Deck 10: Gender and Personality

Question 1

Which person would likely agree with the designation of cisgender?

A) Willie, who was born a biological male and who feels psychologically like a woman
B) Lois, who was born a biological female and who feels psychologically like a man
C) Marcus, who was born a biological male and who feels psychologically like a man
D) Sue, who was born a biological female and who has not adopted a consistent gender identity

Answer 1

Marcus, who was born a biological male and who feels psychologically like a man

Question 2

The term __________ refers to the DNA living beings have at conception.

A) phenotype
B) biology
C) hormone pattern
D) genetics

Answer 2

genetics

Question 3

A person who was born as a biological male but identifies as female is known as __________.

A) heterosexual
B) homosexual
C) cisgender
D) transgender

Answer 3

transgender

Question 4

Why are most researchers interested in sex differences rather than gender differences?

A) Most research comparisons are between stereotypically female and stereotypically male social roles.
B) Most research comparisons are between biological females and males.
C) Comparing anatomical differences are of greatest interest to researchers.
D) The cultural bases of differences are of greatest interest to researchers.

Question 5

What difficult lesson was revealed to researchers by the Bruce/Brenda case study?

A) Sex and gender cannot be changed at will.
B) Gender identity is a purely social category.
C) Sex differences do not have biological origins.
D) Both sex and gender are cultural constructions.

Question 6

Which person would likely agree with the designation of transgender?

A) Travis, who was born a biological male and who feels psychologically like a man
B) Tom, who was born a biological female and who has not adopted a consistent gender identity
C) Betsey, who was born a biological female and who feels psychologically like a woman
D) Iris, who was born a biological female and who feels psychologically like a man

Question 7

"Armando usually presents himself in a suit and tie, with short hair and a neatly trimmed beard. Most of the time we talk about sports or his job as a sales representative," Dr. Mahoney told her assistant. "Rachel will typically show up wearing a dress, a pearl necklace, and high heels, and she's usually focused on celebrity gossip or the latest sales in the mall." What aspect of Armando and Rachel's makeup are Dr. Mahoney and her assistant discussing?

A) sex differences
B) personality
C) sex
D) gender

Question 8

What did the case of Thomas Beatie illustrate about the nature of sex and gender?

A) A female can become a man but still give birth to children.
B) Biological sex must be consistent with gender identity.
C) Transgender men can impregnate women.
D) Cisgender and transgender are interchangeable terms.

Question 9

What is the origin of most sex differences?

A) biological differences between females and males
B) cultural values that determine female and male roles
C) behavioral differences sparked by society's expectations
D) a complex interplay of biology and social factors

Question 10

How do most laypeople use the terms sex and gender?

A) as synonyms for each other
B) as both referring to social roles
C) as both referring to biology
D) as sex referring to biology and gender referring to social categories

Question 11

The most common chromosomal pattern for females is __________.

A) XX
B) XY
C) XXY
D) YYZ

Question 12

"Gustav has an XY chromosome pattern, and Lydia has an XX pattern," Dr. Rodriguez told his assistant. "Lydia has clearly developed breasts, and Gustav's testicles have descended." What aspect of Gustav and Lydia's makeup are Dr. Rodriguez and his assistant discussing?

A) personality
B) gender
C) sex
D) gender roles

Question 13

What did the presumed success of raising Bruce as Brenda provide apparent support for?

A) the inadequacy of research on sex differences
B) the view that gender is purely a cultural construct
C) the view that gender is biologically determined
D) the primacy of biology in determining behavior

Question 14

Sex is to __________ as gender is to __________ .

A) society; self
B) biology; psychology
C) self; society
D) psychology; biology

Question 15

Keith is a little boy who is just becoming aware that he is male. What is the term for what he is experiencing?

A) gender role
B) gender bias
C) gender identity
D) gender dysphoria

Question 16

Jo was born as a biological female but identifies as a male. Jo is __________.

A) cisgender
B) transgender
C) homosexual
D) heterosexual

Question 17

Why would twin studies not contribute much to our understanding of the roles of genetics and the environment in the development of sex differences?

A) Fraternal twins don't differ in their genetic makeup, ruling out a role for biology.
B) Identical twins are always the same sex, and they are subject to hormonal influences prenatally.
C) Identical twins would need to be compared to fraternal twins within the same family.
D) Not enough identical twins are put up for adoption worldwide.

Question 18

Which of the following people would be ideal participants for an investigation of the contributions of genetics and the environment to a developmental question?

A) identical twins raised by different parents
B) identical twins raised by the same parents
C) daughters raised by single fathers
D) sons raised by single mothers

Question 19

What does the distinction between sex and gender logically imply?

A) Biological males will behave in stereotypically masculine ways.
B) Biological females will behave in stereotypically feminine ways.
C) Gender differences and sex differences have common origins.
D) Biological males can adopt stereotypically female roles and behaviors and vice versa.

Question 20

People whose gender identity and biological sex are congruent are called __________.

A) cisgender
B) heterosexual
C) homosexual
D) transgender

Question 21

Based on scores on the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ), a person who scored high in femininity and high in masculinity would have a(n) __________ gender personality type.

A) androgynous
B) feminine
C) masculine
D) undifferentiated

Question 22

Which term refers to the ability to mentally rotate objects?

A) cognitive rotation
B) mental imagery
C) artistic aptitude
D) spatial ability

Question 23

Tothepoint Hospital has a unique way of announcing the many births that occur there each day. Whereas most obstetricians happily proclaim, "It's a boy!" or "It's a girl!" to parents eager to receive such news, the doctors at Tothepoint instead issue a laconic, "XX. XY. XXY. XX." Assunta and Giacomo just delivered their first child, and the physician declared, "XY." What is the biological sex of Giacomo and Assunta's newborn?

A) a transgender male
B) male
C) a transgender female
D) female

Question 24

Which gene determines sex?

A) FDT
B) FTD
C) TDF
D) TFD

Question 25

How do women's portraits on LinkedIn accounts differ from men's portraits on their LinkedIn accounts?

A) Women are likely to show emotion, whereas men are likely to show their status.
B) Women are likely to display professional photographs, whereas men show amateur ones.
C) Women's facial images tend to be larger than those of men.
D) Women are likely to show a three-quarter side view, whereas men are likely to show a full-face image.

Question 26

How do women and men compare in leadership ability?

A) Women perform better than men in most areas of leadership; the differences are substantial.
B) Men perform slightly better than women in most areas of leadership, and the difference is consistent.
C) Men perform much better than women in leadership areas of open discussion and group cohesiveness.
D) Women perform better than men in most areas of leadership, although the differences are relatively small.

Question 27

Commonly held beliefs about groups are also known as __________.

A) sexual scripts
B) sex differences
C) sex roles
D) stereotypes

Question 28

How should most sex differences in personality traits be characterized?

A) Most differences are nonexistent.
B) Most differences are small to moderate in size.
C) Most differences are large to very large in size.
D) Most differences show nonoverlapping distributions of women's and men's personality scores.

Question 29

Which statement is correct?

A) Women always talk more than men do.
B) Women cry more often than men do.
C) Men always talk more than women do.
D) Men are safer drivers than women are.

Question 30

Which statement is correct?

A) Women always talk more than men do.
B) Among spouses, men talk more than women do.
C) Men always talk more than women do.
D) Among spouses, women talk more than men do.

Question 31

Dr. Kravitz argues that most sex differences in personality and sexuality are due to fundamental differences in reproductive strategies and the reproductive costs incurred by women and men. Which theoretical perspective is Dr. Kravitz most likely to adopt?

A) social psychology
B) developmental psychology
C) evolutionary psychology
D) behavioral psychology

Question 32

Marlo and her brother Thomas are fraternal twins and are working in the same field. Overall, Marlo probably makes __________ cents to every dollar her brother makes.

A) 28
B) 42
C) 57
D) 81

Question 33

Samantha is high in __________, which is a risk factor for developing anxiety disorders and depression.

A) assertiveness
B) neuroticism
C) agreeableness
D) extroversion

Question 34

Compared to men, women tend to score __________ in neuroticism and agreeableness and __________ in extraversion.

A) much lower; higher
B) slightly higher; lower
C) lower; slightly lower
D) higher; slightly higher

Question 35

Based on scores on the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ), a person who scored low in femininity and low in masculinity would have a(n) __________ gender personality type.

A) feminine
B) undifferentiated
C) masculine
D) androgynous

Question 36

Janet Spence and Robert Helmreich developed the __________, a measure that focuses on stereotypically masculine personality traits and stereotypically feminine personality traits.

A) Mood Awareness Scale (MAS)
B) Personality Descriptor Questionnaire (PDQ)
C) Indiana Personality Questionnaire (IPQ)
D) Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ)

Question 37

Although the average sex difference in aggression is moderate in size, __________ times as many men as women are arrested for violent crimes.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) ten

Question 38

The most common chromosomal pattern for males is __________.

A) XX
B) XYY
C) XY
D) XXY

Question 39

Most studies find that aggressive and violent males have __________ levels compared to their less-aggressive counterparts.

A) lower testosterone
B) higher testosterone
C) lower cortisone
D) higher cortisone

Question 40

Some cross-cultural studies find __________ sex differences in countries that have greater degrees of gender equality compared to countries with more traditional gender divisions.

A) larger
B) the same amount of
C) clearer
D) nonexistent

Question 41

Generally, how large are sex differences in language arts?

A) nonexistent
B) small
C) moderate
D) large

Question 42

On average, men said they wanted at least __________ sex partners during their lives.

A) 5
B) 18
C) 23
D) 35

Question 43

About __________ more men than women fit the diagnosis for narcissistic personality disorder.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 60%

Question 44

On average, women said they wanted __________ sex partners during their lives.

A) two or three
B) four or five
C) seven or eight
D) nine or ten

Question 45

Which facet of self-esteem tends to show a larger sex difference than the others?

A) athletic self-esteem
B) academic self-esteem
C) appearance self-esteem
D) artistic self-esteem

Question 46

How do women and men compare on most dimensions of sexual attitudes and sexual behaviors?

A) Women and men differ only slightly on most dimensions.
B) Men are more conservative than women in their sexual behavior and their sexual attitudes.
C) Women are vastly different from men in their sexual attitudes but not their sexual behaviors.
D) On most dimensions, men and women differ to a great extent.

Question 47

Denise, an attractive undergraduate, walked up to a random male student and said, "Hi, I've been noticing you around campus lately, and I find you very attractive. Would you have sex with me tonight?" Based on ample research evidence, what is the man most likely to say?

A) "I don't think I should."
B) "Sorry, but I don't even know you."
C) "No, I don't want to."
D) "Sure thing; absolutely."

Question 48

In a poll of college students, what percentage of men reported that they intended to settle down with one mutually exclusive sexual partner in the future?

A) 99%
B) 86%
C) 64%
D) 47%

Question 49

Who is most likely to display body expansiveness?

A) Terry, a girl in her teens
B) Chris, a woman in her early 20s
C) George, a man in his mid-50s
D) Margo, a woman in her late 40s

Question 50

What pattern describes sex differences in general mathematics ability over the past several decades?

A) Sex differences have decreased significantly over time, to the point of virtually identical performance by women and men.
B) Sex differences have remained stable over this time period, with men outscoring women on virtually all measures of mathematics ability.
C) Sex differences have widened over time; women now outperform men by a moderate to large degree.
D) Sex differences have remained stable over this time period, with women outscoring men on virtually all measures of mathematics ability.

Question 51

Which attitude is prevalent in individualistic societies?

A) Females who do male things are acceptable, just as males who do female things are acceptable.
B) Both females and males can do female things, but only males are supposed to do male things.
C) Both females and males should be encouraged to do all the things they want to do.
D) Both females and males can do male things, but only females are supposed to do female things.

Question 52

Why do sex differences in self-esteem narrow during the high school years?

A) girls' self-esteem increases
B) boys' self-esteem increases
C) girls' self-esteem decreases
D) boys' self-esteem decreases

Question 53

What is self-objectification?

A) a concern with how others view one's physical appearance
B) presentation of oneself to others as an object rather than as an individual
C) presentation of oneself in the most favorable light possible
D) attentions directed toward one's self-esteem

Question 54

The largest sex difference in cognitive skills is seen in the area of __________.

A) spatial abilities
B) vocabulary
C) mathematics ability
D) reading skills

Question 55

A meta-analysis of sex differences in sexual behaviors and attitudes found that the largest sex difference was related to __________.

A) number of sex partners
B) consumption of pornography
C) masturbation
D) frequency of premarital sex

Question 56

About __________ of females score higher than the average male in general self-esteem.

A) 18%
B) 29%
C) 37%
D) 43%

Question 57

The largest sex difference in self-esteem occurs during which time period?

A) elementary school
B) adolescence
C) ages 20 to 25
D) ages 40 to 50

Question 58

A survey of 18- to 26-year-olds found that __________ of young men and __________ of young women reported using pornography.

A) 15%; 75%
B) 31%; 87%
C) 87%; 31%
D) 75%; 15%

Question 59

Jenelle is giving her husband directions. Based on what you know about the differences between males and females, Jenelle is likely to __________ when finding the way to the new restaurant.

A) use landmarks
B) use vectors
C) only use a map
D) go by sight

Question 60

What general conclusion applies to the hobbies and interests of women and men?

A) Men are more interested in sports; women are more interested in television.
B) Women are more interested in books; men are more interested in relationships.
C) Women are more interested in people; men are more interested in things.
D) Men are more interested in hobbies; women are more interested in careers.

Question 61

What do gender-"neutral" toys look like?

Question 62

Based on the lessons from the Bruce/Brenda/David case, what have we learned about the feasibility of arbitrarily raising a child as a girl or a boy?

Question 63

To what do evolutionary psychologists attribute sex differences in sexuality, and why?

Question 64

By distinguishing femininity and masculinity as two independent dimensions, what do scores on the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) reveal about a person's gender personality type?

Question 65

What assumption did Lewis Terman and Catherine Cox Miles make in their assessment of masculinity and femininity, and how was that corrected in later measures?

Question 66

How does testis-determining factor impact fetal development?

Question 67

Explain how the social roles traditionally adopted by women and men are rooted in biologically based differences but are not biological themselves. What evolutionary forces were at work in these situations?

Question 68

What would nonoverlapping distributions of women's and men's scores on a given ability (e.g., verbal skills, personality traits, talkativeness) indicate about sex differences on that ability? How likely would this outcome be?

Question 69

What evidence indicates that men generally have a stronger sex drive than women do?

Question 70

Imagine you are the parent of fraternal twins who are entering adolescence. What might you expect in terms of differences in how your son and daughter focus on their bodies?

Question 71

You and your partner are expectant parents. Based on what you know about sex differences in emotional expression, what can you anticipate if your baby is a girl? What can you anticipate if your baby is a boy?

Question 72

What is the difference between genetics and biological attributes?

Question 73

How have the gender roles adopted by a young man growing up today shifted in comparison to the roles adopted by that young man's grandparents?

Question 74

Why have some researchers suggested that the "women are wonderful" stereotype instead be called the "women are wonderful when they are not in charge" effect?

Question 75

You have been accused of manspreading. What are you likely doing?

Question 76

Which phrasing is more accurate, gender differences or sex differences?

Question 77

Define sex in the context of personality research investigating differences among people.

Question 78

How do women and men differ in their personality traits?

Question 79

What is the basis of the "women are wonderful" stereotype?

Question 80

You are debating with your friend that research into sex differences should actually focus on similarities between the sexes. You argue that women and men are more alike than they are different. What is your evidence for this position?