Deck 9: Learning and Decision Making

Question 1

Approximate how much of the knowledge contained in organizations occurs in tacit form?

A)10 percent
B)33 percent
C)50 percent
D)66 percent
E)90 percent

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Employees learn which two basic types of knowledge?

A)Verbal and written
B)Explicit and tacit
C)Internal and external
D)Observed and expressed
E)Individual and group

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of explicit knowledge?

A)It is easily transferred through written communication
B)It is general information
C)It can be learned through books
D)It is highly personal in nature
E)It is always conscious and accessible information

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic of explicit knowledge?

A)It is highly personal in nature.
B)It is very difficult to articulate to others.
C)It is typically job-and/or situation-specific.
D)It is always conscious and accessible information.
E)It is based on experience.

Question 5

When Jeff asked Joanna how to fix the error message he keeps getting on his computer,Joanna wrote the step-by-step instructions down for Jeff so that he can take care of the problem relatively easily.The type of knowledge described in this situation is called:

A)consensus-based knowledge
B)tacit knowledge
C)explicit knowledge
D)intuition knowledge
E)practical knowledge

Question 6

Information that is not easily communicated but could very well be the most important aspect of what we learn in organizations is:

A)consensus-based knowledge.
B)book-based knowledge.
C)explicit knowledge.
D)tacit knowledge.
E)unambiguous knowledge.

Question 7

Which of the following is a characteristic of tacit knowledge?

A)It is highly personal in nature.
B)It is always conscious and accessible information.
C)It can be learned through books.
D)It is general information.
E)It is easily transferred through written communication.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tacit knowledge?

A)It is very difficult to articulate to others.
B)It is based on experience.
C)It is typically job-and/or situation-specific.
D)It is highly personal in nature.
E)It is always conscious and accessible information.

Question 9

All of the following terms are used to describe tacit knowledge,except?

A)Intuition
B)Mental models
C)Consensus
D)Practical intelligence
E)Insight

Question 10

Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of:

A)intelligence
B)consensus
C)heuristics
D)gender
E)learning

Question 11

_______ refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.

A)Decision making
B)Learning
C)Intuition
D)Consensus
E)Heuristics

Question 12

Organizations use four specific consequences to modify employee behaviour.They are known as the:

A)attribution biases
B)communities of practice
C)contingencies of reinforcement
D)climate for transfer
E)heuristics

Question 13

Information that is relatively easily communicated and a large part of what companies teach during training sessions is:

A)inherent knowledge.
B)inferred knowledge.
C)implicit knowledge.
D)tacit knowledge.
E)explicit knowledge.

Question 14

Becca has been referred to as the resident expert at ABC International when it comes to media and all media related issues.Many people have tried to work under her to learn but have not been very successful because she is so good at what she does but cannot really explain it to others.Becca can be described as having which of this knowledge?

A)Popular
B)Tacit
C)Book-based
D)Explicit
E)Practical

Question 15

The knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people is referred to as:

A)halo effect.
B)expertise.
C)heuristics.
D)satisficing.
E)bounded rationality.

Question 16

The knowledge that employees can typically learn only through experience is called:

A)consensus-based knowledge
B)tacit knowledge
C)explicit knowledge
D)book-based knowledge
E)practical knowledge

Question 17

Which of these reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience?

A)Decision making
B)Learning
C)Intuition
D)Consensus
E)Heuristics

Question 18

When you read a textbook,the authors are communicating which of the following knowledge to you?

A)Popular
B)Tacit
C)Intuition
D)Explicit
E)Practical

Question 19

Originally known as operant conditioning,_______ was the first to pioneer the notion that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behaviour and the consequences that follow it.

A)Skinner
B)Taylor
C)Weiss
D)Buffet
E)Gladwell

Question 20

True learning only occurs when:

A)employees forget to mimic the behaviours of experts.
B)experts play the role of novices.
C)changes in behaviour become relatively permanent.
D)the first time an employee makes the right decision.
E)the status quo is preserved.

Question 21

Which of these,according to research,is the least long-lasting or most difficult to maintain the high level of performance?

A)Continuous
B)Variable ratio
C)Fixed ratio
D)Variable interval
E)Fixed interval

Question 22

_______ occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behaviour.

A)Heuristics
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Extinction
E)Positive reinforcement

Question 23

In general,_______ and _______ should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees.

A)Punishment;extinction
B)negative reinforcement;extinction
C)punishment;negative reinforcement
D)positive reinforcement;negative reinforcement
E)positive reinforcement;extinction

Question 24

Which two contingencies of reinforcement are designed to decrease unwanted behaviours?

A)Punishment and extinction
B)Positive reinforcement and punishment
C)Punishment and negative reinforcement
D)Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
E)Negative reinforcement and extinction

Question 25

John believes in praising every desired behaviour of all of his employees.John is engaging in which of these reinforcement schedules?

A)Fixed interval
B)Variable ratio
C)Continuous
D)Fixed ratio
E)Variable interval

Question 26

As owner of Mountain City Coffee Yashmi gives all her employees a paycheck every two weeks.This is an example of which form of reinforcement schedule?

A)Variable interval
B)Variable ratio
C)Continuous
D)Fixed ratio
E)Fixed interval

Question 27

Jack recently received a $100 gift certificate and the quarterly attendance award at Dri-Fit Manufacturers.Jack's award can be described as which of these contingencies of reinforcement?

A)Heuristics
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Extinction
E)Positive reinforcement

Question 28

BJ Radio pays all of its advertising sales representatives on a commission basis.Which of these reinforcement schedules is used?

A)Continuous
B)Fixed interval
C)Variable ratio
D)Variable interval
E)Fixed ratio

Question 29

Janell,a newly promoted manager at Island Properties,Inc.(IPI)is interested in learning what she can do to increase desired behaviours at IPI.Which two contingencies of reinforcement she should focus on?

A)Punishment and extinction
B)Positive reinforcement and punishment
C)Punishment and negative reinforcement
D)Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
E)Negative reinforcement and extinction

Question 30

Clothing International operates two factories where employees sew different garments.Employees are paid on a piece-rate compensation system.The number of items that each employee completes determines their pay.Clothing International uses which of these reinforcement schedules?

A)Continuous
B)Fixed interval
C)Variable ratio
D)Variable interval
E)Fixed ratio

Question 31

_______ schedules are designed to reinforce behaviours at more random points in time.

A)Fixed ratio
B)Variable interval
C)Continuous
D)Variable ratio
E)Fixed interval

Question 32

Which schedule reinforces behaviours after a certain number of those behaviours have been exhibited?

A)Continuous
B)Variable interval
C)Variable ratio
D)Fixed ratio
E)Fixed interval

Question 33

Which of these is the simplest schedule of reinforcement?

A)Variable ratio
B)Variable interval
C)Fixed ratio
D)Continuous
E)Fixed interval

Question 34

A salaried pay check is an example of _______ reinforcement schedule whereas piece-rate pay is an example of _______ reinforcement schedule.

A)continuous;fixed interval
B)fixed interval;fixed ratio
C)variable ratio;variable interval
D)variable interval;fixed ratio
E)fixed ratio;continuous

Question 35

Several times a month,Danny,the Dean of the College of Business,walks by faculty offices at different times of the day and connects with and congratulates those who are doing an outstanding job or who he has heard good comments about.This is an example of which form of reinforcement schedule?

A)Variable interval
B)Variable ratio
C)Continuous
D)Fixed ratio
E)Fixed interval

Question 36

The single most common form of reinforcement schedule is:

A)fixed interval
B)variable ratio
C)continuous
D)fixed ratio
E)variable interval

Question 37

Which of the following occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behaviour?

A)Heuristics
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Extinction
E)Positive reinforcement

Question 38

Corey tends to be a smart-mouth at most business meetings.He has a sarcastic comment for everything anyone else says.At first,his sarcasm was met with a brief grin or a dismal such as "good one,Corey".This can be described as a _______.Such feedback gave him a boost and he started doing it so much that now it was becoming annoying.The manager and other coworkers decided to ignore his remarks and keep moving ahead with their agenda in the next meeting.After a few meetings,Corey stopped making inappropriate comments.This strategy can be described as _______.

A)punishment;extinction
B)positive reinforcement;extinction
C)punishment;negative reinforcement
D)positive reinforcement;negative reinforcement
E)negative reinforcement;extinction

Question 39

_______ occurs when there is the removal of consequences following an unwanted behaviour.

A)Heuristics
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Extinction
E)Positive reinforcement

Question 40

If you do your homework and assignments for your OB class just to avoid being yelled at by your professor,you have learned this behaviour through the use of:

A)Punishment
B)extinction
C)negative reinforcement
D)heuristics
E)positive reinforcement

Question 41

Because tacit knowledge is so difficult to communicate,_______ might be the single best way to acquire it.

A)written reports
B)process manuals
C)extinction
D)modelling
E)attribution process

Question 42

Susan always focuses on demonstrating her ability so that her co-workers think favourably of her.Susan can be said to have a(n):

A)projection bias
B)availability bias
C)performance-prove orientation
D)self-serving bias
E)performance-avoid orientation

Question 43

When employees observe the actions of others,learn from what they observe,and then repeat what they have observed,they are engaging in:

A)structural modelling
B)behavioural modelling
C)dynamic modelling
D)cognitive modelling
E)hierarchical modelling

Question 44

From an organization's perspective,the _____ knowledge its employees accumulate may be the single most important strategic asset a company possesses.

A)consensus-based
B)book-based
C)explicit
D)tacit
E)popular

Question 45

The last step of behaviour modelling is:

A)reinforcement
B)production process
C)attention process
D)retention process
E)attribution process

Question 46

Which schedule of reinforcement does Christine use for rewarding class participation?

A)Variable ratio
B)Variable interval
C)Fixed ratio
D)Continuous
E)Fixed interval

Question 47

In the third step of behavioural modelling,not only must the learner have the requisite knowledge and physical skills to be able to perform the task;they must translate what they have observed into action.This is the:

A)reinforcement process
B)production process
C)attentional process
D)attribution process
E)retention process

Question 48

A supervisor walking around at different points of time every day is a good example of a:

A)variable ratio schedule
B)fixed interval schedule
C)continuous schedule
D)variable interval schedule
E)fixed ratio schedule

Question 49

Every time an employee gets a paycheck after a predetermined period of time,he/she is being reinforced on a:

A)variable ratio schedule
B)fixed interval schedule
C)continuous schedule
D)fixed ratio schedule
E)variable interval schedule

Question 50

In the second step of behavioural modelling,the learner actually needs to remember exactly what the model's behaviour was and how they did it.This is the:

A)fabrication process
B)production process
C)attentional process
D)attribution process
E)retention process

Question 51

Which contingency of reinforcement does Christine use to get students to participate in class?

A)Heuristics
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Extinction
E)Positive reinforcement

Question 52

Which contingency of reinforcement does Christine use to get students to come to class on-time or early?

A)Heuristics
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Extinction
E)Positive reinforcement

Question 53

When an individual has a(n)_______,building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence.

A)intuition
B)learning orientation
C)projection bias
D)explicit knowledge
E)bounded rationality

Question 54

Which of these represent the first step in the behaviour modelling process?

A)Reinforcement
B)Production processes
C)Attentional processes
D)Retention processes
E)Attribution processes

Question 55

Chris has consistently tried to demonstrate his ability so that his colleagues will not think poorly of him.Chris appears to have a(n):

A)projection bias
B)availability bias
C)performance-prove orientation
D)self-serving bias
E)performance-avoid orientation

Question 56

Suspending an employee for showing up to work late,assigning job tasks generally seen as demeaning for not following safety procedures,or even firing an employee for gross misconduct are all examples of:

A)heuristics
B)punishment
C)negative reinforcement
D)extinction
E)positive reinforcement

Question 57

Which of the following happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behaviour?

A)Fixed interval schedule
B)Variable ratio schedule
C)Fixed ratio schedule
D)Variable interval schedule
E)Continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 58

Decisions that become somewhat automatic because a person's knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken are called:

A)programmed decisions
B)learning orientations
C)communities of practice
D)nonprogrammed decisions
E)surface decisions

Question 59

Which theory argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observations of others?

A)Social learning theory
B)Decision making theory
C)Bounded rationality theory
D)Social identity theory
E)Attribution theory

Question 60

A slot machine is an example of a _______ reinforcement schedule.

A)continuous
B)fixed interval
C)fixed ratio
D)variable interval
E)variable ratio

Question 61

At a World Issues Conference,all of the participants were asked to develop responses to two hypothetical case scenarios.People naturally split themselves up into teams based on their occupations.Which of the following helps to explain why the participants acted this way?

A)Self-fulfilling prophecy
B)Bandwagon effect
C)Social identity theory
D)Projection bias
E)Needs theory

Question 62

_______ are simple,efficient,rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily.

A)Heuristics
B)Extinction effects
C)Self-fulfilling prophecies
D)Climates of transfer
E)Attributions

Question 63

___________ is used by decision makers to attribute cause;whether this individual has behaved this way before under similar circumstances.

A)Attribution
B)Consistency
C)Anchoring
D)Distinctiveness
E)Consensus

Question 64

_______ refers to when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered.

A)Heuristics
B)Communities of practice
C)Rational decision making
D)Satisficing
E)Stereotyping

Question 65

The notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision refers to:

A)heuristics
B)communities of practice
C)bounded rationality
D)projection bias
E)performance-prove orientation

Question 66

A new,complex,and not recognized situation calls for:

A)performance-avoid orientation
B)programmed decisions
C)performance-prove orientation
D)nonprogrammed decisions
E)irrational decisions

Question 67

To be a rational decision maker,we should do all of the following,except:

A)boil the problem down to something that is easily understood
B)develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions
C)evaluate all the alternatives simultaneously
D)use accurate information to evaluate alternatives
E)pick the alternative that maximizes value

Question 68

For experts who possess high levels of explicit and tacit knowledge,many decisions they face are:

A)nonprogrammed decisions
B)nonroutine decisions
C)programmed decisions
D)unstructured decisions
E)surface decisions

Question 69

The tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decision refers to which of these biases?

A)Availability bias
B)Confirmation bias
C)Anchoring
D)Gambler's fallacy
E)Halo effect

Question 70

The tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations is called:

A)climates of transfer
B)selective perception
C)availability action
D)satisficing
E)thin-slicing

Question 71

The first step in rational decision making is to:

A)generate the list of available alternatives
B)identify the criteria that are important in making the decision
C)evaluation of alternatives
D)implement the alternative
E)choose the solution that maximize s value

Question 72

Bounded rationality says that we are likely to:

A)pick the alternative that minimizes value
B)evaluate each alternative as soon as we think about it
C)use accurate information to evaluate alternatives
D)develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions
E)pick the alternative that maximizes value

Question 73

When assumptions are made about someone based on their membership in a social group,which of these occurs?

A)Availability bias
B)Bandwagon effect
C)Self-fulfilling prophecy
D)Projection bias
E)Stereotype

Question 74

The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall refers to the

A)availability bias
B)bandwagon effect
C)self-fulfilling prophecy
D)projection bias
E)stereotype

Question 75

The second step in rational decision making is to:

A)choose the solution that maximizes value.
B)identify the criteria that are important in making the decision.
C)evaluate the alternatives.
D)implement the alternative.
E)generate a list of all available alternatives.

Question 76

Bounded rationality says we are likely to do all of the following,except?

A)Pick the alternative that maximizes value
B)Evaluate each alternative as soon as we think of it
C)Use distorted and inaccurate information during the evaluation process
D)Satisfice
E)Boil the problem down to something that is easily understood

Question 77

_____________ is a concept used by decision makers to attribute cause;whether the person being judged acts in a similar fashion under different circumstances.

A)Attribution
B)Consistency
C)Anchoring
D)Distinctiveness
E)Consensus

Question 78

If Sandy comes to the group meeting late and you feel that she is coming late because she has a low motivation for work,it could reflect a(n)

A)self-serving bias
B)fundamental attribution error
C)anchoring error
D)illusion of control error
E)halo effect

Question 79

_______ can be described as emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick,nonconscious,and holistic associations.

A)Performance-avoid orientation
B)Intuition
C)Performance-prove orientation
D)Nonprogrammed decisions
E)Rational decisions

Question 80

The belief that others think,feel,and act the same way as you do,refers to:

A)availability bias
B)anchoring
C)bandwagon effect
D)projection bias
E)halo effect