Deck 12: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory

Question 1

Performing a finger tapping task while completing a verbal memory task impaired subject performance for the verbal memory task.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Frontal patients tend to have problems performing on the Wisconsin card sorting task because they fail to perseverate.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Sperling (1960) found that after an interval of one second between the presentation of an array and the tone _______.

A) greatly increased the number of letters recalled
B) increased the number of letters recalled slightly
C) decreased the number of letters recalled slightly
D) greatly decreased the number of letters recalled

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A serial probe recognition task is used so researchers can compare long-term memory performance across many species.

Question 5

If you have to remember to buy five things from the store but you can't write them down on a list you might try rehearsing them in your mind. This process is called _______.

A) working memory
B) buffered memory
C) string memory
D) active memory

Question 6

The "magic number" refers to the average amount of information we can hold in our ________.

A) sensory store
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) buffered memory

Question 7

The prefrontal cortex can access long-term memories that can be integrated into a working memory task.

Question 8

Chunks of information in short-term memory do not get stored as the same chunks in long-term memory.

Question 9

Compared to normals, amnesics show impaired long-term memory storage for a serial list task but their short-term memory tends to remain intact.

Question 10

The release from proactive inhibition demonstrates an interaction between long-term and short-term memory.

Question 11

Neurological evidence suggests that medial and orbital areas serve a different role in working memory in the rat compared to the primate.

Question 12

The ________ can hold about 20-30 items for a brief amount of time.

A) long-term memory
B) working memory
C) short-term sensory store
D) buffered memory

Question 13

The serial position curve tends to have a _______ shape.

A) V
B) X
C) U
D) L

Question 14

When reading over your notes from class you clearly remember what the teacher talked about at the beginning of the class but nothing after that. This is referred to as the ______.

A) serial effect
B) linear effect
C) recency effect
D) primacy effect

Question 15

Two monkeys were watching a researcher hide a reward under one of two plaques and had to remember where the reward was after a short delay. This technique for short-term memory is called the delayed response task.

Question 16

When studying for your cognitive test you decide not to study the last chapter you covered before the test because you just learned it and you think you still know it. This is called the _______.

A) primacy effect
B) recency effect
C) serial effect
D) serial recall

Question 17

Central executive works to transfer information between the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad.

Question 18

If you are asked to recall a set of numbers in the same order that you learned them it is called _______ recall.

A) recency
B) primacy
C) linear
D) serial

Question 19

If you had to remember a set of numbers in serial position, like 3-4-5 and then the number length increased to four, then five, then six, and so on, this test would measure our _________.

A) digit span
B) long-term memory storage
C) ability to add numbers
D) recall for important dates

Question 20

Darwin and colleagues (1972) tested the short-term store for ______ information.

A) visual
B) spatial
C) auditory
D) serial list

Question 21

During the Wisconsin card sorting task, an individual kept using the same rule even after it changed. This error is called _________.

A) persistence
B) perseveration
C) missorting
D) continuance

Question 22

The Brown-Peterson test has been used to test the rate of _______ when rehearsal is prevented.

A) remembering
B) recall
C) forgetting
D) learning

Question 23

Frontal patients are susceptible to ________.

A) delays in encoding
B) semantic errors
C) retroactive interference
D) proactive interference

Question 24

You are trying to remember definitions of very similar words and you are confusing them with each other. The definitions are not being encoded properly because of _________.

A) proactive interference
B) release from proactive inhibition
C) proactive inhibition
D) retroactive inhibition

Question 25

Short-term memory tends to rely on _______ while long-term memory relies on ______.

A) stimulus meaning; perceptual qualities
B) perceptual qualities; stimulus meaning
C) perceptual qualities; actual qualities
D) simple information; complex information

Question 26

According to the ________ information decreased rapidly after a three-second delay between training and recall.

A) serial processing curve
B) serial position curve
C) recency effect
D) forgetting curve

Question 27

When an individual has cortical damage in the temperoparietal area they can remember _______ in a serial list of items.

A) the first couple of items
B) the last item
C) the first couple and middle items
D) only the first and last items

Question 28

Animal studies support the finding that the prefrontal cortex is important for some components of working memory including _______.

A) shifting of task rules
B) temporal order
C) spatial organization
D) All of the above.

Question 29

The verbal comprehension area is in the __________ lobe and the articulatory rehearsal process is in the ________ lobe.

A) left parietal; left temporal
B) right parietal; left frontal
C) left parietal; left frontal
D) right temporal; left frontal

Question 30

_________ was the first to distinguish between short-term and long-term memory, although ________ developed the model that emphasized this.

A) William James; Atkinson and Shiffrin
B) Atkinson; William James
C) Tulving; William James
D) Shiffrin; Atkinson

Question 31

Baddeley (2000) found that subjects could recall more information when it could be linked together in a meaningful way so he proposed an additional subsystem called the _______ to explain this phenomenon.

A) phonological loop
B) episodic buffer
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) central executive

Question 32

When learning Spanish the __________ of the working memory is key.

A) visuospatial sketchpad
B) episodic buffer
C) phonological loop
D) central executive

Question 33

When performing a visual tracking task, the _________ helps us keep information in our heads while we work on it.

A) central executive
B) phonological loop
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) episodic buffer

Question 34

Our subvocal speech is part of the ___________.

A) phonological loop
B) visuospatial sketchpad
C) episodic executive
D) central executive

Question 35

When you remember your nine-digit student number as three groups of three numbers you have ______ the items together.

A) compounded
B) chunked
C) stacked
D) compressed

Question 36

Amnesic people show an impairment for the ________ effect but an intact ________ effect.

A) serial; recency
B) spacing; primacy
C) recency; primacy
D) primacy; recency

Question 37

Wright and his colleagues (1985) used a __________ recognition task to compare the working memory in different non-human animals.

A) serial probe
B) serial position
C) complex probe
D) multiprobe

Question 38

In one study by Dias and colleagues (1996) animals learned to discriminate between compound stimuli of polygons and lines, by attending to one and ignoring the other. This was followed by a change in the discrimination task requirements. This shift is known as ______.

A) perseveration
B) temporal order
C) rule shifting
D) temporal contiguity

Question 39

The size of the recency effect is about ________ items.

A) 5-7
B) 8-10
C) 12-15
D) 30 or more

Question 40

Which of the following was NOT a part of Baddeley's (1986) working memory model?

A) phonological loop
B) visuospatial sketchpad
C) episodic executive
D) central executive

Question 41

Research findings indicated that the ______ aid in changing behavior based on new contingencies while the ______ play a key role in switching logical rules.

A) lateral and orbital; prefrontal
B) prefrontal; lateral and orbital
C) prefrontal; medial
D) lateral; orbital

Question 42

Researchers found that prefrontal cells respond to ________ while the inferotemporal cortex responds to _________.

A) visual features; abstract concepts
B) abstract concepts; visual features
C) abstract concepts; spatial information
D) visual features; spatial information

Question 43

Cells that continue to fire during a delay in a learning task are called _____ cells.

A) cued
B) continuous
C) premature
D) delay

Question 44

If you have just covered Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 in that order for a class, explain why you should spend more time studying Chapters 2 and 3 compared to Chapters 1 and 4. Be specific about the nature of your memory for each chapter.

Question 45

Monkeys with ________ lesions show impairment on self-ordering tasks where they were responsible for monitoring the order of presentation of a set of items.

A) dorsolateral prefrontal
B) medial prefrontal
C) orbital prefrontal
D) lateral prefrontal

Question 46

How does research with amnesics support the claim that short-term memory and long-term memory interact but process different information? Provide examples to support your answer.

Question 47

Explain how researchers test an animal's ability to rule shift. Describe different types of rule shifting.

Question 48

Describe the components of working memory according to Baddeley (2000) and how they work together.

Question 49

Mnemonic scotoma is a specific deficit in memory for ________.

A) a pattern task
B) a general visuospatial area
C) a specific region of visual space
D) visual perception for stimuli presented in a particular region

Question 50

Discuss how the prefrontal cortex is essential for short-term memory. Give examples of the specific areas and their activities that have been correlated with specific short-term memory abilities.