Deck 8: DNA Structure and Function

Question 1

Hydrogen bonding is strongest between ____.  

A) adenine and guanine
B) uracil and thymine
C) guanine and uracil
D) adenine and thymine
E) cytosine and guanine

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Name the structure in which proteins associate with DNA and pack it very tightly by organizing the molecules.  

A) Histones
B) Chromosomes
C) Lysosomes
D) Ribosomes
E) Homologous lysosomes

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Fred Griffith's experiment,in which he used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae,demonstrated that _____.  

A) pathogenic bacteria function differently in mice than in other organisms
B) harmless bacteria can become transformed into disease-causing bacteria by a bacteria transformation factor
C) pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into killer strains
D) dead cells lose their genetic information
E) DNA is a protein rich in nitrogen and phosphorus

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Figure 8.4
What type of virus particle is illustrated in the figure?  

A) Rhinovirus
B) Adenovirus
C) Bacteriophage
D) HIV
E) Rotavirus

Question 5

DNA contains all of the following nitrogen-containing bases EXCEPT ____.  

A) adenine
B) uracil
C) guanine
D) cytosine
E) thymine

Question 6

The experiments that clearly distinguished DNA and not protein as the hereditary material were conducted by _____.  

A) Pauling
B) Hershey and Chase
C) Griffith
D) Watson and Crick
E) Avery

Question 7

If a mixture of bacteriophages,some labeled with radioactive sulfur and others labeled with radioactive phosphorus,is placed in a bacterial culture,the bacteria will eventually contain ____.  

A) primarily radioactive sulfur
B) primarily radioactive phosphorus
C) both radioactive sulfur and phosphorus
D) neither radioactive sulfur nor radioactive phosphorus
E) complete viruses with radioactive sulfur coats

Question 8

Answer the following questions about Griffith's experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae. Figure 8.3


-If an injection to the mouse contains live R strain and heat-killed S strain Streptococcus pneumonia,____.  

A) the mouse will live
B) the mouse will became fatally ill and live S strain bacteria will be detected in its blood
C) the mouse's blood will contain live pathogenic R strain bacteria
D) the dead S strain bacteria will transform to live R strain bacteria
E) DNA from the live R strain bacteria will revive the dead S strain bacteria

Question 9

A _____ is an image of an individual cell's chromosomes arranged by size,length,shape,and centromere location.  

A) karyotype
B) autosomes
C) primer
D) diploid
E) ligase

Question 10

The Hershey and Chase experiments,in which radioactive phosphorus (32P)and radioactive sulfur (35S)were used,demonstrated that ____.  

A) DNA labeled with 35S and proteins labeled with 32P can be traced over the course of an experiment
B) DNA labeled with 32P is transferred from the bacteriophage to the virus
C) proteins labeled with 35S become deactivated and unable to be transferred
D) bacteriophages transfer their DNA, not their coat proteins, into their hosts
E) DNA may be the hereditary material, although bacteriophages transfer both DNA and proteins into their hosts

Question 11

Answer the following questions about Griffith's experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae. Figure 8.3


-If an injection to the mouse contains live S strain Streptococcus pneumonia,____.
 

A) the mouse will develop fatal pneumonia.
B) live R strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
C) the mouse will remain healthy.
D) no live S strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
E) the live S strain bacteria will lose their pathogenicity

Question 12

Which structures have the same length,shape,and centromere location?  

A) Karyotypes
B) Histones
C) Bacteriophages
D) Nucleosomes
E) Autosome pairs

Question 13

Extracts of pathogenic bacteria can transform harmless bacteria to harmful bacteria unless ____ enzymes are added to the extract.  

A) protein transfer
B) mRNA-degrading
C) tRNA-degrading
D) DNA-degrading
E) nucleic transfer

Question 14

____ discovered the basis for the ____ rule,which states that the amounts of adenine and thymine are identical,as are the amounts of cytosine and guanine.  

A) Avery; base-pair
B) Griffith, double helix
C) Chargaff; base-pair
D) Chase; double helix
E) Pauling; base-pair

Question 15

An enzyme that seals gaps or breaks in double stranded DNA is called _________.  

A) DNA autosome
B) DNA polymerase
C) DNA replication
D) DNA diploid
E) DNA ligase

Question 16

Which of the following is not a factor that increases mutations?  

A) Replication error
B) Fast rates of replication
C) UV radiation
D) Ionizing radiation
E) Repair enzymes

Question 17

How many nucleotides can be added by eukaryotic polymerases per second?  

A) 400
B) 40
C) 500
D) 50
E) 1,000

Question 18

One current goal of cloning is to ____.  

A) duplicate certain humans
B) create new species
C) promote evolution
D) experiment with alien DNA
E) retain an animal's desirable characteristics

Question 19

About how many base pairs are there in the DNA of human cells?  

A) 1 million
B) 20 million
C) 3 billion
D) 10 billion
E) 100 billion

Question 20

How many pairs of autosomes are in a typical human karyotype?  

A) 8
B) 22
C) 23
D) 46
E) 92

Question 21

Which statement is false with regard to adult cell cloning?  

A) It involves differentiated cells.
B) It occurs with some frequency in nature.
C) It involves rewinding the developmental clock.
D) It involves an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed.
E) It may involve nuclear transfer.

Question 22

DNA replication is ____.  

A) redundant
B) semiconservative
C) progressive
D) conservative
E) repetitive

Question 23

DNA polymerases ____.  

A) seal gaps in the sugar-phosphate backbone
B) add new nucleotides to a strand
C) catalyze carbon bonding
D) assemble new strands in both direction
E) repair DNA

Question 24

In a 3-D double helix model of DNA,the center consists of ____.  

A) deoxyribose sugars
B) nitrate groups
C) nucleotide base pairs
D) phosphate groups
E) sugar-phosphate backbones

Question 25

Watson and Crick were the first to ____________.  

A) discover DNA's double helical structure
B) discover DNA
C) isolate DNA
D) build the first DNA model
E) clone DNA

Question 26

DNA polymerase assembles new strands in a ____.  

A) 5' to 3' direction only
B) 5' to 3' direction building one strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the other stand
C) 5' to 3' direction building the first half of a strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the second half of a strand
D) 3' to 5' direction building the first half of a strand and a 5' to 3' direction building the second half of a strand
E) 3' to 5' direction on the "old" 3' to 5' strand

Question 27

Which base-pairing system is correct?  

A) A to G; T to C
B) A to T; G to C
C) A to C; G to T
D) A to T or C; G to C or A
E) A to T or G; G to C or A

Question 28

Which statement is false with regard to mutations?  

A) They are always dangerous.
B) They can occur as DNA replication errors.
C) They cannot be repaired after replication.
D) They may become cancerous.
E) They can be passed on to the next generation.

Question 29

Rosalind Franklin created the first ____.  

A) clear x-ray diffraction image of DNA as it occurs in cells
B) model of DNA's nucleotide bases
C) experiment to test whether base-pairs differ among species
D) hypothesis surrounding the nature of a hereditary molecule
E) results proving that bases exist on the outside of a helix

Question 30

Franklin's assignment at Cambridge was to investigate the structure of ____.  

A) proteins
B) ultraviolet radiation
C) DNA
D) embryonic fluid
E) lipids

Question 31

Which discovery was determined about DNA from x-ray diffraction data?  

A) DNA is uniform in length.
B) DNA is short and narrow.
C) DNA has a repeating pattern.
D) DNA molecules are flat.
E) DNA molecules are round.

Question 32

-The accompanying figure represents ____.  

A) cloning with a stem cell
B) somatic cell nuclear transfer
C) genetic manipulation of a single gene
D) microsurgical manipulation of a chromosome
E) embryonic cloning

Question 33

Which technique did Rosalind Franklin use to determine many aspects of DNA's structure?  

A) Transformation
B) Transmission electron microscopy
C) Density-gradient centrifugation
D) X-ray crystallography
E) Chromatography

Question 34

What characteristic of a species refers to having two of each type of chromosome?  

A) Autosomal
B) Karyotype
C) Diploid
D) Base-paired
E) Helical

Question 35

Which statement is true of embryonic splitting?  

A) It never occurs in nature.
B) It involves the genetic contribution of only one parent.
C) It produces immediate differentiation.
D) It is applied in animal husbandry to produce genetically diverse offspring.
E) It produces identical twins.

Question 36

Figure 8.12
In the accompanying figure,the green rectangular shape represents__________.  

A) DNA transferase
B) DNA helicase
C) RNA polymerase
D) DNA polymerase
E) DNA hybridization

Question 37

The function of helicase enzymes is to ____.  

A) break hydrogen bonds between the two strands of the DNA molecule prior to replication
B) rewind the two DNA molecules after replication
C) remove bases that might have been inserted incorrectly
D) seal new short stretches of nucleotides into one continuous strand
E) fragment old DNA that is no longer of use to the cell

Question 38

The process by which an animal's embryonic cells specialize into specific cell types is called____________.  

A) specialization
B) differentiation
C) cloning
D) regeneration
E) senescence

Question 39

Which statement is true of DNA's structure?  

A) The hydrogen bonding of cytosine to guanine is an example of complementary base pairing.
B) In DNA, adenine always base pairs with guanine and cytosine always base pairs with thymine.
C) Each of the four nucleotides in a DNA molecule has the same nitrogen-containing base.
D) When adenine base pairs with thymine, they are linked by three hydrogen bonds.
E) All four bases in DNA can be found in equal quantities.

Question 40

Each DNA double helix has a backbone that consists of alternating ____.  

A) covalent and ionic bonds
B) nitrogen-containing bases
C) hydrogen bonds
D) sugar and phosphate molecules
E) covalent and hydrogen bonds

Question 41

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.First to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.Discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.The first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.The first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.Provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.Worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.Obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Avery and McCarty

Question 42

Semiconservative replication is so-called because one strand of each new DNA molecule is ____________________,while the other is ______________________.

Question 43

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.First to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.Discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.The first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.The first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.Provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.Worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.Obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Watson and Crick

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true regarding cloning techniques?  

A) Embryo splitting results in offspring that are genetically identical to their parents.
B) Reproductive cloning always involves the transfer of an animal's nucleus from a body cell to an egg cell.
C) Early clones such as Dolly were smaller and acted differently from normal sheep.
D) Somatic cell nuclear transfer results in offspring that are genetically identical to their parent.
E) Clones can only be made from cells of live, fertile animals.

Question 45

Experiments with bacteria and ____________________ offered solid evidence that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),not protein,is the hereditary material.

Question 46

A free nucleotide has a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose),____________________ phosphate group(s),and ____________ of four nitrogen-containing bases.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is not one of the four properties expected of a genetic material?  

A) A hereditary material must transmit a full complement of genetic information.
B) The body cells of any individual of a species should contain the same amount of the material.
C) The hereditary material should not be involved in metabolism.
D) A hereditary molecule must encode a huge amount of information.
E) A hereditary molecule must be able to replicate itself.

Question 48

Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below.
a.Guanine
b.Cytosine
c.Pyrimidine
d.Thymine
e.Uracil
This nucleotide is a double-ring molecule.

Question 49

Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below.
a.Guanine
b.Cytosine
c.Pyrimidine
d.Thymine
e.Uracil
If one chain of a DNA molecule has a purine at a given position,this nucleotide complements it on the other chain.

Question 50

In somatic cell nuclear transfer,a somatic cell is injected into an ________ egg,thus providing a ________ nucleus.

Question 51

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.First to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.Discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.The first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.The first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.Provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.Worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.Obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Chargaff

Question 52

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.First to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.Discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.The first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.The first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.Provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.Worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.Obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Miescher

Question 53

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.First to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.Discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.The first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.The first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.Provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.Worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.Obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Griffith

Question 54

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.First to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.Discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.The first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.The first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.Provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.Worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.Obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Wilkins

Question 55

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.First to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.Discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.The first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.The first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.Provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.Worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.Obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Hershey and Chase

Question 56

Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below.
a.Guanine
b.Cytosine
c.Pyrimidine
d.Thymine
e.Uracil
This nucleotide is not incorporated into the structure of the DNA helix.

Question 57

A bacterium,containing one circular DNA chromosome,undergoes four rounds of replication.How many new strands of DNA would result?  

A) 8
B) 14
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32

Question 58

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.First to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c.Discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.The first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.The first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.Provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.Worked at King's College at the same time as Franklin
h.Obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Franklin

Question 59

Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below.
a.Guanine
b.Cytosine
c.Pyrimidine
d.Thymine
e.Uracil
Erwin Chargaff's data indicates that within a species,the amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of this nucleotide.

Question 60

Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below.
a.Guanine
b.Cytosine
c.Pyrimidine
d.Thymine
e.Uracil
Three hydrogen bonds connect guanine to __________ in the DNA molecule.

Question 61

What are the cellular mechanisms that must fail before a DNA replication error becomes a mutation?  

A) translation and transcription
B) transcription and proofreading
C) proofreading and repair
D) replication and translation
E) replication and repair