Deck 26: Animal Evolution the Chordates

Question 1

Which of the following statements is false?

A)All vertebrates have a ventral tubular nervous system.
B)All vertebrates have a tail at some stage in their life cycle.
C)All vertebrates have a notochord at some stage in their life cycle.
D)All vertebrates have pharyngeal gill slits at some stage in their life cycle.
E)None of these are false.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which structure has cilia that create water currents and mucous sheets that capture nutrients suspended in the water in filter-feeding chordates?

A)notochord
B)differentially permeable membrane
C)filiform tongue
D)gill slits
E)jaw

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following traits does the fossil above share with modern birds?

A)long,clawed fingers on each forelimb
B)teeth
C)feathers
D)a long bony tail
E)all of the above

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Radiometric dating shows that Archaeopteryx lived __________ million years ago.

A)50
B)150
C)250
D)350
E)450

Question 5

All amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals alive today

A)have jaws.
B)are chordates.
C)are vertebrates.
D)are craniates.
E)are craniate, vertebrate chordates with jaws.

Question 6

The vertebrate jaw first appeared in

A)fishes.
B)amphibians.
C)reptiles.
D)birds.
E)mammals.

Question 7

Which of the following is a diagnostic feature that forms the basis for classification of sea squirts as chordates?

A)metamorphosis from a motile larva to a sessile adult
B)a heart that allows circulation of blood
C)a notochord located in the tail of the larva
D)sexual reproduction during the larval stage
E)the presence of a tunic or coat over the body of the adult

Question 8

Two groups of invertebrate chordates are

A)filter feeders.
B)scavengers.
C)herbivores.
D)predators.
E)parasites.

Question 9

Which of the following is (are) a subphylum(a) of Chordata?

A)Urochordata
B)Hemichordata
C)Cephalochordata
D)Vertebrata
E)Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata

Question 10

The notochord has a similar function to the

A)nervous system.
B)spinal cord.
C)skeletal system.
D)skin system.
E)muscle system.

Question 11

Placoderms were among the first fishes to display

A)jaws.
B)gill openings.
C)cartilaginous skeletons.
D)jaws and gill openings.
E)jaws, gill openings, and cartilaginous skeletons.

Question 12

The feeding habits of lampreys are best described as

A)suspension feeding.
B)predatory.
C)parasitic.
D)scavenging.
E)all of these.

Question 13

The "tunic" of tunicate refers to

A)a body covering.
B)the type of food-gathering mechanism.
C)muscle arrangements in the larva.
D)the immature stage of a true fish.
E)organ rotation during reorganization.

Question 14

Which of the following groups are tetrapods?

A)cartilaginous fishes
B)amphibians
C)birds
D)mammals
E)amphibians, birds, and mammals

Question 15

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)All chordates have a notochord.
B)All chordates have pharyngeal pouches or gill slits.
C)All chordates have a dorsal nerve cord.
D)All chordates are vertebrates.
E)Chordates are deuterostomes.

Question 16

During the life of a tunicate, the notochord

A)is present throughout life.
B)appears only in the larva.
C)develops during adulthood.
D)is completely absent.
E)changes into the nerve cord.

Question 17

Archaeopteryx is a transitional form between

A)birds and mammals.
B)mammals and reptiles.
C)birds and reptiles.
D)fish and amphibians.
E)amphibians and reptiles.

Question 18

Archaeopteryx

A)is an example of a "missing link."
B)had teeth.
C)had feathers.
D)had a long bony tail.
E)all of the above are true.

Question 19

Filter-feeding is used by

A)sea squirts.
B)clams.
C)sponges.
D)lancelets.
E)all of these.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a feature that is found exclusively among all vertebrates?

A)notochord
B)pharyngeal gill slits
C)four legs
D)post-anal tail
E)dorsal nerve cord

Question 21

Which of the following is (are) common fish adaptation(s) to the challenges of life in water?

A)fins
B)swim bladder
C)streamlined body
D)scales
E)all of these

Question 22

When vertebrates invaded land, they encountered several conditions.Which of the following most favored the invasion?

A)an increased gravitational force not encountered in water
B)more efficient lungs due to increased oxygen content of air
C)more extreme temperature variations
D)absence of predators and competitors
E)absence of prey

Question 23

Which of the following statements is false about amphibians?

A)There are currently about 5,500 known species.
B)Many species are declining in abundance.
C)Several species of frogs and salamanders are now listed as threatened or endangered.
D)Chemical pollution of aquatic habitats is not a contributing factor to their current problems.
E)Mark Twain's "celebrated jumping frog" is at risk.

Question 24

Sharks differ from most other fish in that they lack

A)gill slits.
B)scales.
C)bone.
D)paired appendages.
E)teeth.

Question 25

Which of the following is not a member of Osteichthyes?

A)teleosts
B)ray-finned fish
C)lungfish
D)stingrays
E)lobe-finned fishes

Question 26

All EXCEPT which of the following have cartilaginous skeletons?

A)sharks
B)lampreys
C)perch
D)Manta rays
E)stingrays

Question 27

Most amphibians are completely dependent on an aquatic environment for

A)respiration.
B)feeding.
C)reproduction.
D)respiration and reproduction.
E)respiration, reproduction, and feeding.

Question 28

The malformation in the animal pictured in the figure above is caused by which of the following?

A)increases in UV light
B)chytrid fungi
C)a parasitic fluke
D)introduction of an alien amphibian
E)none of these

Question 29

The first group to exhibit an amniotic egg was the

A)Aves.
B)Amphibia.
C)Reptilia.
D)Osteichthyes.
E)Mammalia.

Question 30

The early amniotes

A)developed a land egg.
B)had a four-chambered heart.
C)had lungs equipped with air sacs.
D)were bipedal and gave rise to the mammals.
E)appeared at the start of the Paleozoic Era.

Question 31

Vertebrate colonization of terrestrial habitats increased dramatically with the evolution of

A)lungs.
B)paired appendages.
C)shelled eggs.
D)the four-chambered heart.
E)scales.

Question 32

Pouches in the gut wall developed into __________ in fishes that are ancestral to land vertebrates.

A)heart chambers
B)the notochord
C)lobes of the liver
D)lungs
E)vocal cords

Question 33

Declining amphibian populations are correlated with

A)habitat loss.
B)introduction of new species.
C)long-term changes in climate.
D)fungal infections and parasitic diseases.
E)all of these.

Question 34

Sharks, rays, and skates belong to the

A)Aves.
B)Amphibia.
C)Chondrichthyes.
D)Osteichthyes.
E)Reptilia.

Question 35

The first tetrapods evolved

A)on land.
B)after the amphibians.
C)in water.
D)after the first amniotes.
E)from the ray-finned fishes.

Question 36

Exchange of respiratory gases through the skin is a characteristic of many

A)fishes.
B)amphibians.
C)reptiles.
D)mammals.
E)birds.

Question 37

Amniotes differ from earlier vertebrates by

A)their large size.
B)their three-chambered heart.
C)their internal fertilization.
D)the possession of a slimy skin.
E)having external scales.

Question 38

In which group are retention of larval characteristics and sexual maturity seen in the same body?

A)toads
B)salamanders
C)frogs
D)caecilians
E)none of these

Question 39

In true fishes, the gills primarily serve which function?

A)gas exchange
B)feeding
C)water elimination
D)both feeding and gas exchange
E)all of these

Question 40

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Shark's teeth are modified scales that are continuously shed and replaced.
B)Many fish use a swim bladder to provide buoyancy control.
C)The bony fishes were the ancestors of the cartilaginous fishes.
D)The ray-finned fishes are the most numerous and diverse of the fish groups.
E)The lobe-finned fishes are represented today only by the coelacanths.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Lizards are a very small component of the present-day reptiles.
B)Lizards gave rise to the snakes.
C)Some lizards are herbivorous.
D)Some lizards can break off their tails when grabbed by predators.
E)Some lizards startle potential predators by displaying a throat fan.

Question 42

Finding a very large crater in the Gulf of Mexico provided support for the

A)gradual model of speciation.
B)central dogma.
C)biological species concept.
D)K-T asteroid impact theory.
E)cell theory.

Question 43

Birds and crocodiles share which of the following characteristics?

A)ectothermy (body temperature regulated by environment)
B)body hair
C)four-chambered heart
D)lung design
E)light-weight bones

Question 44

The reptile group most closely related to the birds is the

A)turtles.
B)snakes.
C)lizards.
D)tuataras.
E)crocodilians.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of birds?

A)feathers modified from scales
B)a four-chambered heart
C)excellent vision
D)migratory behavior
E)teeth

Question 46

Reptiles resemble __________ in being able to __________.

A)ray-finned fishes; freely leave the water
B)birds; breathe by use of lungs
C)ostracoderms; utilize their jaws
D)amphibians; exchange gases across their skin
E)lobe-finned fishes; exchange gases across their gills

Question 47

The dinosaurs disappeared at the end of which period?

A)Cretaceous
B)Permian
C)Triassic
D)Jurassic
E)Tertiary

Question 48

All crocodilians

A)live in or near water.
B)are predators with sharp teeth.
C)have a four-chambered heart.
D)show parental behavior.
E)fit all of these descriptions.

Question 49

Both existing mammals and extinct mammal-like groups are

A)synapsids.
B)archosaurs.
C)sauropsids.
D)anapsids.
E)pleiosaurs.

Question 50

The last mass extinction of dinosaurs on Earth occurred between which two geologic periods?

A)Devonian and Carboniferous
B)Silurian and Devonian
C)Triassic and Permian
D)Cretaceous and Tertiary
E)Jurassic and Cretaceous

Question 51

All EXCEPT which of these statements about tuataras is true?

A)They live on islands near New Zealand.
B)They are more successful now than in the past.
C)They have a third, median "eye" that links to the brain.
D)They resemble modern amphibians in brain and locomotion.
E)They resemble lizards in body form.

Question 52

The amniotes differ from the amphibians in that they

A)have efficient kidneys.
B)have a waterproof skin.
C)have internal fertilization.
D)have a shelled amniotic egg.
E)include all of these.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is NOT true for the animal depicted in the above figure?

A)It has a third eye that gets covered over by scales.
B)It is a tuatara.
C)They walk like salamanders.
D)They thrived during the Triassic period.
E)All of these are true.

Question 54

Adaptive zones opened up for the dinosaurs after

A)early dinosaurs evolved a four-chambered heart.
B)large fragments from an asteroid or comet hit multiple locations on Earth.
C)volcanic eruptions and global climate change during the Cretaceous.
D)reptiles became very large in size.
E)all of these occurred.

Question 55

Birds differ from earlier vertebrates by

A)their lack of scales.
B)producing land eggs.
C)the ability to maintain a constant body temperature through metabolic activities.
D)the ability to fertilize eggs internally.
E)their possession of a dorsal nerve cord.

Question 56

Adaptations for flight in birds include all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)sound production
B)lightweight bones
C)feathers
D)efficient respiration
E)four-chambered heart

Question 57

Which of these statements about snakes is false?

A)All snakes are carnivores.
B)All snakes use internal fertilization.
C)All snakes are venomous.
D)All snakes have flexible skull bones and hinged jaws.
E)Some snakes retain skeletal remnants of hindlimbs.

Question 58

The most primitive of the current reptiles based upon the time of divergence from the stem reptiles are the

A)crocodiles.
B)snakes.
C)tuataras.
D)lizards.
E)turtles.

Question 59

Which is NOT one of the four extraembryonic membranes of the amniote egg?

A)albumin
B)amnion
C)chorion
D)allantois
E)yolk sac

Question 60

The "ruling reptiles"

A)dominated the land for 125 million years.
B)coexisted with ichthyosaurs.
C)coexisted with turtles and tuataras.
D)lost many lineages in a mass extinction that ended the Jurassic.
E)did all of these.

Question 61

The letter "D" in the above figure represents

A)humerus
B)pectoral girdle
C)skull
D)sternum
E)pelvic girdle

Question 62

Egg-laying mammals

A)have no nipples yet produce milk.
B)are commonly found in North America.
C)are hairless.
D)are confined to South America.
E)bear their young into permanent pouches.

Question 63

Which is NOT one of the three groups of modern mammals?

A)placentals
B)therapsids
C)marsupials
D)monotremes
E)pouched

Question 64

Which of the following features is NOT an important evolutionary advancement in the evolution of the arboreal primates?

A)opposable thumbs
B)depth perception
C)elongated snout with well-developed sense of smell
D)the ability to see in color
E)a brain with a well-developed ability to judge distances and with the ability to quickly compensate for misjudgments

Question 65

Early primates arose

A)in tropical forests of East Africa.
B)in temperate savanna and grassland habitats.
C)near rivers, lakes, and streams in the East African Rift Valley.
D)in caves with abundant supplies of insects.
E)in all of these places.

Question 66

Which group of mammals exhibits the widest distribution and greatest diversity?

A)marsupials
B)monotremes
C)placentals
D)marsupials and monotremes
E)placentals and monotremes

Question 67

The primate-like mammals first arose about how many million years ago?

A)95
B)65
C)45
D)25
E)15

Question 68

The placental mammalian counterpart of Australia's spiny anteater is (are) the

A)Tasmanian devil.
B)aardvark.
C)giant anteater.
D)woolly lemur.
E)aardvark and giant anteater.

Question 69

Use the above figure to answer questions

The letter "A" in the above figure represents which teeth?

A)incisors
B)molars
C)canines
D)premolars
E)none of these

Question 70

Which of the following is (are) an important influence(s) on the evolution of mammals?

A)continental movements
B)geographic isolation
C)competition between species
D)decline of the dinosaurs
E)all of these

Question 71

What is incorrect about the ostrich?

A)It weighs over 300 pounds.
B)It is featherless.
C)It is flightless.
D)It has a four-chambered heart.
E)It is a runner.

Question 72

The letter "A" in the above figure represents

A)humerus
B)pectoral girdle
C)skull
D)sternum
E)pelvic girdle

Question 73

A great adaptive radiation of mammals began about __________ million years ago.

A)25
B)65
C)95
D)125
E)165

Question 74

Egg-laying mammals

A)hatch fully developed young from their eggs.
B)are monotremes.
C)are hairless.
D)are confined to South America.
E)bear their young into permanent pouches.

Question 75

On the landmass that became South America

A)monotremes were replaced by marsupials and early placental mammals starting about 65 million years ago.
B)highly evolved placental mammals radiated south from North America about 5 million years ago.
C)many early placental mammals became extinct in the Pliocene.
D)early placental mammals arose between 130 and 85 million years ago.
E)all of these occurred.

Question 76

Primates apparently arose from ancestral forms of

A)Insectivora, which includes omnivorous shrews and moles.
B)Carnivora, which includes dogs, cats, and seals.
C)Rodentia, which includes mice and beavers.
D)Metatheria, which includes the opossum and kangaroo.
E)Primata, which means first.

Question 77

Use the above figure to answer questions

The letter "C" in the above figure represents which teeth?

A)incisors
B)molars
C)canines
D)premolars
E)none of these

Question 78

Use the above figure to answer questions

The letter "D" in the above figure represents which teeth?

A)incisors
B)molars
C)canines
D)premolars
E)none of these

Question 79

Which of these adaptation(s) is (are) unique to mammals?

A)hair or fur
B)four types of upper and lower teeth that match up
C)sweat glands
D)secretion of milk by females
E)all of these

Question 80

The letter "B" in the above figure represents

A)humerus
B)pectoral girdle
C)skull
D)sternum
E)pelvic girdle