c. Paragraph 3 lacks transitional words.
d. Paragraph 3 contains one fragment and one run-on.
4
Most important, only children lack power. They get all the love; but if something goes wrong, they also get all the punishment. When a bottle of perfume is knocked to the floor or the television is left on all night, there's no little sister or brother to blame it on. Moreover, an only child has no recourse when asking for a privilege of some kind, such as permission to stay out late or to take an overnight trip with friends. There are no other siblings to point to and say, "You let them do it. Why won't you let me " With no allies their own age, only children are always outnumbered, two to one. An only child hasn't a chance of influencing any major family decisions, either.
a. Paragraph 4 contains an irrelevant sentence.
b. Paragraph 4 lacks supporting details at one key spot.
c. Paragraph 4 lacks transitional words.
d. Paragraph 4 contains one fragment and one run-on.
5
Being an only child isn't as special as some people think. It's no fun being without friends, without privacy, and without power in one's own home. But the child who can triumph over these hardships grows up self-reliant and strong. Perhaps for this reason alone, the hazards are worth it.

Question 31

The following sentences comment on Mark's essay. Fill in the missing word or words in each case.
1. Mark begins with a sentence that clearly states what his essay _________________. Always begin with such a clear statement!
2. Notice the __________________ that Mark made when writing andproofreading his paper. He neatly crossed out miswritten or unwanted words, and he used insertion signs (^) to add omitted words.
3. The four signal words that Mark used to guide his readers, and himself, through the main points of his answer are _________________ , _________________ , _________________, and _________________.

Question 32

Complete the following thesis statements by adding a third supporting point that will parallel the two already provided. You might first want to revisit the section on parallelism in Chapter 4 (page 99) to make sure you understand parallel form.
1. Because I never took college preparatory courses in high school, I entered college deficient in mathematics, study skills, and ___________.
2. A good salesperson needs to like people, to be aggressive, and __________
.
3. Rather than blame myself for failing the course, I blamed the instructor, my adviser, and even.________________
4. Anyone who buys an old house planning to fix it up should be prepared to put in a lot of time, hard work, and ___________.
5. Our old car eats gas, makes funny noises, and _________________
6. My mother, my boss, and my __________ are three people who are very important in my life right now.
7. Getting married too young was a mistake because we hadn't finished our education, we weren't ready for children, and ______________
8. Some restaurant patrons seem to leave their honesty, their cleanliness, and their ________________ at home.
9. During my first semester at college, I had to learn how to manage my time, my diet, and ______________.
10. Three experiences I wish I could forget are the time I fell off a ladder, the time I tried to fix my parents' lawn mower, and _______________

Question 33

The box below summarizes the six kinds of introduction. Read the introductions that follow it and, in the space provided, write the letter of the kind of introduction used in each case.
A. General to narrow
B. Starting with an opposite
C. Stating importance of topic
D. Incident or story
E. Questions
F. Quotation
_______ 1. The ad, in full color on a glossy magazine page, shows a beautiful kitchen with gleaming counters. In the foreground, on one of the counters, stands a shiny new food processor. Usually, a feminine hand is touching it lovingly.
Around the main picture are other, smaller shots. They show mounds of perfectly sliced onion rings, thin rounds of juicy tomatoes, heaps of matchstick-sized potatoes, and
piles of golden, evenly grated cheese. The ad copy tells you how wonderful, how easy, food preparation will be with a processor. Don't believe it. My processor turned out to be expensive, difficult to operate, and very limited in its use.
_______ 2. My father stubbornly says, "You can often tell a book by its cover," and when it comes to certain paperbacks, he's right. When you're browsing in the drugstore or supermarket and you see a paperback featuring an attractive young woman in a low-cut dress fleeing from a handsome dark figure in a shadowy castle, you know exactly what you're getting. Every romance novel has the same elements: an innocent heroine, an exotic setting, and a cruel but fascinating hero.
_______ 3. Americans are incredibly lazy. Instead of cooking a simple, nourishing meal, we pop a frozen dinner into the microwave. Instead of studying a daily newspaper, we are content with the capsule summaries on the network news. Worst of all, instead of walking even a few blocks to the local convenience store, we jump into our cars. This dependence on the automobile, even for short trips, has robbed us of a valuable experience-walking. If we drove less and walked more, we would save money, become healthier, and discover fascinating things about our surroundings.

Question 34

Write an essay-length summary of the following article. Include a short introductory paragraph that states the thesis of the article. Then summarize in your three supporting paragraphs the three important areas in which study skills can be useful. Your conclusion might be a single sentence restating the thesis.
Power Learning
1
Jill had not done as well in high school as she had hoped. Since college involved even more work, it was no surprise that she didn't do better there.
2
The reason for her so-so performance was not a lack of effort. She attended most of her classes and read her textbooks. And she never missed handing in any assignment, even though it often meant staying up late the night before homework was due. Still, she just got by in her classes. Before long, she came to the conclusion that she simply couldn't do any better.
3
Then one day, one of her instructors said something to make her think otherwise. "You can probably build some sort of house by banging a few boards together," he said. "But if you want a sturdy home, you'll have to use the right techniques and tools. Building carefully takes work, but it gets better results. The same can be said of your education. There are no shortcuts, but there are some proven study skills that can really help. If you don't use them, you may end up with a pretty flimsy education."
4
Jill signed up for a study-skills course and found out a crucial fact-that learning how to learn is the key to success in school. There are certain dependable skills that have made the difference between disappointment and success for generations of students. These techniques won't free you from work, but they will make your work far more productive. They include three important areas: time control, classroom note-taking, and textbook study.
Time Control
5
Success in college depends on time control. Time control means that you deliberately organize and plan your time, instead of letting it drift by. Planning means that you should never be faced with an overdue term paper or a cram session the night before a test.
6
There are three steps involved in time control. First, you should prepare a large monthly calendar. Buy a calendar with a large white block around each date, or make one yourself. At the beginning of the college semester, circle important dates on this calendar. Circle the days on which tests are scheduled; circle the days when papers are due. This calendar can also be used to schedule study plans. At the beginning of the week, you can jot down your plans for each day. An alternative method would be to make plans for each day the night before. On Tuesday night, for example, you might write down "Read Chapter 5 in psychology" in the Wednesday block. Hang this calendar where you will see it every day-your kitchen, bedroom, even your bathroom!
7
The second step in time control is to have a weekly study schedule for the semester-a chart that covers all the days of the week and all the waking hours in each day. Below is part of one student's schedule:
On your own schedule, fill in all the fixed hours in each day-hours for meals, classes, job (if any), and travel time. Next, mark time blocks that you can realistically use for study each day. Depending on the number of courses you are taking and the demands of these courses, you may want to block off five, ten, or even twenty or more hours of study time a week. Keep in mind that you should not block off time that you do not truly intend to use for study. Otherwise, your schedule will be a meaningless gimmick. Also, remember that you should allow time for "rest and relaxation." You will be happiest, and able to accomplish the most, when you have time for both work and play
8
The third step in time control is to make a daily or weekly "to do" list. This may be the most valuable time-control method you ever use. On this list, write down the things you need to do for the following day or the following week. If you choose to write a weekly list, do it on Sunday night. If you choose to write a daily list, do it the night before. Here is part of one student's daily list:
You may use a three- by five-inch notepad or a small spiral-bound notebook for this list. Carry the list around with you during the day. Always concentrate on doing the most important items first. To make the best use of your time, mark high-priority items with an asterisk and give them precedence over low-priority items. For instance, you may find yourself wondering what to do after dinner on Thursday evening. Among the items on your list are "Clean inside of car" and "Review chapter for math quiz." It is obviously more important for you to review your notes at this point; you can clean out the car some other time. As you complete items on your "to do" list, cross them out. Do not worry about unfinished items. They can be rescheduled. You will still be accomplishing a great deal and making more effective use of your time.
Classroom Note-Taking
9
One of the most important single things you can do to perform well in a college course is to take effective class notes. The following hints should help you become a better note-taker.
10
First, attend class faithfully. Your alternatives-reading the text, reading someone else's notes, or both-cannot substitute for the class experience of hearing ideas in person as someone presents them to you. Also, in class lectures and discussions, your instructor typically presents and develops the main ideas and facts of the course-the ones you will be expected to know on exams.
11
Another valuable hint is to make use of abbreviations while taking notes. Using abbreviations saves time when you are trying to get down a great deal of information. Abbreviate terms that recur frequently in a lecture and put a key to your abbreviations at the top of your notes. For example, in sociology class, eth could stand for ethnocentrism; in a psychology class, STM could stand for short-term memory. (When a lecture is over, you may want to go back and write out the terms you have abbreviated.) Also, use e for example; def for definition; info for information; + for and; and so on. If you use the same abbreviations all the time, you will soon develop a kind of personal shorthand that makes taking notes much easier.
12.
A third hint for taking notes is to be on the lookout for signals of importance. Write down whatever your instructor puts on the board. If he or she takes the time to put material on the board, it is probably important, and the chances are good that it will come up later on exams. Always write down definitions and enumerations. Enumerations are lists of items. They are signaled in such ways as "The four steps in the process are... "; "There were three reasons for... "; "The two effects were... "; "Five characteristics of... "; and so on. In your notes, always number such enumerations (1, 2, 3, etc.). They will help you understand relationships among ideas and organize the material of the lecture. Watch for emphasis words-words your instructor may use to indicate that something is important. Examples of such words are "This is an important reason... "; "A point that will keep coming up later... "; "The chief cause was... "; "The basic idea here is... "; and so on. Always write down the important statements announced by these and other emphasis words. Finally, if your instructor repeats a point, you can assume that it is important. You might put an R for repeated in the margin so that later you will know that your instructor stressed it.
13.
Next, be sure to write down the instructor's examples and mark them with an e. The examples help you understand abstract points.
If you do not write them down, you are likely to forget them later, when they are needed to help make sense of an idea.
14.
Also, be sure to write down the connections between ideas. Too many students merely copy terms the instructor puts on the board. They forget that, as time passes, the details that serve as connecting bridges between ideas quickly fade. You should, then, write down the relationships and connections in class. That way you'll have them to help tie together your notes later on.
15.
Review your notes as soon as possible after class. You must make them as clear as possible while they are fresh in your mind. A day later may be too late, because forgetting sets in very quickly. Make sure that punctuation is clear, that all words are readable and correctly spelled, and that unfinished sentences are completed (or at least marked off so that you can check your notes with another student's). Add clarifying or connecting comments wherever necessary. Make sure that important ideas are clearly marked. Improve the organization if necessary so that you can see at a glance main points and relationships among them.
16.
Finally, try in general to get down a written record of each class. You must do this because forgetting begins almost immediately. Studies have shown that within two weeks you are likely to have forgotten 80 percent or more of what you have heard. And in four weeks you are lucky if 5 percent remains! This is so crucial that it bears repeating: To guard against the relentlessness of forgetting, it is absolutely essential that you write down what you hear in class. Later you can concentrate on working to understand fully and to remember the ideas that have been presented in class. And then, the more complete your notes are, the more you are likely to learn.
Textbook Study
17.
In many college courses, success means being able to read and study a textbook skillfully. For many students, unfortunately, textbooks are heavy going. After an hour or two of study, the textbook material is as formless and as hard to understand as ever. But there is a way to attack even the most difficult textbook and make sense of it. Use a sequence in which you preview a chapter, mark it, take notes on it, and then study the notes.
Previewing
18
Previewing a selection is an important first step to understanding. Taking the time to preview a section or chapter can give you a bird'seye view of the way the material is organized. You will have a sense of where you are beginning, what you will cover, and where you will end.
19
There are several steps in previewing a selection. First, study the title. The title is the shortest possible summary of a selection and will often tell you the limits of the material you will cover. For example, the title "FDR and the Supreme Court" tells you to expect a discussion of President Roosevelt's dealings with the Court. You know that you will probably not encounter any material dealing with FDR's foreign policies or personal life. Next, quickly read over the first and last paragraphs of the selection; these may contain important introductions to, and summaries of, the main ideas. Then briefly examine the headings and subheadings in the selection. Together, the headings and subheadings are a mini-outline of what you are reading. Headings are often main ideas or important concepts in capsule form; subheadings are breakdowns of ideas within main areas. Finally, read the first sentence of some paragraphs, look for words set off in boldface or italics , and look at pictures or diagrams. After you have previewed a selection in this way, you should have a good general sense of the material to be read.
Marking
20
You should mark a textbook selection at the same time that you read it through carefully. Use a felt-tip highlighter to shade material that seems important, or use a ballpoint pen and put symbols in the margin next to the material: stars, checks, or NB ( nota bene, Latin for "note well"). What to mark is not as mysterious as some students believe. You should try to find main ideas by looking for clues: definitions and examples, enumerations, and emphasis words.
21
1. Definitions and examples: Definitions are often among the most important ideas in a selection. They are particularly signifi cant in introductory courses in almost any subject area, where much of your learning involves mastering the specialized vocabulary of that subject. In a sense, you are learning the "language" of psychology or business or whatever the subject might be.
22
Most definitions are abstract, and so they usually are followed by one or more examples to help clarify their meaning. Always mark off definitions and at least one example that makes a definition clear to you. In a psychology text, for example, we are told that " rationalization is an attempt to reduce anxiety by deciding that you have not really been frustrated." Several examples follow, among them: "A young man, frustrated because he was rejected when he asked for a date, convinces himself that the girl is not very attractive or interesting."
23
2. Enumerations: Enumerations are lists of items (causes, reasons, types, and so on) that are numbered 1, 2, 3,... or that could easily be numbered. They are often signaled by addition words. Many of the paragraphs in this book, for instance, use words like First of all, Another, In addition, and Finally to signal items in a series. Other textbooks also use this very common and effective organizational method.
24
3. Emphasis words: Emphasis words tell you that an idea is important. Common emphasis words include phrases such as a major event, a key feature, the chief factor, important to note, above all, and most of all. Here is an example: "The most significant contemporary use of marketing is its application to nonbusiness areas, such as political parties."
Note-Taking
25
Next, you should take notes. Go through the chapter a second time, rereading the most important parts. Try to write down the main ideas in a simple outline form. For example, in taking notes on a psychology selection, you might write down the heading "Defense Mechanisms." Below the heading you would define them, number and describe each kind, and give an example of each.
Studying Notes
26
To study your notes, use repeated self-testing. For example, look at the heading "Defense Mechanisms" and say to yourself, "What are the kinds of defense mechanisms?" When you can recite them, then say to yourself, "What is rationalization?" "What is an example of rationalization?" Then ask yourself, "What is projection?" "What is an example of projection?" After you learn each section, review it, and then go on to the next section.
27
Do not simply read your notes; keep looking away and seeing if you can recite them to yourself. This self-testing is the key to effective learning.
Summary: Textbook Study
28
In summary, remember this sequence for dealing with a textbook: preview, mark, take notes, study the notes. Approaching a textbook in this methodical way will give you very positive results. You will no longer feel bogged down in a swamp of words, unable to figure out what you are supposed to know. Instead, you will understand exactly what you have to do, and how to go about doing it.
29
Take a minute now to evaluate your own study habits. Do you practice many of the above skills in order to take effective classroom notes, control your time, and learn from your textbooks? If not, perhaps you should. The skills are not magic, but they are too valuable to ignore. Use them carefully and consistently, and they will make academic success possible for you. Try them, and you won't need convincing.

Question 35

Working with a partner, write a thesis for each group of supporting statements. This activity will give you practice in writing an effective essay thesis- one that is neither too broad nor too narrow. It will also help you understand the logical relationship between a thesis and its supporting details.
1. Thesis: ________________________________________________________________________
a. My first car was a rebellious-looking one that matched the way I felt and acted as a teenager.
b. My next car reflected my more mature and practical adult self.
c. My latest car seems to tell me that I'm aging; it shows my growing concern with comfort and safety.
2. Thesis:_____________________________________________________________________
a. All the course credits that are accumulated can be transferred to a four-year school.
b. Going to a two-year college can save a great deal of money in tuition and other fees.
c. If the college is nearby, there are also significant savings in everyday living expenses.
3. Thesis:_____________________________________________________________________
a. First, I tried simply avoiding the snacks aisle of the supermarket.
b. Then I started limiting myself to only one serving of any given snack.
c. Finally, in desperation, I began keeping the bags of snacks in a padlocked cupboard.
4. Thesis:_____________________________________________________________________
a. The holiday can be very frightening for little children.
b. Children can be struck by cars while wearing vision-obstructing masks and dark costumes.
c. There are always incidents involving deadly treats: fruits, cookies, and candies that contain razor blades or even poison.
5. Thesis:_____________________________________________________________________
a. First of all, I was a typical "type A" personality: anxious, impatient, and hard-driving.
b. I also had a family history of relatives with heart trouble.
c. My unhealthy lifestyle, though, was probably the major factor.

Question 36

In the space provided, note how each concluding paragraph ends: with a summary and final thought (write S in the space), with a prediction or recommendation (write P/R), or with a question (write Q).
___________ 1. Even though tens of thousands of people die each year in the U.S. from lung cancer, there are steps that you can take to reduce your risk factors. If you smoke, stop. If others around you smoke, ask them to stop or leave when they start. Your life is too valuable to have it ended by this disease.
___________ 2. My father spent thirty years smoking three packs of cigarettes a day, a habit that he thought was more harmful to his wallet than to his lungs. Sadly, he could have lived longer if not for lung cancer. But did my father think that his "light" cigarettes would take such a heavy toll No.
___________ 3. Lung cancer, then, can spread to the esophagus, the trachea, and the heart. Although an operation to remove the tumor is often unlikely, there are treatments available to control its spread. More research, however, is needed to find a cure. As the saying goes, "Where there is a will, there is a way."

Question 37

Here are three sets of passages. Each set begins with an original passage followed by notes on the passage. Both notes include a parenthetical citation (24) crediting the original source. But while one note is an acceptable paraphrase/ summary, the other is an unacceptable paraphrase/summary in which the sentences and ideas too closely follow the original, using some of the same structure and the same words as the original. Identify the acceptable note with an A and the unacceptable note with a U.
Set 1: Original Passage
The self-confessed television addict often feels he "ought" to do other things-but the fact that he doesn't read and doesn't plant his garden or sew or crochet or play games or have conversations means that those activities are no longer as desirable as television. In a way the heavy viewer's life is as imbalanced by his television "habit" as a drug addict's or an alcoholic's. He is living in a holding pattern, as it were, passing up the activities that lead to growth or development or a sense of accomplishment. This is one reason people talk about their television viewing so ruefully, so apologetically. They are aware that it is an unproductive experience, that almost any other endeavor is more worthwhile by any human measure.
_____Marie Winn, from "Television Addiction,"
in The Plug-In Drug (Viking Penguin, 2002)
_________ a. Television addicts may feel they should do other things like play games or have conversations. But they pass up activities that might lead to a sense of accomplishment. Their lives are as imbalanced by their television watching as a drug addict's or alcoholic's. Aware of how unproductive television viewing is, they talk about it apologetically (24).
_________ b. TV addicts feel that they ought to spend their time doing more worthwhile activities. But like alcohol or drugs, TV has taken over their lives. The addicts' apologetic tone when they talk about their TV watching indicates that they know they're wasting time on a completely unproductive activity (24).
Set 2: Original Passage
Now, however, there is growing evidence that restorative naps are making a comeback. Recognizing that most of their employees are chronically sleep-deprived, some companies have set up nap rooms with reclining chairs, blankets and alarm clocks. If unions are truly interested in worker welfare, they should make such accommodations a standard item in contract negotiations. Workers who take advantage of the opportunity to sleep for twenty minutes or so during the workday report that they can go back to work with renewed enthusiasm and energy. My college roommate, Dr. Linda Himot, a psychiatrist in Pittsburgh, who has a talent for ten-minute catnaps between patients, says these respites help her focus better on each patient's problems, which are not always scintillating. And companies that encourage napping report that it reduces accidents and errors and increases productivity, even if it shortens the workday a bit. Studies have shown that sleepy workers make more mistakes and cause more accidents, and are more susceptible to heart attacks and gastrointestinal disorders.
-Jane Brody, from "New Respect for the Nap"
( New York Times, 2001)
___________ a. As employers realize that many workers are short on sleep, they are becoming more open to the idea of napping on the job. Some even provide places for workers to stretch out and nap briefly. Companies that allow napping find their employees are more alert and productive, and even suffer fewer physical ailments (24).
___________ b. Naps are becoming more acceptable. Some companies have done such things as set up nap rooms with reclining chairs and blankets. Naps provide workers with renewed enthusiasm and energy. Although naps shorten the workday a bit, they reduce accidents and increase productivity. Sleep-deprived workers are prone to heart attacks and gastrointestinal disorders (24).
Set 3: Original Passage
Chances are, you are going to go to work after you complete college. How would you like to earn an extra $950,000 on your job If this sounds appealing, read on. I'm going to reveal how you can make an extra $2,000 a month between the ages of 25 and 65. Is this hard to do Actually, it is simple for some, but impossible for others. All you have to do is be born a male and graduate from college. If we compare fulltime workers, this is how much more the average male college graduate earns over the course of his career. Hardly any single factor pinpoints gender discrimination better than this total. The pay gap, which shows up at all levels of education, is so great that women who work full-time average only two-thirds (67 percent) of what men are paid. This gap does not occur only in the United States. All industrialized nations have it, although only in Japan is the gap larger than in the United States.
-James Henslin, from Essentials of Sociology,
Fourth Edition (Allyn and Bacon, 2002)
________ a. In order to make an extra $2,000 a month between the ages of 25 and 65, you need to be born male and graduate from college. This adds up to an additional $950,000. The pay gap between genders shows up at all levels of education. It is so great that women who work full-timemake only two-thirds what men make. The gender gap occurs in all industrialized nations, although only in Japan is it greater than in the U.S. (24).
________ b. The effect of gender on salary is significant. At all levels of education, a woman who works full-time earns about two-thirds as much as a man who works full-time. For college graduates, this adds up to a difference of $950,000 over the course of a 40-year working life. The gender gap exists in all industrialized nations, but it is greatest in Japan and the U.S. (24).

Question 38

Here is a list of ten general subjects. Working in pairs with a fellow classmate, limit five of the subjects. Then write a thesis statement about each of the five limited subjects.
HINT To create a thesis statement for a limited subject, ask yourself, "What point do I want to make about ___________ ( my limited subject ) "
General Subject
Limted subject
1. Pets
_________________________________
2. Teenagers
_________________________________
3. Internet
_________________________________
4. Work
_________________________________
5. College
_________________________________
6. Doctors
_________________________________
7. Vacations
_________________________________
8. Cooking
_________________________________
9. Money
_________________________________
10. Shopping
_________________________________
Thesis statements for five of the limited subjects:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 39

The following box lists six common kinds of introductions and three common kinds of conclusions. Read the three pairs of introductory and concluding paragraphs that follow. Then, in the space provided, write the letter of the kind of introduction and conclusion used in each paragraph.
Introduction
A. General to narrow
B. Starting with an opposite
C. Stating importance of topic
D. Incident or story
E. Question(s)
F. Quotation
Conclusions
G. Summary and final thought
H. Question(s)
I. Prediction or recommendation
Pair 1
______ Shortly before Easter, our local elementary school sponsored a fund-raising event at which classroom pets and their babies-hamsters, guinea pigs, and chicks-were available for adoption. Afterward, as I was driving home, I saw a hand drop a baby hamster out of the car ahead of me. I couldn't avoid running over the tiny creature. One of the parents had taken the pet, regretted the decision, and decided to get rid of it. Such people have never stopped to consider the several real obligations involved in owning a pet.
______ A pet cannot be thrown onto a trash heap when it is no longer wanted or tossed into a closet if it begins to bore its owner. A pet, like us, is a living thing that needs attention and care. Would-be owners, therefore, should think seriously about their responsibilities before they acquire a pet.
pair 2
________ What would life be like if we could read each other's minds Would communications be instantaneous and perfectly clear These questions will never be answered unless mental telepathy becomes a fact of life. Until then, we will have to make do with less perfect means of communication. Letters, telephone calls, text messages, and e-mails do have serious drawbacks.
________ Neither letters, phone calls, text messages, nor e-mails guarantee perfect communication. With all our sophisticated skills, we human beings often communicate less effectively than howling wolves or chattering monkeys. We always seem to find some way to foul up the message.
Pair 3
_______ "Few things are harder to put up with," said Mark Twain, "than the annoyance of a good example." Twain obviously knew the problems faced by siblings cursed with older brothers or sisters who are models of perfection. All our lives, my older sister Shelley and I have been compared. Unfortunately, in competition with my sister's virtues, my looks, talents, and accomplishments always ended up on the losing side.
_______ Although I always lost in the sibling contests of looks, talents, and accomplishments, Shelley and I have somehow managed not to turn into deadly enemies. Feeling like the "dud" of the family, in fact, helped me to develop a drive to succeed and a sense of humor. In our sibling rivalry, we both managed to win.

Question 40

On a separate sheet of paper, convert the information in each of the following references into the correct form for a list of "Works Cited." Use the appropriate model above as a guide.
1. A book by David Anderegg called Worried All the Time and published in New York by Free Press in 2003.
2. An article by Susan Page titled "No Experience Necessary" on pages 1A-2A of the September 29, 2007, issue of USA Today.
3. A book by Michael W. Passer and Ronald E. Smith titled Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior and published in a fourth edition by McGraw-Hill in New York in 2008.
4. An article by Mark Miller titled "Parting with a Pet" found on May 16, 2007, in the October 8, 2007, issue of Newsweek Online.
5. An article titled "Depression in Teenagers" found on April 24, 2007, on the Web site titled Troubled Teens , which is sponsored by the Aspen Education Group.

Question 41

Following are ten informal outlines. Complete any five of them by adding a third logical supporting point ( c ) that will parallel the two already provided ( a and b ).
1. College registration can be a confusing process.
a. Some classes fill quickly.
b. Several placement tests are needed.
c._________________________________________________________________________
2. People seek out comfort food at roadside diners.
a. Meatloaf sandwich
b. Baked macaroni and cheese
c._________________________________________________________________________
3. White lies are socially acceptable.
a. Avoid hurting a person's feelings
b. Avoid facing consequences
c._________________________________________________________________________
4. Back-to-school shopping can be expensive.
a. Backpack
b. Textbooks
c._________________________________________________________________________
5. Big-box stores such as Wal-Mart have everything shoppers need.
a. Supermarket
b. Pharmacy
c._________________________________________________________________________
6. Mike moved to Southern California to enjoy water sports.
a. He surfs.
b. He scuba dives.
c._________________________________________________________________________
7. A cell phone can be customized to fit the owner.
a. Ringtone
b. Wallpaper
c._________________________________________________________________________
8. Technology makes handling finances so much easier.
a. Automatic bill payments
b. Online banking services
c. _________________________________________________________________________
9. My boss has three qualities I admire.
a. Shrewdness
b. Intelligence
c._________________________________________________________________________
10. Traveling by air is stressful.
a. Security restrictions
b. Delayed flights
c._________________________________________________________________________

Question 42

Write an appropriate title for each of the introductory paragraphs that follow.
1. It is a terrible time to be a teenager or even a teenager's parent. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all full of frightening stories about teenagers and families. They say that America's families are falling apart, that kids do not care about anything, and that parents have trouble doing anything about it. However, not all teens and families are lost and without values. While they struggle with problems, successful families are doing what they have always done: finding ways to protect and nurture their children. Families are fighting against the influence of the media, against the loss of quality family time, and against the loss of community.
Title: ____________________________________________________________________
2. Some of my friends can't believe that my car still runs. Others laugh when they see it parked outside the house and ask if it's an antique. They aren't being fair to my twenty-year-old Toyota Corolla. In fact, my "antique" has opened my eyes to the rewards of owning an old car.
Title: ____________________________________________________________________
3. Regular exercise is something like the weather-we all talk about it, but we tend not to do anything about it. Exercise classes on television and exercise programs on videos and CDs-as well as instructions in books, magazines, and pamphlets-now make it easy to have a low-cost personal exercise program without leaving home. However, for success in exercise, you should follow a simple plan consisting of arranging time, making preparations, and starting off at a sensible place.
Title: ____________________________________________________________________

Question 43

The following essay needs specific details to back up the ideas in the supporting paragraphs. Using the spaces provided, add a sentence or two of clear, convincing details for each supporting idea. This activity will give you practice at supplying specific details and an initial feel for writing an essay.
Life without Television
Introduction
When my family's only television set went to the repair shop the other day, my parents, my sister, and I thought we would have a terrible week. How could we get through the long evenings in such a quiet house What would it be like without all the shows to keep us company We soon realized, though, that living without television for a while was a stroke of good fortune. It became easy for each of us to enjoy some activities alone, to complete some postponed chores, and to spend rewarding time with each other and friends.
First supporting paragraph
First of all, with no television to compete for our time, we found plenty of hours for personal interests. We all read more that week than we had read during the six months before. ___________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
We each also enjoyed some hobbies we had ignored for ages.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In addition, my sister and I both stopped procrastinating with our homework.__________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Second supporting paragraph
Second, we did chores that had been hanging over our heads for too long. There were many jobs around the house that had needed attention for some time.________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
We also had a chance to do some long-postponed shopping. _______
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
And each of us also did some letter writing or other paperwork that was long overdue.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Third supporting paragraph
Finally, and probably most important, we spent time with each other. Instead of just being in the same room together while we stared at a screen, we actually talked for many pleasant hours.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Moreover, for the first time in years my family played some games
together. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
And because we didn't have to worry about missing this or that show, we had some family friends over on a couple of evenings and spent an enjoyable time with them.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
Once our television set returned, we were not prepared to put it in the attic. But we had a sense of how it can take over our lives if we are not careful. We are now more selective. We turn on the set for our favorite shows, certain sports events, and the news, but we don't leave it running all night. As a result, we find we can enjoy television and still have time left over for other activities and interests.

Question 44

About Unity
1. Which sentence in paragraph 3 of "Altered States" should be omitted in the interest of paragraph unity ( Write the opening words. )
__________________________________________________________________________
About Support
2. What three pieces of evidence does the writer offer to support the statement that the Internet is an "immense storehouse of information, entertainment, and seemingly intimate personal connections"
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
About Coherence
3. What sentence indicates that the author has used emphatic order, saving his most important point for last ( Write the opening words. )
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Which sentence in paragraph 1 begins with a change-of-direction signal phrase ( Write the opening words. )
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Which sentence in paragraph 2 begins with an illustration signal phrase ( Write the opening words.)
___________________________________________________________________________
About the introduction and Conclusion
6. Which sentence in paragraph 5 begins with a concluding signal word ( Write the opening words.)
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Which statement best describes the concluding paragraph
a. It contains a prediction.
b. It combines a summary with a recommendation of how to treat people in an altered state.
c. It refers to the point made in the introduction about alcohol and drugs.
d. It contains thought-provoking questions about altered states.