Deck 10: Critical Thinking and Argumentation in Groups

Question 1

Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument is represented in Part II of the following argument? I.Joan would be a good leader./ II.Good leaders are effective communicators./ III.Joan got an A in the communication course she took.

A)Claim
B)Evidence
C)Warrant
D)Backing
E)Reservation

Answer 1

C

Question 2

All of the following traits characterize highly argumentative group members EXCEPT

A)they promote hostility in the group.
B)they show genuine interest in the group's discussions.
C)they focus on issues rather than personalities.
D)they are often chosen as group leaders.
E)they are viewed as highly credible members.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument states the degree to which the claim appears to be

A)Backing
B)Reservation
C)Qualifier
D)Evidence
E)Claim

Answer 3

C

Question 4

"Three of the best-selling books of all time are A Tale of Two Cities,The Lord of the Ring,and The Little Prince.What type of evidence is used in this example?

A)Definition
B)Opinion
C)Statistic
D)Illustration
E)Example

Question 5

Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument is indicated by words in a claim such as "likely," "possibly," or "probably"?

A)Reservation
B)Evidence
C)Data
D)Qualifier
E)Warrant

Question 6

"The average woman in the United States read 14 books in the past 12 months,compared with the nine books read by the average man." What type of evidence is used in this example?

A)Testimony
B)Definition
C)Statistics
D)Story
E)Opinion

Question 7

Argumentativeness is a

A)claim supported by evidence and reasons for accepting it.
B)process of reasoned interaction intended to help participants make the best decision in a given situation.
C)decision based on listening to and analyzing arguments.
D)willingness to argue controversial issues with others.
E)form of debating in which a judge makes the final decision.

Question 8

Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument is represented in Part III of the following argument? I.Joan would be a good leader./ II.Good leaders are effective communicators./ III.Joan got an A in the communication course she took.

A)Claim
B)Evidence
C)Warrant
D)Qualifier
E)Reservation

Question 9

The warrant in an argument answers the question

A)"What makes you say that?"
B)"What do you have to go on?"
C)"How did you get there?"
D)"Are there any exceptions?"
E)"What conclusion or position do you advocate?"

Question 10

"Sufism is not a sect of Islam,like Shiism or Sunnism,but rather the mystical side of Islam: a personal,experiential approach to Allah,which contrasts with the more prescriptive,doctrinal approach of fundamentalism like the Taliban." What type of evidence is used in this example?

A)Definition
B)Illustration
C)Fact
D)Description
E)Statistic

Question 11

Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument is represented in Part I of the following argument? I.Joan would be a good leader./ II.Good leaders are effective communicators./ III.Joan got an A in the communication course she took.

A)Claim
B)Evidence
C)Warrant
D)Backing
E)Reservation

Question 12

Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument recognizes the exceptions to an argument?

A)Backing
B)Reservation
C)Qualifier
D)Evidence
E)Claim

Question 13

"The Biltmore Estate is the largest private residence in the United States." What type of evidence is used in this example?

A)Fact
B)Description
C)Opinion
D)Definition
E)Example

Question 14

Effective argumentation in groups is characterized by

A)competition.
B)critical thinking.
C)persuasion.
D)groupthink.
E)hostility.

Question 15

Argumentation is

A)the thinking we use to analyze what we read,see,and hear in order to arrive at a justified conclusion.
B)the way we advocate proposals,examine competing ideas,and influence one another.
C)a hostile confrontation between two or more people.
D)a form of debating in which a judge makes the final decision.
E)a claim supported by evidence and reasons for accepting it.

Question 16

Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument explains why the evidence supports the claim?

A)Qualifier
B)Evidence
C)Warrant
D)Backing
E)Reservation

Question 17

"Horsepower is a unit for measuring the power of engines roughly equal to 746 watts or 33,000 foot-pounds per minute." What type of evidence is used in this example?

A)Example
B)Definition
C)Illustration
D)Opinion
E)Statistic

Question 18

Makau and Marty's concept of _______________ describes a collective process that calls for thoughtful arguments,critical listening,civility,and informed decision making.

A)high argumentativeness
B)low argumentativeness
C)emotional intelligence.
D)deliberative argumentation.
E)competitive argumentation.

Question 19

Which component of the Toulmin Model of Argument provides support for the argument's warrant?

A)Backing
B)Reservation
C)Qualifier
D)Evidence
E)Claim

Question 20

An argument is

A)the thinking we use to analyze what we read,see,and hear in order to arrive at a justified conclusion.
B)the way in which we use critical thinking to advocate proposals,examine competing ideas,and influence one another.
C)a hostile confrontation between two or more people.
D)a form of debating in which a judge makes the final decision.
E)a claim supported by evidence and reasons for accepting it.

Question 21

"I knew I wouldn't win the lottery because a black cat crossed my path right after I bought the ticket." What fallacy is being committed in this statement?

A)Ad hominem attack
B)Appeal to authority
C)Appeal to tradition
D)Faulty analogy
E)Faulty cause

Question 22

A claim that attempts to prove that something is

A)fact.
B)conjecture.
C)value.
D)policy.
E)coherence.

Question 23

"Everyone in our group has signed the petition.You should,too." What fallacy is being committed in this statement?

A)Ad hominem attack
B)Appeal to authority
C)Appeal to popularity
D)Appeal to tradition
E)Appeal to novelty

Question 24

The act of proving that an argument is invalid and/or un

A)argumentation.
B)refutation.
C)argumentativeness.
D)reasoning.
E)cooperative argumentation.

Question 25

In what order should you use the following steps when presenting an argument?

A)Summarize your argument,provide reasons,support your claim,state your claim
B)Support your claim,summarize your argument,state your claim,provide reasons
C)State your claim,support your claim,provide reasons,summarize your argument
D)Provide reasons,summarize your argument,state your claim,support your claim
E)State your claim,summarize your argument,provide reasons,support your claim

Question 26

Which step in refuting an argument would be characterized by a statement such as "I don't support the increase in student activity fees for two reasons: the college just raised tuition 5 percent and the poor economy has stressed many students and their parents to the limit"?

A)Assess the reasoning
B)State the opposing claim
C)Assess the evidence
D)Listen to the argument
E)Preview your objections

Question 27

"If lawyers develop their cases with help from other lawyers,why can't I write my term paper with help from other students?" What fallacy is being committed in this statement?

A)Appeal to authority
B)Hasty generalization
C)Faulty cause
D)Faulty analogy
E)Ad hominem attack

Question 28

When refuting an argument,in which order should you use the following steps?

A)State the claim you oppose,assess the evidence,assess the reasoning,summarize your refutation
B)Listen to the argument,assess the evidence,state the claim you oppose,give an overview of your objections
C)Give an overview of your objections,assess the evidence,state the claim you oppose,summarize your refutation
D)Listen to the argument,assess the evidence,assess the reasoning,state the claim you oppose
E)Summarize your claim,provide reasoning,state your claim,support your claim

Question 29

"My opponent says we can lower taxes.He can't be believed or trusted.Ten years ago,he admitted to being an alcoholic." What fallacy is being committed in this statement?

A)Faulty cause
B)Hasty generalization
C)Appeal to popularity
D)Appeal to authority
E)Ad hominem attack

Question 30

"My uncle's visit to New Mexico was horrible.The weather was bad,and the people were unfriendly.New Mexico is not a good choice for a vacation." What fallacy is being committed in this statement?

A)Ad hominem attack
B)Hasty generalization
C)Appeal to popularity
D)Faulty analogy
E)Faulty cause

Question 31

"According to a 1984 article in the Midland Times Herald,gang activity is not a significant problem in the community." What criticism should be made about this piece of evidence?

A)It's not recent.
B)It's not statistically valid.
C)It's biased.
D)It's not identified.
E)It's not consistent.

Question 32

"According to NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws),marijuana is a harmless drug that has no long-term side effects." What criticism should be made about this piece of evidence?

A)It's not recent.
B)It's not statistically valid.
C)It's biased.
D)It's not identified.
E)It's not consistent.

Question 33

Paulo survived a car crash without any major injury while not wearing a seatbelt.If he uses this example to prove that seatbelts are not needed,he has failed to test his evidence for

A)consistency.
B)relevancy.
C)recency.
D)credibility.
E)interest.

Question 34

Some group members have suggested that the company sponsor an annual picnic rather than a more formal annual dinner.John disagrees with the others because the company has held a formal dinner every year for more than 10 years.Which fallacy of argument could be attributed to John's comment?

A)Ad hominem attack
B)Appeal to authority
C)Appeal to popularity
D)Appeal to tradition
E)Faulty cause

Question 35

A claim that suggests that something will or will not happen is a claim of

A)fact.
B)conjecture.
C)value.
D)policy.
E)coherence.

Question 36

"Don't go to that restaurant.I went once,and the service was awful." What fallacy is being committed in this statement?

A)Appeal to tradition
B)Faulty analogy
C)Hasty generalization
D)Faulty cause
E)Appeal to authority

Question 37

"Sex education in schools promotes teenage promiscuity." This statement is an example of a claim of

A)fact.
B)conjecture.
C)value.
D)policy.
E)fiction.

Question 38

A claim that recommends a particular course of action is a claim of

A)fact.
B)conjecture.
C)value.
D)policy.
E)coherence.

Question 39

The president and chief executive of a virtual web space in which users can share comments claims,"The best innovations occur when you have networks of people with diverse backgrounds gathering around a problem." What type of evidence is used in this example?

A)Fact
B)Statistic
C)Illustration
D)Opinion
E)Example

Question 40

You should ask all of the following questions when trying to determine the objectivity or accuracy of evidence from an Internet source EXCEPT

A)"Is statistical data well labeled and easy to read?"
B)"Are the sources of information available for verifying their claims?"
C)"Does the evidence account for opposing points of view?"
D)"Is the information free of grammatical,spelling,and typographical errors that could indicate a lack of quality control?"
E)"Do you agree with the source's claims and point of view?"

Question 41

Highly argumentative group members enjoy the challenge of a good argument and are eager to defend their points of view with confidence.

Question 42

When Victoria believes that a group's discussion has become hostile and nonproductive,she relies on her assertiveness skills to intervene and help the group work things out by discussion the issues that than escalating the controversy and accompanying tensions.Which of the characteristic of emotional intelligence is Victoria using?

A)empathy
B)self-awareness
C)self-regulation
D)self-confidence
E)self-assertion

Question 43

Constructive argumentation decreases the risk of groupthink occurring in groups.

Question 44

The three essential components in the Toulmin Model of Argument are the claim,evidence,and warrant.

Question 45

An argument and an opinion are essentially the same concept.

Question 46

Highly argumentative members dislike it when another member of members challenge their claims and conclusions.

Question 47

According to Karyn and Donald Rybacki,the social code responsibility requires that ethical group members

A)avoid making arguments containing fallacies.
B)reveal the sources of information so others can evaluate them.
C)consider the interests of those affected by a decision.
D)treat other group members as equals.
E)respect established group norms.

Question 48

According to Karyn and Donald Rybacki,the reasoning responsibility requires that ethical group members

A)avoid making arguments containing fallacies.
B)reveal the sources of information so others can evaluate them.
C)consider the interests of those affected by a decision.
D)treat other group members as equals.
E)respect established group norms.

Question 49

Arguing in groups is always disruptive and should be avoided.

Question 50

After a quarrelsome family gathering,Joshua realizes he has to do a better job of figuring out the emotional meaning of what family members say by interpreting their tone of voice,body tension,and facial expressions.Because Joshua primarily relies on the meanings of the words they use,he has a difficult time avoiding and resolving family-feud conflicts.Which of the characteristic of emotional intelligence should Joshua seek to improve?

A)empathy.
B)self-awareness.
C)self-regulation.
D)self-confidence.
E)self-assertion.

Question 51

One of the most significant cultural differences in argumentation is the way in which people use evidence to support a claim.In which of the following cultures is physical evidence often rejected because no connection is seen between the physical world and human actions?

A)Some African cultures
B)Chinese culture
C)European-American cultures
D)Highly religious Muslim culture
E)Highly religious Christian culture

Question 52

Competitive argumentation recognizes that others' ideas and arguments are as important as you own.

Question 53

An argument is an idea or opinion supported by evidence and reasoning.

Question 54

Argumentation can improve decision making.

Question 55

Robert has learned that he must work at handling his emotions responsibly,at delaying getting what he wants,and at focusing on helping his group achieve its common goal.Which of the characteristic of emotional intelligence is Robert seeking to improve?

A)empathy.
B)self-awareness.
C)self-regulation.
D)self-confidence.
E)self-assertion.

Question 56

Group members who are high in argumentativeness are more likely to become leaders than are members who are lower in their levels of argumentativeness.

Question 57

Emotional intelligence can benefit a group engaged in argumentation because members will know how to do all of the following EXCEPT

A)state arguments in a neutral rather than a combative tone of voice.
B)show they are willing to work things out by talking over the issue rather than escalating it.
C)calm down,tune in to their feelings,and be willing to share them with group members.
D)look for an equitable way to resolve the dispute.
E)ignore a highly argumentative group member.

Question 58

Highly argumentative members create more arguments on both sides of a position,which helps a group avoid groupthink.

Question 59

Critical thinking is a process that always results in an outcome.

Question 60

Group members with lower levels of argumentativeness have a tendency to avoid conflict.

Question 61

The following fallacy is an example of an appeal to popularity: "Everybody I've talked to on my street intends to vote for Ms.Kullen.I'm sure she'll win."

Question 62

Rather than asking,"How did you get there?" a warrant asks,"What do you have to go on?"

Question 63

Refutation is the process of presenting an argument's claim,evidence,and warrant.

Question 64

When refuting an argument,make sure you have assessed whether the argument's evidence supports the claim or is faulty.

Question 65

"A claim of value evaluates whether something is good or bad,right or wrong,worthwhile or worthless" is an example of a definition.

Question 66

The following fallacy is an example of appeal to tradition: "Who are you to support our troops? As I recall,you were arrested at an antiwar demonstration in the early 1970s."

Question 67

As a form of evidence,a fact is a statement that evaluates an event,idea,person,or object.

Question 68

When you provide reasons why your evidence supports your claim in an argument,you are explaining the argument's warrant.

Question 69

"Robert's Rules of Order is used by the majority of groups and associations that follow the rules of parliamentary procedure" is an example of a fact.

Question 70

Questions such as "Are the authors identified and their qualifications evident?" and "Does the site account for opposing points of view?" can help you determine the validity of Internet research.

Question 71

The following fallacy is an example of a faulty analogy: "Last semester,I had an excellent student whose last name was Whipple.This semester,I have another student with that name,and I'm expecting good work from her."

Question 72

The ad hominem fallacy involves attacking a person rather than the substance of that person's argument.

Question 73

Whereas an example refers to a specific case or instance,illustrations are longer,extended examples.

Question 74

When presenting an argument,you should state your claim,support your claim with evidence,and provide reasons why your evidence supports your claim.

Question 75

In the Toulmin Model of Argument,the qualifier states the degree to which the claim appears to be

Question 76

"Leadership is the ability to make strategic decisions and use communication effectively to mobilize group members toward achieving a common goal" is an example of an opinion.

Question 77

"In one study,workers rate 65 percent of the meetings they attended as ineffective" is an example of statistics used as evidence.

Question 78

The question "Is the information recent?" is the test for explaining why The New York Times and Wall Street Journal are more valid sources of evidence than the National Enquirer.

Question 79

In the Toulmin Model of Argument,backing refers to exceptions to an argument that may invalidate the claim.

Question 80

The faulty cause fallacy is the basis for many superstitions.