Deck 2: The Brain: an Overview of Structure and Function

Question 1

Evolutionary structures within the ______ are the most primitive.

A)hindbrain
B)thalamus
C)forebrain
D)midbrain

Answer 1

hindbrain

Question 2

Joseph has suffered a stroke.He now experiences difficulty with balance,as well as trouble processing visual and auditory information.Which area of the brain has most likely been damaged?

A)pons
B)thalamus
C)medulla oblongata
D)hippocampus

Answer 2

pons

Question 3

Which of the following controls the pituitary gland by releasing hormones?

A)thalamus
B)medulla
C)hypothalamus
D)pons

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

After a head injury,Sarah has trouble coordinating muscle activity.Sarah most likely suffered damage to the______.

A)pons
B)medulla oblongata
C)cerebellum
D)thalamus

Question 5

Damage to the medulla oblongata would most likely result in ______.

A)blindness
B)amnesia
C)death
D)loss of balance

Question 6

Muscle activity is coordinated in the primitive brain structure called the ______.

A)pons.
B)cerebellum
C)medulla oblongata
D)thalamus

Question 7

Which of these structures modulates the strength of emotional memories and is involved in emotional learning?

A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)hippocampus
D)amygdala

Question 8

Which of these structures is involved in the formation of long-term memories?

A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)hippocampus
D)pons

Question 9

Rats with damage to the ______ may starve themselves to death because they fail to eat.

A)hypothalamus
B)thalamus
C)cerebellum
D)hippocampus

Question 10

The thalamus,hypothalamus,and hippocampus are all structures of the______.

A)hindbrain
B)forebrain
C)midbrain
D)medulla

Question 11

The function of the thalamus is to______.

A)coordinate muscle activity
B)relay information
C)regulate hormones
D)regulate emotional reactions

Question 12

The left and right hemispheres of the frontal,parietal,and occipital lobes are connected by the ______.

A)medulla oblongata
B)anterior commissure
C)corpus callosum
D)amygdala

Question 13

Which is NOT a function of the pons?

A)acting as a neural relay center
B)facilitating the crossover of information between the left side of the body and the right side of the brain
C)processing visual and auditory information
D)regulating homeostatic behaviors

Question 14

The part of the cerebral cortex at the back of the head is called the ______ lobe.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 15

Damage to the hippocampus would result in ______.

A)death
B)blindness
C)loss of the ability to form new memories
D)deafness

Question 16

Which structure transmits information from the spinal cord to the brain and regulates life support functions such as respiration?

A)hypothalamus
B)medulla oblongata
C)pons
D)cerebellum

Question 17

Split brain operations involved severing the ______.

A)medulla oblongata
B)corpus callosum
C)anterior commisure
D)amygdala

Question 18

Many of the structures of the ______ are involved in relaying information between other brain regions.

A)midbrain
B)hindbrain
C)forebrain
D)cerebral cortex

Question 19

Damage to the thalamus might result in an inability to______.

A)relay information from one part of the brain to another
B)coordinate muscle activity
C)processing visual and auditory information
D)regulate hormones

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT regulated by the hypothalamus?

A)memory formation
B)temperature
C)eating and drinking
D)sexual behavior

Question 21

The primary somatosensory cortex is organized such that ______.

A)each part receives information from a specific part of the body
B)the total amount of "brain real estate" devoted to a particular body part is proportional to the size of that body part
C)more sensitive parts of the body have correspondingly larger areas of the brain associated with them
D)each part receives information from a specific part of the body,and more sensitive parts of the body have correspondingly larger areas of the brain associated with them

Question 22

The ______ is involved in the planning of fine motor movements.

A)premotor cortex
B)motor cortex
C)prefrontal cortex
D)frontal cortex

Question 23

The ______ lobes are involved in the processing of sensory information from the body,such as pain,pressure,touch,and temperature.

A)occipital
B)temporal
C)frontal
D)prefrontal

Question 24

Jan has difficulty understanding spoken language.She may have suffered damage to______.

A)Broca's area
B)Wernicke's area
C)the hippocampus
D)the cerebellum

Question 25

Disruption of language abilities is referred to as ______.

A)aphasia
B)deafness
C)prosopagnosia
D)somatosensory deficit

Question 26

Which of the following body parts is associated with the greatest amount of "brain real estate" in the somatosensory cortex?

A)the back
B)the chest
C)the fingers or lips
D)the thigh

Question 27

Lashley's studies of ablation in rats suggested that maze running was related to ______.

A)the total amount of cortex removed
B)the rat's age at the time of cortex removal
C)the particular part of the cortex removed
D)both the location and amount of cortex removed

Question 28

It has been reported that the parents of Ray Kroc,the founder of McDonald's,were told when their son was a baby that he would have a fine career in the food industry.This pronouncement was made by a phrenologist.Upon what would the phrenologist have based such a prediction?

A)a preverbal IQ test
B)a CAT scan
C)the position of the stars on the day of Ray Kroc's birth
D)the bumps and indentations on Ray Kroc's skull

Question 29

Which of the following assumptions of phrenology was basically correct?

A)Different parts of the brain control different functions.
B)The size of a portion of the brain corresponds to its relative power.
C)Bumps on the skull coincide with enlarged brain areas.
D)Different brain faculties are absolutely independent of each other.

Question 30

Phil was once an accomplished pianist,but after a head injury,he has lost his ability to play the piano.Which part of the cortex was probably damaged?

A)premotor cortex
B)prefrontal cortex
C)frontal cortex
D)occipital cortex

Question 31

Who originated the idea of localization of function?

A)Franz Gall
B)William James
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Paul Broca

Question 32

A structure known as the ______ divides the frontal and parietal lobes.

A)central sulcus
B)anterior commissure
C)corpus callosum
D)lateral sulcus

Question 33

Damage to the occipital lobe could result in difficulty processing ______.

A)auditory information
B)memories
C)sensations of pain
D)visual information

Question 34

The idea that different mental abilities,such as reading and arithmetic,are independent functions carried out by different parts of the brain is termed ______.

A)faculty psychology
B)Gestalt psychology
C)functionalism
D)structuralism

Question 35

"Executive functioning" involves all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)basic sensory processing
B)making decisions
C)using working memory
D)inhibiting inappropriate behavior

Question 36

After a head injury,Mary has difficulty with her sight.Which lobe of the brain was probably affected?

A)frontal
B)temporal
C)occipital
D)parietal

Question 37

A patient who could not produce language fluently might be suffering from damage to______.

A)Broca's area
B)Wernicke's area
C)the corpus callosum
D)the temporal lobe

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a region of the frontal lobes?

A)motor cortex
B)prefrontal cortex
C)premotor cortex
D)postcentral gyrus

Question 39

Injury to Broca's area results in an inability to ______.

A)produce language fluently
B)understand spoken language
C)understand written language
D)write

Question 40

Patients with Wernicke's aphasia are often unable to ______.

A)produce speech
B)speak with fluent rhythm
C)understand speech
D)modulate pitch when speaking

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a structure of the forebrain?

A)cerebellum
B)cerebral cortex
C)hypothalamus
D)amygdala

Question 42

Which of the following is associated primarily with the right hemisphere?

A)the ability to speak
B)the ability to understand language
C)the ability to do arithmetic
D)the ability to navigate around familiar spaces

Question 43

About 95% of all human beings show a specialization for language in the ______.

A)left hemisphere
B)right hemisphere
C)frontal lobe
D)temporal lobe

Question 44

Which of the following neuropsychological method(s)provide(s)information about the amount of dynamic blood flow to various regions of the brain?

A)CAT scans
B)MRI
C)EEG
D)fMRI

Question 45

Lampit,Valenzuela,and Gates (2015)found some results suggesting that cognitive training could result in small gains in cognitive performance.According to their results,who would be most likely to benefit from such training?

A)psychologically healthy children
B)psychologically healthy young adults
C)young adults with cognitive deficits
D)older adults with cognitive deficits

Question 46

A patient with Wernicke's aphasia,could ______.

A)be unable to speak and unable to comprehend language
B)be unable to speak,but able to comprehend language
C)produce language,but that language would be incomprehensible
D)accurately produce language,but unable to comprehend language from others

Question 47

If you wanted to observe brain activity with high physical,structural,and temporal localization,which two imaging techniques would you combine?

A)fMRI and ERP
B)CAT and PET
C)MRI and PET
D)CAT and EEG

Question 48

Which of the following is associated primarily with the left hemisphere?

A)working on geometric puzzles
B)language processing
C)musical ability
D)navigating around familiar spaces

Question 49

A technique in which a highly focused beam of X-rays is passed through the body from many different angles,allowing visualization of an organ such as the brain,is called ______.

A)MRI
B)CAT scan
C)PET scan
D)fMRI

Question 50

Transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used to ______.

A)image the entire brain at the same time
B)eliminate environmental effects on brain activity
C)track activity in an area of interest over a large period of time
D)deactivate a small area of the brain mimicking a stroke

Question 51

Which of the following can detect different states of consciousness?

A)CAT
B)MRI
C)EEG
D)ERP

Question 52

To measure an area of the brain's response to a specific event,we use ______.

A)CAT
B)MRI
C)EEG
D)ERP

Question 53

Which of the following lobes of the brain would be found at the rear of the skull?

A)frontal lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)temporal lobe
D)occipital lobe

Question 54

Cognitive training studies have NOT been shown to improve ______.

A)intelligence
B)memory
C)processing speed
D)problem solving

Question 55

Based on studies with rats,enriched environments resulted in increased dendrite growth and brain development.This best demonstrates ______.

A)the power of experience to influence the brain's structure
B)the fixed nature of brain development
C)biological processes are more important than environmental influences
D)that dendrites only respond to environmental influence

Question 56

CAT scans are usually used to ______.

A)pinpoint areas of brain damage
B)measure cerebral blood flow
C)track areas of brain activity while performing a particular task
D)detect different states of consciousness

Question 57

An advantage of MRI as compared to CAT scans is that ______.

A)MRI provides information about neuroanatomy
B)MRI requires little technical expertise
C)MRI can be used on people who have pacemakers
D)MRI often permits clearer pictures

Question 58

Jane is taking part in a sleep study.Her brain wave patterns are being measured to determine her level of consciousness at various points throughout the night.The brain recording technique that is being used on Jane is ______.

A)CAT
B)EEG
C)ERP
D)PET

Question 59

Brain is to computer as cognitive processes are to ______.

A)hardware
B)software
C)viruses
D)users

Question 60

A split-brained patient uses his hand to hold a spoon in his right hand that is hidden behind a partition so that he cannot see the spoon.He would most likely ______.

A)be able to choose another spoon from a set of objects
B)be able to label the object as a spoon
C)be able to interact with the spoon just like a non-split-brained patient
D)have no idea what he was holding

Question 61

Executive function is most closely associated with which brain region?

A)amygdala
B)hypothalamus
C)motor cortex
D)prefrontal cortex

Question 62

After a severe car accident,John begins to have difficulty suppressing his emotions.Upon further examinations,an MRI reveals that he has suffered severe trauma to his frontal lobe.This demonstrates which neuroscience principle?

A)magnetic resonance
B)aphasia
C)phrenology
D)localization of function

Question 63

Based on the way the somatosensory cortex is structured,which body part should activate the largest area of cortex?

A)fingers
B)chest
C)shoulder
D)thigh

Question 64

After a severe car accident,John is unable to breathe on his own and his heart is not maintaining a steady rhythm.He has most likely suffered damage to which brain structure?

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)medulla
D)cerebellum

Question 65

According to the principles of phrenology (if they were accurate),which animal should have the most powerful cognitive processes and mental functions?

A)rat
B)dog
C)human
D)whale

Question 66

The difficulty in connecting cognitive processes as observed by behavior and cognitive processes in the brain as observed by brain activity could best be described as a problem in the level of ______.

A)detail
B)explanation
C)complication
D)interpretation

Question 67

Which major area of the brain would be most implicated in the study of cognitive processes?

A)hindbrain
B)midbrain
C)forebrain
D)anterobrain

Question 68

Findings by Lashley in which a rat showed deficits in maze navigation proportional to the total amount of cortex removed from the brain best demonstrates ______.

A)cognitive functions are highly specific to and recruit particular brain regions
B)cognitive functions can be spread across and recruit multiple brain regions
C)cognitive functions are independent of the physical brain
D)cognitive functions cannot operate with any damage to the physical brain

Question 69

The frontal,occipital,parietal,and temporal lobes collectively are described as the ______.

A)limbic system
B)motor cortex
C)cerebral cortex
D)brainstem

Question 70

Which brain imaging technique requires no exposure to radiation?

A)PET
B)SPECT
C)MRI
D)CAT

Question 71

Modulation of the strength of emotional memories is accomplished by the hippocampus.

Question 72

Which brain structure would most likely be involved in the formation of long-term memories?

A)hypothalamus
B)hippocampus
C)thalamus
D)pons

Question 73

Brain regions which show ______ plasticity are hypothesized to be ______ to the effects of aging and environmental toxins.

A)the least;most vulnerable
B)the most;least vulnerable
C)the most;most vulnerable
D)zero;immune

Question 74

The hypothalamus controls homeostatic behaviors such as eating,drinking,sleeping,and sexual behaviors.

Question 75

Based on neuroscience evidence,which brain structure takes the longest period of time to fully mature in structure and function?

A)hippocampus
B)prefrontal cortex
C)limbic system
D)brain stem

Question 76

If the prefrontal cortex were damaged,you would most likely expect which process to be impaired?

A)executive function
B)emotional memory
C)hormone regulation
D)memory formation

Question 77

The temporal lobes are located on the sides of the head.

Question 78

Based on evolutionary principles,which brain structure would you expect to be most physically and structurally similar between a human and a rat?

A)cerebellum
B)hippocampus
C)occipital lobe
D)frontal lobe

Question 79

Disruption of memory is referred to as aphasia.

Question 80

The prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functioning.