Deck 6: Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning

Question 1

When Bobby gets caught by the teacher for chewing gum he has to stand in the corner. If his gum chewing behavior has increased in the last month, then standing in the corner has become a __________.

A) motivator
B) superstition
C) punisher
D) reinforcer

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The teacher gave Sarah a gold star for getting 100% on her spelling test. This is an example of _____________.

A) instrumental conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) punishment
D) avoidance

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Instrumental learning began with early studies by _________.

A) Thorndike
B) Skinner
C) Watson
D) Garcia

Answer 3

A

Question 4

One form of behavior modification uses token economies to reward desirable actions.

Question 5

Superstitious learning is a form of contextual conditioning

Question 6

Instrumental learning is another example of ____________ learning

A) trial and error
B) classical
C) associative
D) nonassociative

Question 7

When a student learns that no matter what they do or how hard they study they will never do well in a school, it is called acquired helplessness.

Question 8

One main way that instrumental conditioning differs from classical conditioning is that in instrumental conditioning __________.

A) the stimulus must be present before the behavior
B) the subject must emit a response
C) the reinforcer must come before the behavior
D) the reinforcer is more frequent

Question 9

In instrumental conditioning, a particular memory is created called a habit.

Question 10

During partial reinforcement a tally is generally kept of the behavioral patterns through a running sum or cumulative response.

Question 11

In the Law of Effect only certain behaviors called _________ increased in likelihood when followed by a reinforcer.

A) interim responses
B) belongingness
C) terminal responses
D) conditional responses

Question 12

Denise's brother, Jack, wears unmatched socks when he plays basketball because the last time he did that his team won the game. He believes that this odd behavior was correlated with the win. This is an example of _________.

A) Law of Effect
B) classical conditioning
C) modeling
D) superstitious learning

Question 13

When animals train themselves to perform specific tasks it is called autotraining.

Question 14

According to the law of effect, when a response to a stimulus is followed by an annoying event the initial behavior should become _________.

A) more likely
B) less likely
C) more memorable
D) less memorable

Question 15

If the attractive value of a reinforcer changes after instrumental learning occurs it is called reinforcer devaluation.

Question 16

An example of belongingness for a cat in a puzzle box might be string pulling.

Question 17

Animal trainers often use shaping to get the animals to perform complex tasks.

Question 18

According to learned helplessness, if a response to a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event then the likelihood of the initial behavior will increase.

Question 19

Martin Seligman and his colleagues found that animals that suffered inescapable shocks in a training phase did not attempt to avoid a shock in the testing phase in an experiment. He coined this behavior ____________.

A) extinction
B) learned failing
C) learned helplessness
D) extinctive helplessness

Question 20

When a pig in the zoo was trained to put a coin in a bank he often tried to flip it in with its nose. One explanation for this is the concept of ____________.

A) ecological niche
B) biological neuropathy
C) belongingness
D) natural drift.

Question 21

Cued-recall in a water maze task is an example of _________ learning.

A) place
B) nonassociative
C) platform
D) cued

Question 22

If you reward your dog for every sixth time they shake a paw, your dog is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.

A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval

Question 23

When classical and operant conditioning are used together to train animals to perform a behavior, it is called ________.

A) paired conditioning
B) stimulus-control learning
C) paired learning
D) autoshaping

Question 24

Sally got a new job selling time shares over the phone and gets a bonus check after an average of five sales. She is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.

A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval

Question 25

When studying turning patterns in rats during a maze task, if a rat is rewarded for turning one way consistently in a t-maze it is called a _________ condition.

A) win-shift
B) win-stay
C) win-lose
D) win-win

Question 26

When an animal must operate on their environment before getting a reward it is an example of the ________ developed by _________.

A) cued recall; Morris
B) operant recall; Skinner
C) free operant; Skinner
D) instrumental recall; Skinner

Question 27

If Hunter is being rewarded periodically for doing the dishes, he is being subjected to _________.

A) partial reinforcement
B) complete reinforcement
C) full reinforcement
D) continuous reinforcement

Question 28

When working with animals, foods tends to be a _________reinforcer, while the feeder noises are considered to be ________ reinforcers.

A) primary; secondary
B) secondary; primary
C) biological; environmental
D) innate; learned

Question 29

If a rat is rewarded for switching back and forth from left- to right-hand turns, it is called _________.

A) alternation learning
B) win-stay learning
C) cued learning
D) place learning

Question 30

The Toronto Blue Jays haven't won a game in over a month and some of the players get depressed because they believe they are on a losing streak. This depression can be explained through _________.

A) extinction
B) learned failing
C) learned helplessness
D) extinctive helplessness

Question 31

In a water maze task, when the platform is submerged below the water line it is called _________.

A) place learning
B) cued learning
C) platform learning
D) submerged platform learning

Question 32

The chamber typically used to study operant conditioning is called a(n) _______________.

A) Morris chamber
B) Skinner box
C) operant box
D) operant chamber

Question 33

Which schedule best reflects the payoff on a slot machine?

A) FR-20
B) FI-20
C) VR-20
D) VI-20

Question 34

Dr. Todd gives his clients paperclips every time they complete their daily therapy homework assignments. At the end of the week they can turn in the paperclips for special privileges. He is working a schedule of _________.

A) autoshaping
B) operant change
C) token economies
D) token replacement

Question 35

If a parent wanted to extinguish a behavior and used punishment only sometimes when a child did the unwanted behavior, the result will probably be _______.

A) a continuation of the unwanted behavior
B) a rapid increase in the unwanted behavior
C) a rapid decrease in the unwanted behavior
D) a slow decrease in the unwanted behavior

Question 36

Bears are taught to climb a ladder in a circus act through _________.

A) probability matching
B) stimulus reinforcement
C) matching reinforcement
D) response chaining

Question 37

A VI-20 schedule would suggest that one gets rewarded after a(n) _________.

A) average of 20 behaviors
B) average of 20 seconds
C) 20 behaviors
D) 20 seconds

Question 38

An early view of how we become so skilled at motor behaviors was through mediation of ____________ mechanisms.

A) probability matching
B) backward matching
C) serial patterns
D) response chaining

Question 39

Jack is trying to teach a pigeon to peck a disk to receive a reward. He will first reward close approximations to the desired goal through ____________.

A) place learning
B) operant reinforcing
C) cued recall
D) shaping

Question 40

Denise applies the principles of classical and operant conditioning when she tries to decrease problematic behaviors in children diagnosed with autism. She might be in the area of ____________.

A) behavior training
B) behavior modification
C) modifying economies
D) token economy

Question 41

Describe a study that shows that an animal's expectation of a reward is more powerful than the actual amount of a reward.

Question 42

The _________ sorts and associates somatosensory representations with the appropriate motor representations.

A) motor cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) striatum
D) amygdala

Question 43

As you watch your mother typing on the computer you notice that she does not look at the keys and she moves over the keyboard effortlessly. She is in what stage of motor skill learning?

A) cognitive stage
B) associative stage
C) autonomous stage
D) motor stage

Question 44

Describe the differences between FR-10, FI-10, VR-10, and a VI-10 schedule of reinforcement.

Question 45

Explain how instrumental learning uses reinforcers to change behavior.

Question 46

Research indicates that when you are stressed there may be a shift from a _______ strategy to a _________ strategy.

A) striatum; amygdala
B) hippocampal; striatum
C) striatum; hippocampal
D) amygdala; striatum

Question 47

In response chaining, can animals discover sequential patterns in rewards and respond appropriately? Discuss the research that supports your answer.

Question 48

According to Anderson, the first stage in the development of a motor skill is the _______.

A) cognitive stage
B) associative stage
C) autonomous stage
D) learning stage

Question 49

How are cued learning and place learning two different approaches for studying instrumental learning in a water maze task?

Question 50

When studying the role that the striatum plays in instrumental learning, most research is done with _________.

A) those diagnosed with Parkinson's disease
B) children developing skills
C) amnestics
D) the elderly