Deck 6: Deviance and Control

Question 1

The popular perception of rape is that it is committed by strangers. However,, research suggests that many rapes are not reported because they are committed by

A) distant relatives.
B) significant others.
C) nonrelatives.
D) mere acquaintances.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The culture of rape suggests all of the following attitudes EXCEPT

A) women are treated by men as property.
B) women are treated as menʹs sexual objects.
C) women are treated as equals to men in all aspects of society.
D) women want to be raped.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A major motivating force behind many rapes and often a defense used by defense attorneys is the

A) ʺwilling-victimʺ myth.
B) ʺjust say noʺ myth.
C) ʺwomen want itʺ myth.
D) ʺunwilling-victimʺ myth.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is a social factor that seems strongly involved in the development of mental problems?

A) a chemical imbalance
B) social class
C) frustration and anxiety
D) exploitation

Question 5

According to Merton, one of the principal reasons people turn to deviant behavior in the U.S. is

A) there are a lot of people with antisocial behaviors.
B) the society is very lax in enforcing its laws.
C) the goal of success is held out to all but not everyone has equal means to achieve success.
D) deviant behavior has become so widespread that people think of it as normal.

Question 6

A condition in which the norms are weak or in conflict is called

A) rebellion.
B) alienation.
C) anomie.
D) social anxiety.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a reason why college students become binge drinkers?

A) the stress from having to work for good grades
B) social pressure to get drunk
C) prior involvement in drug use
D) a tradition of binge drinking on many college campuses

Question 8

Which of the following types of crime is most likely to be committed against relatives or friends?

A) robbery
B) corporate crime
C) prostitution
D) homicide

Question 9

Evidence suggests that todayʹs terrorists are all of the following EXCEPT

A) young, male, single.
B) from middle class families.
C) from poor, lower-class families.
D) more educated than most people in their countries.

Question 10

Which of the following groups of people have experienced a great increase in problem drinking in recent years?

A) women
B) college students
C) college professors
D) elderly people

Question 11

Homicides in America are committed most often by

A) knives.
B) handguns.
C) automobiles.
D) poison.

Question 12

Corporate criminals see themselves as respectable citizens and maintain their non-criminal self-image by all of the following EXCEPT

A) rationalization of their criminal behavior.
B) viewing themselves as the victim.
C) denying criminal intent.
D) contributing heavily to charitable organizations.

Question 13

After several crimes happened in his neighborhood, John and his friends held a meeting and formed a citizensʹ patrol. This is an example of what positive function of deviance?

A) the enhancement of conformity
B) the creation of a safety valve for discontented people
C) the promotion of social cohesion and solidarity
D) undermining trust

Question 14

Deviance is

A) any unusual behavior that causes harm.
B) behavior some people believe is wrong.
C) behavior that is punishable by law.
D) behavior that violates significant social norms and is disapproved by public consensus.

Question 15

The textʹs author reviews the variety of behavior that is punishable by fines or jail terms, and concludes that

A) the number of actual deviants is small indeed.
B) what is considered deviant or nondeviant is easy to determine.
C) in the U.S., virtually everybody has committed a punishable act.
D) most forms of deviance are serious violations of norms.

Question 16

Robert K. Merton stated that anomie and deviance can result from a mismatch between the culturally defined goal of success and

A) other important cultural values.
B) values of other cultures.
C) the structural means to accomplish the goal.
D) the individual means to accomplish the goal.

Question 17

Which form of deviance costs the U.S. the most money?

A) vandalism
B) corporate crime
C) street crime
D) extortion

Question 18

Being a polygamist in the U.S. is illegal but is acceptable in Muslim countries. This is an example of how deviance

A) varies from one historical period to another.
B) varies from one religion to another.
C) is the same everywhere.
D) varies from one place to another.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determines whether an act is defined as deviant?

A) the historical period
B) universally accepted moral standards
C) where the act occurred
D) public consensus or power

Question 20

Two ways deviance can threaten the social order is to destroy interpersonal relations and

A) enhance conformity.
B) provide a safety valve for discontented people.
C) promote social change.
D) undermine trust.

Question 21

Which of the following types of crimes are more likely to be committed by women?

A) murder
B) embezzlement
C) armed robbery
D) shoplifting

Question 22

According to contemporary conflict theorists such as Richard Quinney, we can only understand crime by looking at the

A) law.
B) law as written in law books.
C) criminal law.
D) capitalist system.

Question 23

What phenomenologists call deviant reality refers to

A) the nature of deviant behavior as seen by positivists.
B) the characteristics of deviance as shown by objectively acquired data.
C) the reality of deviance being defined as deviant by the powerful.
D) the subjective meaning that deviants impute to their own deviant behavior.

Question 24

According to feminist theory, when women lack opportunities for greater economic success, they are

A) more inclined to turn to crime.
B) less inclined to turn to crime.
C) likely to internalize their frustration and commit suicide.
D) more inclined to quit their low-paying jobs and seek marriage.

Question 25

An administrator becomes obsessed with rules and regulations and loses sight of the objectives these rules were intended to achieve. In Mertonʹs view, this is an example of which form of deviance?

A) primary deviance
B) evasion of norms
C) ritualism
D) retreatism

Question 26

According to William Chambliss, to understand crime, we need to look at

A) the law in action.
B) the law on the books.
C) the Constitution.
D) local police departments.

Question 27

According to the differential association approach, deviant behavior arises when interactions with those who view these actions positively

A) outweigh interactions with those who view them negatively.
B) gain political and economic power.
C) become labeled as deviant by the authorities.
D) outweigh interactions with those who view these actions as acceptable.

Question 28

Hirschi suggests that a strong bond to society has four elements: attachment, commitment, involvement, and

A) belief in the societyʹs values.
B) need for approval.
C) sanctions.
D) religious faith.

Question 29

According to conflict theory, deviance can be explained by

A) moral codes.
B) inequalities and power differentials.
C) primary deviant acts.
D) the behavior of politicians.

Question 30

If a wrongdoer is punished in such a way as to be stigmatized, rejected, or ostracized, he or she is experiencing shaming.

A) disintegrative
B) reintegrative
C) positive
D) negative

Question 31

David was a high school dropout. Despite trying, he could never find a job, and supported himself through petty crime. From the Marxist perspective, Davidʹs deviance resulted from his being part of the economyʹs

A) secondary deviant population.
B) working class.
C) marginal surplus population.
D) proletariat.

Question 32

All of the following are reasons why women are less included to be deviant than men, except for womenʹs

A) kinder and gentler nature.
B) patterns of socialization.
C) experience of more social control.
D) lack of access to deviant activities.

Question 33

The sociologist Jack Katz studied a variety of murderers and armed robbers and discovered that they

A) felt intensely guilty about their crimes.
B) experienced a sense of powerlessness over their behavior.
C) felt morally superior to their victims.
D) labeled themselves as morally inferior.

Question 34

Labeling theory appears to be especially effective in accounting for

A) why people become involved in white-collar crime.
B) why only certain people and acts are considered deviant.
C) why rapists are often not convicted.
D) why some deviance is beneficial to society.

Question 35

Symbolic interactionists see deviance as an)

A) product of society.
B) expression of functional behavior.
C) process of interaction between the supposed deviant and the rest of society.
D) effort by the powerful to control the powerless.

Question 36

shaming is more common in communitarian societies, which are marked by strong social relationships or interdependence.

A) Shameful
B) Disintegrative
C) Degenerate
D) Reintegrative

Question 37

Which type of crime raises serious doubts about the notion that ʺpoverty breeds crime?ʺ

A) juvenile delinquency
B) crimes of violence
C) crimes without victims
D) corporate crimes

Question 38

Hank was a teenager who recently moved into a new neighborhood. The majority of the teenagers in his new neighborhood either regularly stole or approved of this behavior. After a few weeks, Hank began to shoplift on a regular basis. The theory of deviance that might best explain Hankʹs behavior is

A) anomie.
B) labeling.
C) differential association.
D) feminist.

Question 39

Deviant acts such as drug use, drunkenness and pornography are classified as crimes.

A) street
B) victimless
C) predatory
D) petty

Question 40

Literature concerning deviance suggests that deviance is more common among the powerful because they have a stronger motivation, a greater opportunity and

A) more social control.
B) less social control.
C) are more deprived.
D) low aspirations.

Question 41

According to Durkheim, deviance can serve a number of functions for society.

Question 42

One part of the dilemma facing the criminal justice system is that if we catch too many criminals,

A) we will forget about informal agencies of social control.
B) we will require too many police.
C) not enough prisoners will be punished.
D) our freedom will be in jeopardy.

Question 43

Social control is needed to control deviance because

A) new forms of deviance are always arising.
B) socialization is never completely successful.
C) human nature is evil.
D) society is in a state of breakdown.

Question 44

According to some experts, the current drug laws do more harm than good because they

A) lead to many crimes, including murder.
B) focus on cutting supply rather than demand.
C) cause drug use to increase.
D) give too much power to the government.

Question 45

A global analysis of deviance reveals social differences in a number of deviant activities. Which of the following is NOT one of those differences?

A) Homicide is more likely to occur in poor than rich countries.
B) Prostitution is more of a problem in the United States than in other countries.
C) Suicide is generally more common in modern than in traditional societies.
D) Membersʹ loyalty to the organized crime organization seems stronger in Japan and Hong Kong than in the United States and Italy.

Question 46

Deviance is generally defined as any act that violates a social norm.

Question 47

According to Edwin Sutherland 1939), deviance is learned through interactions with other people.

Question 48

Shackling prisoners to a chain gang is an example of disintegrative shaming.

Question 49

Compared to traditional street crime, corporate crime is more rationally executed, more profitable, and less detectable by law enforcers.

Question 50

Since the early 1990s there has been a surge of popularity of tattoos among college students, young professionals, and other middle-class people.

Question 51

Increasingly, deviant behavior is seen as unwilling and caused by disease. This type of interpretation is called the of deviance.

A) routinization
B) trivializing
C) criminalization
D) medicalization

Question 52

Sociologist Elliott Currie argues that the war against drugs will not solve the problems of drug abuse and crime because it ignores

A) poverty, racism and inequality.
B) use levels and length of addiction.
C) levels of crime associated with drug users.
D) amount of money spent on drug crime.

Question 53

Deviance is always harmful to society.

Question 54

Since sexually active men can easily get sex, they are unlikely to rape their dates.

Question 55

According to researchers, the 21st century finds us sitting on a ʺdemographic crime bomb,ʺ because the highest crime rate group will increase. This group is

A) the baby boomers.
B) the members of corporations.
C) teenagers.
D) gangs.

Question 56

All of the following are formal agents of social control, EXCEPT for

A) parents.
B) police.
C) prison guards.
D) judges.

Question 57

Most evidence about the impact of capital punishment on murder rates supports the conclusion that capital punishment

A) has greatly deterred murder in other cultures but not in America.
B) greatly increases the number of murders committed.
C) is an effective deterrent to murder.
D) is not an effective deterrent to murder.

Question 58

Most homicides involve killing acquaintances, friends, and family members, and only a few involve strangers.

Question 59

The current ʺwar on drugsʺ focuses on cutting off the supplies of drugs rather than

A) finding new, substitute drugs.
B) taxing the suppliers of drugs.
C) reducing the demand for drugs.
D) focusing on religious and moral beliefs.

Question 60

Binge drinking has long been a serious problem on many college campuses.

Question 61

ʺHating the sin but loving the sinnerʺ is called shaming by sociologists.

Question 62

is mostly a personal crime, far more likely to be committed against acquaintances, friends, or relatives than against strangers.

Question 63

Every year, about percent of U.S. adults suffer from a mental problem.

Question 64

In , the wrongdoer is punished in such a way as to be stigmatized, rejected, or ostracized- in effect, banished from conventional society.

Question 65

Because of the feminist movement for gender equality, women today are about as likely as men to commit crimes.

Question 66

assumed that the family, school and other social institutions can greatly contribute to social order by controlling deviant tendencies in all of us.

Question 67

According to the text, rape involves the use of force to get a women to do something sexual against her will.

Question 68

Race, class and play a significant role in deviance, particularly crime and delinquency.

Question 69

According to labeling theory, being called a ʺdeviantʺ can make a person a deviant.

Question 70

Describe some of the problems sociologists and others experience when they try to define
deviance. Given these problems, what is an acceptable definition of deviance?

Question 71

There are two types of shamming: and reintegrative.

Question 72

Strangers donʹt care about us as much as our relatives, friends, and acquaintances do. So itʹs no wonder that most murder victims are killed by strangers.

Question 73

occurs when people reject and attempt to change both the goals and the means approved by society.

Question 74

is withdrawal from society, caring neither about success nor about working.

Question 75

According to 1939), deviance is learned through interactions with other people.

Question 76

In the 1930s, U.S. sociologist agreed with Durkheim that deviance is ʺan integral part of all healthy societies.ʺ

Question 77

ʺGuns donʹt kill; people do.ʺ Therefore, it is futile to outlaw the possession of guns.

Question 78

Individuals who commit suicide are so strongly tied to their group that they effectively lose their selves and stand ready to do their groupʹs bidding.

Question 79

1974) blamed unjust law directly on the capitalist system.

Question 80

1989) looks at how society controls us through shaming.