Deck 7: Motivation

Question 1

In a fight-or-flight situation, __________-oriented people are more likely to "fight" in search of positive rewards.

A) approach
B) avoidance
C) detail
D) success

Answer 1

approach

Question 2

Suppose you wanted to prime someone to engage in approach motivation. What task would accomplish that most effectively?

A) rely on a person's natural inclination toward approach motivation
B) remind the person of the importance of stopping at all intersections, marked with a stop sign or not
C) give the person a clearly worded party invitation printed in bright green ink
D) provide objective statistics on the failure rate associated with the task to be performed

Answer 2

give the person a clearly worded party invitation printed in bright green ink

Question 3

__________ motivation involves worrying about the negative consequences of failure.

A) Approach
B) Avoidance
C) Detail
D) Success

Answer 3

Avoidance

Question 4

Tori is reasonably healthy. She has a job that allows her to pay her rent and lives in a place that does not experience much violence or war. Her need for __________ is being met.

A) love and belonging
B) self-actualization
C) safety and security
D) self-esteem

Question 5

With which perspective would a humanistic personality theorist most likely agree?

A) Unconscious dynamic forces shape personality throughout the lifespan.
B) Resolving the past and planning for the future are the primary goals of human endeavors.
C) The constant battle against feelings of inferiority drives people to become who they are.
D) The goal of life is personal growth through self-understanding and self-exploration.

Question 6

Sara has been homeless for 6 months and struggles daily with finding enough to eat and a dry, safe place to sleep for the night. According to Abraham Maslow, where are Sara's motives and behaviors focused?

A) at the bottom of the hierarchy of needs
B) in the middle of the hierarchy of needs
C) at the top of the hierarchy of needs
D) nowhere on the hierarchy of needs

Question 7

How do traits and motives compare?

A) Traits can be modified by experience, whereas motives cannot.
B) Traits are usually more stable than motives.
C) Neither traits nor motives tend to change much across the lifespan.
D) Motives are usually more stable than traits.

Question 8

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, __________ includes confidence, achievement, and the respect of others.

A) love and belonging
B) self-actualization
C) safety and security
D) self-esteem

Question 9

__________ motivation involves anticipating rewards for success.

A) Approach
B) Avoidance
C) Detail
D) Success

Question 10

Personality psychologists use the term __________ to refer to a specific outcome that a person desires.

A) need
B) motive
C) want
D) goal

Question 11

Which person is most likely to have an approach motivation?

A) Gwen, who anticipates getting a raise in recognition of her hard work at the sawmill
B) Irv, who saves 80 percent of every paycheck in case some unexpected financial disaster strikes
C) Wally, who likes to establish a daily routine and stick to it
D) Sheila, whose main goal in life is to keep herself from feeling lonely

Question 12

Which trait is characteristic of an approach-oriented person?

A) a tendency to be high in neuroticism
B) being more likely to "take flight" away from negative consequences
C) a tendency to look more negatively at a situation
D) a tendency to be high in extraversion

Question 13

Roberto worked at a series of menial jobs for most of his adolescence. His hard work and dedication were noticed at his current job, and he was promoted to a position of responsibility and leadership. Because he has never had this much responsibility at work, he is terrified of doing the wrong thing or making the wrong decision. Roberto's experience is an example of __________ motivation.

A) approach
B) intrinsic
C) avoidance
D) extrinsic

Question 14

Abraham Maslow proposed that motivation and behavior are driven in a sequential, orderly fashion. Which concept encapsulates this idea?

A) psychosexual stages
B) collective unconscious
C) self-determination
D) hierarchy of needs

Question 15

How are behavior, motives, goals, and needs related to one another?

A) Goals determine our needs, which then lead to motivated behavior.
B) Motives produce both needs and goals; the first to be satisfied then determines behavior.
C) Needs produce motives, which then direct behavior toward a goal.
D) Needs, motives, and goals are used synonymously; behavior refers to pursuing any of those states.

Question 16

Personality psychologists use the term __________ to refer to something that is necessary to survive and thrive.

A) need
B) motive
C) state
D) trait

Question 17

Basic physiological needs include __________.

A) breathing, food, water, shelter, clothing, and sleep
B) confidence, achievement, and respect of others
C) health, employment, property, and social stability
D) creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, and fulfilling potential

Question 18

Which of Maslow's basic needs includes friendships, family, intimacy, and a sense of connection?

A) love and belonging
B) self-esteem
C) safety and security
D) self-actualization

Question 19

Matteo is taking a psychology course taught by a professor who vigorously adopts a humanistic perspective. Which statement is Matteo likely to hear from his professor during the course of instruction?

A) "All human beings are inherently good."
B) "Life is a struggle to tame unconscious desires."
C) "Bad people do bad things, and good people do good things."
D) "Human beings are just a collection of pre-programmed responses."

Question 20

In a fight-or-flight situation, __________-oriented people are more likely to "take flight" away from negative consequences.

A) approach
B) avoidance
C) detail
D) success

Question 21

Based on his inaugural address, which former U.S. president scored high on affiliation motivation?

A) Ronald Reagan
B) Richard Nixon
C) Jimmy Carter
D) Harry Truman

Question 22

Which humanistic psychologist believed that people can get closer to self-actualization when they experience unconditional positive regard?

A) Carl Rogers
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Henry Murray

Question 23

Which motive derives from wanting to accomplish things, usually on one's own and without help?

A) implicit
B) power
C) achievement
D) affiliation

Question 24

Which behavior would be better predicted by implicit motives rather than explicit motives?

A) performance on a cognitive task
B) selecting a job based on salary and benefits
C) choosing dessert from a menu of options
D) judging the winner of a baby beauty pageant

Question 25

Which motive is affected by one's relationships with others?

A) implicit
B) power
C) achievement
D) affiliation

Question 26

__________ motives are motivations that people are aware of.

A) Implicit
B) Unconscious
C) Projective
D) Explicit

Question 27

Joey values his relationships with others. He wants to be around people, especially when he will be accepted and happy. This is an example of the __________ motive.

A) achievement
B) implicit
C) affiliation
D) power

Question 28

Tianna likes a challenge. She enjoys working on complex projects and usually wants to do things on her own. This is an example of the __________ motive.

A) achievement
B) implicit
C) affiliation
D) power

Question 29

Based on inaugural addresses, which former U.S. presidents scored high on achievement motivation?

A) Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter
B) Barack Obama and Gerald Ford
C) George H. W. Bush and George H. Bush
D) John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon

Question 30

Which motives are unconscious?

A) implicit
B) power
C) achievement
D) affiliation

Question 31

The __________ is a projective technique that prompts people to write stories in response to ambiguous pictures.

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
B) Picture Story Exercise (PSE), previously called the Thematic Apperception Text (TAT)
C) Mood Awareness Scale (MAS)
D) Draw-A-Person Test (DAP)

Question 32

Becoming your real self and realizing your fullest potential describes the process of __________.

A) conflict resolution
B) self-actualization
C) other-enhancement
D) determinism

Question 33

Which statement summarizes the process of moving toward self-actualization?

A) The route toward self-actualization is an individual path chosen by each person.
B) Self-actualization is achieved when the fullness of the collective unconscious is embraced.
C) All humans progress toward a self-actualized state at the same rate.
D) Biology is destiny; our genetic inheritance determines the likelihood of attaining self-actualization.

Question 34

Which psychologist has coded implicit motives in every U.S. president's inaugural speech?

A) David Winter
B) Erik Erikson
C) Carl Rogers
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 35

Self-determination theory (SDT) argues that three needs can explain much of human behavior: autonomy, competence, and __________.

A) actualization
B) cohesiveness
C) efficacy
D) relatedness

Question 36

Which psychologist theorized that people are driven by mostly unconscious motivations?

A) Abraham Maslow
B) Carl Rogers
C) Henry Murray
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 37

Which motive focuses on wanting to have an impact on others?

A) achievement
B) implicit
C) power
D) affiliation

Question 38

How many implicit motives did Henry Murray identify?

A) 10
B) 12
C) 27
D) 35

Question 39

When Casey headed off to college, her father took a moment to remind her of a few facts: "Remember that I'll always love you, no matter what. You'll make mistakes and you'll need some help along the way, but I'll always look out for you. I don't care which major you pursue-education, social work, English literature-I'll still care about you and value you for who you are." What is Casey's father expressing toward her?

A) unconditional positive regard
B) acknowledgement of her self-esteem
C) a blueprint for an ideal self
D) avoidance motivation

Question 40

As seen in their inaugural addresses, presidents John F. Kennedy, Harry Truman, and __________ each scored high on power motivation.

A) George W. Bush
B) Lyndon Baines Johnson
C) Jimmy Carter
D) Barack Hussein Obama

Question 41

__________ are examples of intrinsic goals.

A) Financial success, popularity, and physical attractiveness
B) Fame, image, and community feeling
C) Personal growth, image, and physical attractiveness
D) Personal growth, affiliation, and community feeling

Question 42

The practice of mindfulness can be traced to early __________ psychology.

A) evolutionary
B) behavioral
C) Buddhist
D) humanistic

Question 43

A debt crisis had a major impact on the citizens of Greece; half of its young people were out of work, depriving them of their need for __________.

A) autonomy
B) relatedness
C) competence
D) cohesiveness

Question 44

A person might fulfill the need for relatedness by spending time with family, helping a friend, or __________.

A) building a birdhouse
B) learning a new computer skill
C) volunteering at a food bank
D) reading a book

Question 45

Finding meaning in life is closely linked to __________.

A) happiness
B) achievement
C) relatedness
D) avoidance motivation

Question 46

Julio is aware of his thoughts and feelings, but he doesn't cling to them, instead letting them pass through consciousness as new thoughts take their place. What is Julio experiencing?

A) mindfulness
B) flow
C) meaning
D) understanding

Question 47

Luisa works for a boss who constantly micromanages her. According to self-determination theory, what outcome is Luisa likely to experience?

A) low autonomy
B) high relatedness
C) high autonomy
D) high cohesiveness

Question 48

Research has shown that people who focus on money, fame, and image are __________ likely to suffer from anxiety and depression and __________ likely to be happy.

A) more; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) less; more

Question 49

When __________ is absent, a person feels controlled by forces alien to the self.

A) competence
B) relatedness
C) cohesiveness
D) autonomy

Question 50

On a recent trip to the Salton Sea, Tammy was suddenly overcome by a feeling of oneness with the universe and a sense of clarity, in which her true purpose in life was revealed to her and her future goals were made manifest. What happened to Tammy?

A) She realized her need for achievement.
B) She finally understood self-determination theory.
C) She had a peak experience.
D) She found her extrinsic motivation.

Question 51

An occupation that allows a person to continually learn new things would fulfill the need for __________.

A) competence
B) relatedness
C) cohesiveness
D) autonomy

Question 52

How do positive motivational experiences, such as mindfulness, flow, and meaning, contribute to an individual's growth and development?

A) These experiences form the basis for all types of meditation.
B) These experiences produce a heightened sense of power motivation.
C) These experiences directly contribute to weight loss.
D) These experiences can help a person become more engaged in life.

Question 53

Cara is focused on her own personal growth. Which type of goal is this?

A) extrinsic
B) intrinsic
C) external
D) intuitive

Question 54

The smooth passage of time that occurs during a peak experience, when a person is completely immersed in an activity, is called a __________ state.

A) valley
B) flow
C) affiliation
D) focused

Question 55

Herbie has worked on the same assembly line performing the same task for 30 years. It is likely that his need for __________ is not being met.

A) autonomy
B) relatedness
C) cohesiveness
D) competence

Question 56

__________ refers to feeling connected to others, both personally and in one's community.

A) Cohesiveness
B) Relatedness
C) Autonomy
D) Competence

Question 57

Which area of psychology specifically focuses on what can make our lives better and what might make us happier?

A) industrial psychology
B) social psychology
C) cognitive psychology
D) positive psychology

Question 58

In which countries do citizens report lower levels of competence and autonomy?

A) Denmark, Sweden, and Finland
B) Germany, Italy, and Switzerland
C) United States, Canada, and England
D) China, Malaysia, and Japan

Question 59

Motivation that comes from outside the self, such as working for money or to gain praise from others, is __________ motivation.

A) intrinsic
B) irrational
C) extrinsic
D) rational

Question 60

__________ means having control over one's actions and life.

A) Competence
B) Relatedness
C) Cohesiveness
D) Autonomy

Question 61

Brian sees an attractive woman wearing a red shirt. How might his description of her wearing a red shirt differ from his description of her wearing a blue shirt? Why?

Question 62

How do implicit and explicit motives affect behavior?

Question 63

Sebastian is having a particularly hard time in life. His girlfriend just left him, his cat recently died, and he has a tough new boss at work. How would finding a meaning in life help him through these hard times?

Question 64

How has the color red been explicitly linked to sexuality across time and culture, and how does that affect approach and avoidance motivation?

Question 65

Jeannetta is a marathon runner and sometimes has peak experiences and flow states during her practice runs around her beautiful town. What do peak experience and flow state mean?

Question 66

Cindy is practicing mindfulness. What are some of the benefits that she might experience?

Question 67

What is humanistic psychology?

Question 68

Describe Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and discuss why a pyramidal hierarchy captures Maslow's conception of need attainment.

Question 69

Pietro has achieved the highest need on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs pyramid. What does this mean?

Question 70

What is positive psychology?

Question 71

Aubrey is often bullied at school, yet she continues to try to hang out with the kids who tease her. Using Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, explain what her motivation might be.

Question 72

How do self-determination theory and Henry Murray's three power motives compare?

Question 73

What are the main tenets of self-determination theory?

Question 74

What three implicit motives did Henry Murray's research interest center on?

Question 75

How do approach and avoidance overlap with the Big Five?

Question 76

What did Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow think of self-actualization?

Question 77

Bernardo is high in affiliation motive. Based on what you know about implicit affiliation motivation, what is Bernardo likely to value, and what qualities is he likely to possess?

Question 78

How are approach and avoidance related to basic tendencies rooted in evolution?

Question 79

Carol enjoys doing chores around the house and loves to help her mom just for fun. Is Carol intrinsically or extrinsically motivated? Why do you think so?

Question 80

What is avoidance motivation?