Deck 6: DNA Structure and Function

Question 1

Which of the following female organisms do NOT contain XX chromosomes?

A) humans
B) fruit flies
C) cows
D) butterflies
E) cats

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The connection point of two sister chromatids is called the

A) chromatid.
B) chromatin.
C) centriole.
D) centrosome.
E) centromere.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

In some species,the sex of the future individual is decided by environmental conditions and not by sex chromosomes.In which of the following species is sex decided by temperature?

A) birds
B) fruit flies
C) frogs
D) rabbits
E) zebras

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following has occurred in cloned animals?

A) lung problems
B) liver problems
C) limping
D) heart problems
E) all of these have occurred in cloned animals

Question 5

Before a cell divides it must ____ its genetic information.

A) duplicate
B) translate
C) isolate
D) protect
E) distribute

Question 6

A eukaryotic chromosome consists of

A) DNA and lipids.
B) RNA and proteins.
C) DNA and proteins.
D) DNA and carbohydrates.
E) just DNA.

Question 7

Body cells of human males contain

A) one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
B) two X chromosomes.
C) two Y chromosomes.
D) two O chromosomes.
E) chromosomes X, Y, and O.

Question 8

How many clones of Trakr,the Ground Zero hero dog,were delivered to his owner in July 2009?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 9

Which of the following male organisms do NOT contain XY chromosomes?

A) mice
B) fruit flies
C) horses
D) pigs
E) moths

Question 10

Body cells of human females contain

A) one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
B) two X chromosomes.
C) two Y chromosomes.
D) two O chromosomes.
E) chromosomes X, Y, and O.

Question 11

After DNA replication,each chromosome contains

A) two sister chromatids.
B) two sister chromatins.
C) two sister chromosomes.
D) two sister centromeres.
E) two sister centrioles.

Question 12

What is the success rate for producing live births of cloned animals?

A) 1-2 %
B) 3-5%
C) 10-15%
D) 40-50%
E) 100%

Question 13

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about eukaryotic chromosomes?

A) The number of chromosomes varies from one species to another.
B) All eukaryotes have the same system of autosomes and sex chromosomes.
C) A chromosome consists of DNA associated with histone proteins.
D) After duplication, all paired chromosomes are attached at the centromere.
E) After duplication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.

Question 14

What is the basic problem with cloning adult animals?

A) obtaining enough DNA
B) finding proper surrogates to carry the cloned embryos
C) reprogramming the DNA
D) obtaining DNA without mutations
E) all of these are problems with cloning adult animals

Question 15

Butterflies are diploid organisms.In these animals,the sex of an individual is determined by Z and W chromosomes.Use this information to answer the following question(s).
Which chromosomes are carried by a normal male butterfly?

A) ZO
B) ZW
C) WW
D) WO
E) ZWW

Question 16

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about autosomes?

A) Autosomes are chromosomes that are found in both males and females.
B) In a human cell, all chromosomes are autosomes, except chromosomes "X" and "Y."
C) In birds, moths, and butterflies, autosomes determine the sex of the individual.
D) A characteristic carried by autosomes would be passed to offspring males and females.
E) More than one of these statements is incorrect.

Question 17

What is the number of chromosomes found in an oak tree?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 12
E) 24

Question 18

A diploid organism

A) contains several copies of the same chromosomes.
B) contains only autosomes.
C) contains one copy of each chromosome.
D) contains chromosomes that all have the same size.
E) contains two of each type of chromosome.

Question 19

Which of the following male organisms contain two identical sex chromosomes?

A) turtles
B) birds
C) chimpanzees
D) dogs
E) lizards

Question 20

What was the first animal cloned from an adult cell?

A) a sheep
B) a dog
C) a cow
D) a cat
E) a mouse

Question 21

Which of the following sugar molecules is involved in the structure of DNA?

A) ribose
B) ribulose
C) deoxyribulose
D) deoxyribose
E) glucose

Question 22

Rosalind Franklin's research contribution was essential in

A) establishing the single-stranded nature of DNA.
B) establishing the principle of base pairing.
C) establishing most of the principal structural features of DNA.
D) sequencing DNA molecules.
E) determining the bonding energy of DNA molecules.

Question 23

From X-ray diffraction data,which of the following was determined about DNA?

A) The amount of adenine equaled the amount of thymine.
B) Different species have different proportions of adenine and guanine.
C) Nitrogen containing bases were arranged on the outside of the double helix structure.
D) The shape of the molecule could be a double helix.
E) All of these were determined.

Question 24

In the nucleotide sequence ACTGG,what does C stand for?

A) cysteine
B) cytotic
C) cytosine
D) chargaff
E) cystomitosine

Question 25

Which of the following terms is NOT related to the other four?

A) amino acids
B) nucleotides
C) deoxyribose sugars
D) phosphate groups
E) nitrogen bases

Question 26

DNA varies from species to species in

A) how much adenine binds with thymine rather than with cytosine.
B) whether DNA is a double or a single helix.
C) the variation in the backbone structure.
D) how many different bases it contains.
E) its sequence of DNA base-pairs.

Question 27

The DNA-histone complex is most analogous to

A) a pearl necklace.
B) a waterproof watch.
C) a microwave oven.
D) the gears on a bicycle.
E) a flashlight.

Question 28

If a person had defective centromeres,which of the following would result?

A) the DNA would not coil around histones
B) DNA could not duplicate
C) sister chromatids could not attach to each other
D) the chromosome number would be reduced
E) none of these would result

Question 29

The building blocks of nucleic acids are

A) amino acids.
B) nucleotides.
C) 5 carbon sugars.
D) fatty acids.
E) ribosomes.

Question 30

Rosalind Franklin used which techniques to determine many of the physical characteristics of DNA?

A) scanning electron microscopy
B) transmission electron microscopy
C) recombinant DNA techniques
D) X-ray crystallography
E) DNA profiling

Question 31

Butterflies are diploid organisms.In these animals,the sex of an individual is determined by Z and W chromosomes.Use this information to answer the following question(s).
Which chromosomes are carried by a normal female butterfly?

A) ZO
B) ZW
C) WW
D) WO
E) ZWW

Question 32

Which of the following is the correct complementary bonding of nitrogen containing bases in DNA?

A) adenine and cytosine.
B) adenine and guanine.
C) cytosine and thymine.
D) guanine and cytosine.
E) guanine and thymine.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT true about complementary base pairing in a DNA molecule?

A) covalent bonds connect two complementary bases.
B) adenine and thymine are complements.
C) guanine and cytosine are complements.
D) double-ring nitrogen containing bases connect to single-ring nitrogen containing bases.
E) more than one of these is NOT true.

Question 34

Which scientist(s)discovered the basis for the base-pair rule,which stated that the amounts of adenine in all DNA are the same,as are the amounts of cytosine and guanine?

A) Watson and Crick
B) Beadles
C) Chargaff
D) Franklin
E) Pauling

Question 35

Which scientist(s)suggested for the first time that the proportion of adenine and guanine differs from one species to another?

A) Watson and Crick
B) Wilkins
C) Hershey and Chase
D) Chargaff
E) Franklin

Question 36

How many types of nucleotides are found in DNA molecules?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

Question 37

A nucleotide is made up of

A) a 5 carbon (pentose) sugar, three phosphate groups, and a nitrogen containing (nitrogenous) acid.
B) a pentose sugar, three phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base.
C) three pentose sugars, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous acid.
D) three pentose sugars, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
E) a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and three nitrogenous acids.

Question 38

Which of the following nitrogen containing bases is NOT found in molecules of DNA?

A) adenine
B) guanine
C) cytosine
D) thymine
E) uracil

Question 39

The image of an individual's complement of chromosomes arranged by size,length,shape,and centromere location is called a

A) autotype.
B) genotype.
C) phenotype.
D) karyotype.
E) chromotype.

Question 40

What are the length of DNA from a single human cell?

A) 2 nanonmeters
B) 2 micrometers
C) 2 millimeters
D) 2 centimeters
E) 2 meters

Question 41

In DNA molecules,

A) the nucleotides are arranged in a linear, unbranched pattern.
B) the nitrogenous bases are found on the outside of the molecule.
C) the phosphate-sugar pattern runs the same way on each DNA strand.
D) the backbone is internal to the molecule.
E) the pairing of bases is non-specific.

Question 42

In a given strand of DNA,complementary bases are connected to each other by

A) ionic bonds.
B) polar covalent bonds.
C) hydrogen bonds.
D) peptide bonds.
E) nonpolar covalent bonds.

Question 43

The replication illustrated here is termed

A) dominant.
B) recessive
C) semiconservative.
D) conservative.
E) hemiconservative.

Question 44

Which of the following is one of Chargaff's rules?

A) different organisms have different DNA sequences
B) the DNA molecule is a double helix
C) the two strands in a DNA molecule run in opposite directions
D) the backbone of a DNA molecule is on the outside
E) all of these are Chargaff's rules

Question 45

DNA replication is a ____ process.

A) noncomplementary
B) semiconservative
C) semisynthetic
D) mutational
E) denaturation

Question 46

Which of the following was determined by Watson and Crick?

A) the amount of adenine in a DNA molecule equals the amount of thymine
B) DNA is a double helix
C) DNA has a phosphate backbone
D) the sequence of DNA bases is different in different organisms
E) none of these were determined by Watson and Crick

Question 47

Which of the following is one of Chargaff's rules about DNA structure?

A) phosphate groups are connected to sugars by covalent bonds
B) base pairs connect to each other by hydrogen bonds
C) the amounts of adenine and thymine are the same as are the amounts of cytosine and guanine
D) the DNA molecule forms into a double helix
E) the strands in a DNA molecule run in opposite directions

Question 48

The two types of bonding found in a DNA molecule are

A) ionic and covalent.
B) covalent and peptide.
C) ionic and hydrogen.
D) peptide and hydrogen.
E) covalent and hydrogen.

Question 49

Rosalind Franklin did not share in the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the structure of DNA because

A) she was a woman.
B) her contributions were minimal.
C) she was not liked by James Watson.
D) her ideas were stolen by Maurice Wilking.
E) she died of cancer before the award was given.

Question 50

DNA polymerase

A) is an enzyme.
B) adds new nucleotides to a strand.
C) proofreads DNA strands to see that they are correct.
D) derives energy from free nucleotides for strand assembly.
E) is all of these.

Question 51

The primary function of DNA ligase is to

A) cut the two strands of DNA molecule prior to replication.
B) attach free nucleotides to a growing chain.
C) remove bases that might have been inserted incorrectly.
D) seal any tiny gaps in the new DNA.
E) fragment old DNA that is no longer of use to the cell.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about mutation?

A) Mutations caused by environmental factors are always repaired.
B) Mutations occurring during the replication process are always harmful.
C) Mutations only occur during DNA replication.
D) Mutations occurring during the replication process only affect the secondary structure of proteins.
E) Mutations are permanent changes in the base sequence of DNA.

Question 53

If a DNA molecule was a spiral staircase,what would the steps of the staircase be?

A) covalent bonds.
B) deoxyribose.
C) base pairs.
D) hydrogen bonds.
E) phosphate.

Question 54

Each DNA strand has a backbone that consists of alternating

A) amino acids.
B) nitrogen-containing bases.
C) hydrogen bonds.
D) sugar and phosphate molecules.
E) types of sugars.

Question 55

Which of the following was determined by Rosalind Franklin's research?

A) DNA is a double helix
B) DNA has a phosphate backbone on the outside
C) DNA bases are arranged on the inside
D) DNA's diameter
E) all of these were determined by Rosalind Franklin's research

Question 56

In a eukaryote,DNA polymerase can add up to

A) 1,000 nucleotides per second.
B) 500 nucleotides per second.
C) 50 nucleotides per second.
D) 10 nucleotides per second.
E) one billion nucleotides per minute.

Question 57

The structure of a DNA molecule is analogous to a

A) paper clip.
B) ladder.
C) fork.
D) rope.
E) coiled spring.

Question 58

If one strand of a DNA molecule read ACCTTGAC,what would the other side read?

A) ACCTTGAC
B) TGGAACTG
C) GTTCCAGT
D) CAAGGTGA
E) none of these

Question 59

Examine the figures above and answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,step "a" represents

A) the two parental DNA strands.
B) the two F1 generation DNA strands.
C) the two F2 generation DNA strands.
D) the DNA molecule to be transcribed.
E) the DNA molecule to be translated.

Question 60

Each DNA strand serves as which of the following during DNA synthesis?

A) a replicate
B) a substitute
C) a template
D) a source of nucleotides
E) all of these

Question 61

Somatic cell nuclear transplant

A) is a process by which a defective nucleus is replaced with a healthy one.
B) is a process by which a nucleolus is removed and replaced with another nucleolus from any other healthy cell.
C) is a process by which the nucleus of an unfertilized egg is removed and replaced with the nucleus of an adult animal cell.
D) is a process by which adult cells are converted into sex cells.
E) is all of these.

Question 62

In animal cells,____ is (are)usually a one-way path.

A) replication
B) translation
C) transcription
D) differentiation
E) replication and translation

Question 63

DNA Strand
Consider the DNA strand below and answer the following question(s).
ACTGAGCATTAG
In the DNA strand above,which of the following would be the complementary sequence?

A) ACTGAGCATTAG
B) TGACTCGTAATC
C) GTCAGATGCCGA
D) CAGTCTACGGCT
E) CTCAGACGAAGA

Question 64

Examine the figures above and answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,the two strands have separated in step "b" because

A) the sugar-phosphate bonds were broken.
B) the hydrogen bonds between bases were broken.
C) energy from primers pushed the bases apart.
D) the bases, being negatively charged, repelled each other.
E) proteins were inserted between each pair of bases.

Question 65

In prokaryote DNA replication,nuclotide assembly is

A) faster than eukaryotes.
B) slower than eukaryotes.
C) about the same speed as eukaryotes.
D) sometimes slower; sometimes faster than eukaryotes.
E) none of these.

Question 66

Chemicals in tobacco smoke can cause

A) DNA to break into pieces.
B) mispairing of bases.
C) kinking in the DNA molecule.
D) the formation of nucleotide dimers.
E) covalent bonding between adjacent adenine bases.

Question 67

In DNA replication,what type of molecule is a primer?

A) nucleic acid
B) lipid
C) protein
D) carbohydrate
E) inorganic

Question 68

Electromagnetic energy of which of the following wavelengths can damage DNA?

A) 300 micrometers
B) 300 centimeters
C) 300 nanometers
D) 300 millimeters
E) 300 meters

Question 69

What does ionizing radiation cause in DNA?

A) faster replication
B) the formation of nucleotide dimers
C) kinks in the DNA molecule
D) breaks in the DNA molecule
E) base pair mismatching

Question 70

Examine the figures above and answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,the two DNA molecules produced when step "d" is completed will be

A) identical to the parent DNA but not to each other.
B) complementary to each other but not to the parent DNA.
C) different from each other and the parent DNA.
D) identical to each other and complementary to the parent DNA.
E) complementary to each other and complementary the parent DNA.

Question 71

Which of the following is correct about the DNA molecules that result from DNA replication?

A) one DNA molecule has both parent strands; the other DNA molecule has two new strands.
B) both DNA molecules have two new strands each; the parent strands are discarded.
C) one DNA molecule has a parent strand and a new strand; the other DNA molecule has two new strands
D) both DNA molecules have one new strand and one old strand
E) the bottom parts of each new DNA molecule are new strands and the top parts of each new DNA molecule are old strands

Question 72

What happens first in DNA replication?

A) the DNA molecule unwinds
B) DNA polymerase brings new nucleotides to the old DNA strand
C) DNA ligase activity begins
D) hydrogen bonds are broken
E) none of these things happen first

Question 73

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is correct?

A) DNA replication is error free
B) DNA replication occurs without the help of enzymes
C) In DNA replication, the parent strands are discarded
D) Each newly formed DNA molecule contains two new strands and two old strands.
E) Each newly formed DNA molecule contains one parent strand and three new strands.

Question 74

The most common source of DNA mutation is

A) cigarette smoke
B) UV light
C) errors in DNA replication
D) errors in protein synthesis
E) pesticides on the food we eat

Question 75

In the assembly of new nucleotides to a DNA strand in DNA replication,what provides the energy for that process?

A) ATP
B) the nucleotide itself
C) NADH
D) primers
E) DNA ligase

Question 76

In prokaryote DNA replication,nucleotides are assembled at which speed?

A) 1, 000 per second
B) 100 per second
C) 50 per second
D) 25 per second
E) one billion per minute

Question 77

In DNA replication,a primer is

A) what the original DNA strands are called.
B) an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
C) a short piece of nucleic acid that 'jump starts' the replication process.
D) a molecule that provides the energy for nucleotide attachments.
E) a regulatory protein that turns on the gene that starts DNA replication.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT true of the effects of UV light on DNA?

A) it breaks DNA into pieces
B) it causes kinks in the DNA molecule
C) it causes the formation of nucleotide dimers
D) it causes covalent bond formation between adjacent thymines
E) it causes permanent mutations

Question 79

DNA Strand
Consider the DNA strand below and answer the following question(s).
ACTGAGCATTAG
In the DNA strand above,if the daughter cells contain the sequence GACTAGTAAACCG after replication,they would be

A) recessives.
B) mutants.
C) dominants.
D) co-dominant.
E) twins.

Question 80

What does DNA ligase do?

A) breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs
B) seals gaps between assembled nucleotides
C) provides energy for nucleotide assembly
D) acts as an initiator to start the replication process
E) seals the ends of the replicated DNA molecule