Deck 17: Nations and Empires 1850-1914

Question 1

Which of the following contributed to the end of Brazil's rubber boom?

A) Increased production outside of Brazil led to more competition and lowered prices.
B) Rain forest land was damaged by cattle grazing and wildfires.
C) Hostile Amerindians attacked rubber plantations and convoys.
D) The expense of building the Manaus Opera House bankrupted many elites.

Answer 1

Increased production outside of Brazil led to more competition and lowered prices.

Question 2

After the Civil War,how did the United States encourage the incorporation of its western territories?

A) It encouraged settlers to move to the hinterlands with promises of cheap land for homesteading.
B) It enticed farmers to move west by guaranteeing them profits from producing farm goods to meet American consumers' insatiable demands.
C) It recruited territorial residents into its new national army.
D) It encouraged exploration and development of mineral resources.

Answer 2

It encouraged settlers to move to the hinterlands with promises of cheap land for homesteading.

Question 3

The idea that a nation was composed of its entire population replaced what earlier definition of a nation?

A) A nation was composed of everyone who participated in economic production.
B) A nation was composed of those willing to fight and die for it.
C) A nation was composed of everyone whose ancestors had followed the same king.
D) A nation was composed of kings,clergymen,and nobles.

Answer 3

A nation was composed of kings,clergymen,and nobles.

Question 4

Which of the following statements best reflects the impact of Enlightenment thinkers on nineteenth-century nationalists?

A) The political boundaries of a nation should reflect people's shared past,culture,and tradition.
B) People should be politically divided based on their religious beliefs and practices,with one state for each religion.
C) Workers need to abandon local identities in order to band together and focus on overthrowing capitalism,their shared enemy.
D) All people are equally prepared for self-government and political autonomy.

Question 5

How did the United States' understanding of itself change after the Civil War?

A) Its sense of national identity,and the strength of the national government,grew stronger.
B) Its sense of national identity grew weaker,since serious unresolved regional differences continued to exist.
C) Its identity as a major agricultural exporter grew to be equal to that of Germany or of Great Britain.
D) Its identity as a multiethnic state grew stronger.

Question 6

Which of the following contributed to Canada's difficulties in forming a robust national identity during the late nineteenth century?

A) Many western Canadians wished to unite with Alaska.
B) There were sharp cultural divisions between French- and English-speaking Canadians.
C) Canada depended on immigrants to settle its western territories.
D) Canada had bloody conflicts with indigenous peoples,just like the United States.

Question 7

What motivation drove Canada's nineteenth-century policy toward its indigenous population?

A) Canadians acknowledged the legitimacy of native cultural traditions.
B) Canadians wished to make a quick profit by displacing the Amerindians.
C) Canadians maintained their French colonial tradition of cooperation with the Amerindians.
D) Canadians wished to avoid bloodshed and conflict with indigenous peoples that might drive off settlers.

Question 8

In the United States,how did Americans of European descent justify expanding their territory westward?

A) They appealed to common law and demanded that the British respect U.S.expansion into Canadian territory.
B) They justified their expansion under the concept of enlightened self-interest.
C) They claimed that their expansion across the North American continent was God's will.
D) They justified their continental expansion by walking softly and carrying a big stick.

Question 9

During the second half of the nineteenth century,the widespread circulation of which of the following advanced imperialism?

A) Enlightenment ideas
B) New diseases
C) Vernacular literature
D) Capital

Question 10

Which of the following strongly influenced Canadian policy in the nineteenth century?

A) The fear that French Canadians would dominate Canada's policymaking
B) The fear that Britain would reassert more control over Canadian affairs
C) The fear that the United States would annex Canadian territory
D) The fear that Canadians would immigrate en masse to the United States

Question 11

Which of the following was a method that dominant elites used to spread their values and institutions throughout the nation-state?

A) Making links with the working class through expanded suffrage
B) Broadening public education in the national language
C) Creating local parliaments so that everyone had a say in government
D) Encouraging the preservation of local literature and folk tales

Question 12

Which of the following developments contributed heavily to the growth of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe?

A) The revival of religious faith
B) The expansion of literacy and the periodical press
C) An end to regional warfare
D) The clergy's support

Question 13

In which of the following situations were factors like a shared language insufficient to create a national bond?

A) Prussia's relationship with Brandenburg
B) Russia's relationship with Siberia
C) Great Britain's relationship with Ireland
D) Piedmont-Sardinia's relationship with Tuscany

Question 14

What new economic development permitted the accumulation of capital needed to invest in new industries?

A) A national commercial bank
B) The restoration of the silver standard
C) The limited-liability,joint-stock company
D) Free trade with European empires

Question 15

How did the development of nation-states contribute to the spread of imperialism?

A) Imperialism allowed new nation-states to compete with large,established empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.
B) The conquest of new territories was seen as a measure of a nation-state's strength.
C) Imperial possessions provided more people who could potentially become members of the nation.
D) Empires allowed nation-states to compensate for their lack of up-to-date industrial technology.

Question 16

In early nineteenth-century Europe,what hampered the implementation of the nationalistic idea that the location of "the people" should form the basis for setting national boundaries?

A) Monarchs felt that allegiance to them should determine national boundaries.
B) Multiethnic land empires collapsed.
C) There was no agreement as to who "the people" should be.
D) Each side in military conflicts tried to gain control of as many people as possible.

Question 17

What did Bismarck of Germany and Cavour of Italy have in common?

A) Both were liberal prime ministers who exploited national sentiment to promote unification.
B) Both were popular newspaper publishers who promoted nationalism.
C) Both were popular newspaper publishers who opposed national unification.
D) Both were conservative prime ministers who exploited liberal national sentiment to promote unification.

Question 18

Which of the following attitudes created tension between the concept of nation-state and colonial empire?

A) Colonies were viewed as valuable sources of new technological and scientific information.
B) The mother countries drafted colonists to increase the size of their armies for European military campaigns.
C) Colonies were seen as subordinate to their mother countries,often with no representation in their governments.
D) The mother countries refused to educate their colonial subjects.

Question 19

Which of the following helps to explain why privileged elites in Latin America held more political and economic power than elites in the United States?

A) There were fewer immigrants to Latin America,so old colonial elites had no challengers.
B) Large estate holders in Latin America controlled far more of the richest lands to produce export crops.
C) There were fewer Amerindian and peasant uprisings in Latin America,and fewer challenges to the ruling elites.
D) The threat of revolts in the homesteader frontiers in Latin America created the need for stronger central government.

Question 20

What did American nation-states do with territories taken from indigenous peoples?

A) American nation-states allowed conquered peoples autonomy and the right to determine the fate of their territorial possessions.
B) American nation-states turned these territories into new provinces by sending settlers to the hinterlands.
C) American nation-states incorporated Indian landholdings into the nation economically,but kept them distinct politically and socially.
D) American nation-states treated conquered areas as colonial outposts.

Question 21

In what way was American imperialism in the 1890s different from earlier forms of U.S.expansionism?

A) It sought to incorporate new territories into the national political body.
B) It took control of new territories without seeking to incorporate them or their people into the national political body.
C) It was undertaken in order to encourage American settlement in the newly conquered territories.
D) It proposed that the United States had a mission to spread its culture beyond its current boundaries.

Question 22

How did the Franco-Prussian War encourage the growth of French nationalism in the late nineteenth century?

A) It encouraged the French to unify around their antipathy toward the Germans.
B) It encouraged the French to end class struggles.
C) It encouraged the French to support and promote their national literature and language.
D) It encouraged the argument that national identity was more important than class identity for the French.

Question 23

How did nationalism challenge the Austrian Empire?

A) By forcing it to define who was an Austrian
B) By eroding the loyalty of its peasant population
C) By encouraging Hungarians to press for autonomy
D) By encouraging the emperor to foster a more democratic government

Question 24

After the Spanish-American War,American expansionism increasingly involved which of the following?

A) Conquering new territories in Asia and Africa
B) Subsidizing settlement by Americans in newly conquered lands
C) Establishing peaceful trade relationships
D) Turning nominally independent countries into dependent states

Question 25

In what way did the second industrial revolution lead to greater global economic integration?

A) The demand for silk and spices increased as people in the North Atlantic region became more prosperous.
B) Necessary raw materials such as coal and iron had to be exported to Europe's overseas colonies.
C) The demand for energy led to scouring the world for geothermal power sources.
D) Necessary raw materials such as rubber,copper,oil,and bauxite were not readily available in the North Atlantic states and had to be imported from overseas.

Question 26

Which of the following was an unintended consequence of the British Raj in India?

A) The Indian subcontinent industrialized,replacing China as the main Asian exporter of finished goods.
B) A new Indian identity emerged,despite the lack of a common language or political sovereignty.
C) European diseases spread,killing a large percentage of the population.
D) New European crops were introduced,leading to a population explosion and environmental disaster.

Question 27

Which of the following was a reason that Europeans colonized Africa?

A) To live in healthier climates than those of industrialized European cities
B) To prevent Africans from converting to Islam
C) To acquire personal power and imperial glory
D) To assist in Africa's industrialization

Question 28

Why was electricity the most important power source for the second industrial revolution?

A) Britain was rich in coal,so it did not have to rely on foreign supplies to power its factories.
B) Electrical power generation plants were pollution-free.
C) Factories could be located near concentrations of workers and production costs were lower.
D) Some new industries,such as the iron industry,were dependent solely on electricity.

Question 29

What was the general goal of imperial powers,such as Great Britain,in the late nineteenth century?

A) To create an integrated,competitive global economy
B) To monopolize as large a proportion as possible of the finite global supply of gold
C) To profit by instructing other regions of the world in industrial production methods
D) To force their colonies to buy their manufactured goods while exporting staple commodities

Question 30

How did social Darwinists use the idea of "survival of the fittest"?

A) To justify allowing species to go extinct
B) To argue for instituting physical education programs in schools
C) To justify strong nations' domination of weaker ones
D) To argue against social inequality

Question 31

After revolts in several of their African colonies,what changes did Europeans make in their colonial structures?

A) More efficient administrations began to provide health care and education to the colonized peoples.
B) Indigenous people were frequently promoted to officer rank in colonial armies.
C) Europeans directly incorporated missionaries into colonial administration.
D) Europeans focused on attempting to bring the benefits of superior civilization to Africa.

Question 32

Which of the following was an important unintended consequence of the European partition of Africa in the late nineteenth century?

A) European colonizers engaged in many wars with each other over African territory.
B) Increased immigration from Africa to Europe
C) People from throughout Africa began to think of themselves as members of a single nation.
D) Boundary lines drawn by Europeans divided existing African ethnic,linguistic,cultural,and commercial units among several different colonies.

Question 33

What helps to explains Irish antipathy to integration into Great Britain?

A) Anti-colonial sentiment toward imperial policy in South and East Asia
B) Grievances against England's laissez-faire response to the 1840s Famine
C) Solidarity with the Scottish independence movement
D) Resistance to restrictive emigration policies by England

Question 34

Which British colony served as a model for later European endeavors by developing the colony's infrastructure to maximize profits from trade?

A) India
B) The Gambia
C) Algeria
D) Australia

Question 35

How did industrialization influence the course of imperialism?

A) Closer economic integration diminished conflict between industrializing and nonindustrialized societies.
B) Immigration of diverse labor forces to industrial projects around the world lessened inter-ethnic antagonism.
C) New machines facilitated European conquest of new territories.
D) Concentration of industrial production in Europe made territorial conquest elsewhere less important.

Question 36

Which of the following reflects Charles Darwin's key scientific theory?

A) Europeans were superior to Africans and Asians.
B) Species evolved under the pressures of natural selection.
C) Individuals passed on to their offspring traits they had acquired.
D) The weak would dominate the strong.

Question 37

What allowed King Menelik II of Ethiopia to defeat Italian forces?

A) He allied himself with the Germans against the Italians.
B) Unlike other Europeans,the Italians did not use advanced weapons in the field.
C) He was able to equip his loyal,united armies with European weapons.
D) The Italian invasion forces were decimated by tropical diseases.

Question 38

Which of the following was a consequence of the development of limited-liability,joint-stock companies?

A) The scale of industrial enterprises dramatically increased.
B) Imperial expansion decreased.
C) Employee ownership of corporations increased.
D) The influence of individual financiers declined.

Question 39

Which of the following best describes the beliefs of a social Darwinist in the late nineteenth century?

A) Modern culture was created by white Europeans and Americans,who were more fully evolved than the darker peoples of the world.
B) The American Declaration of Independence demonstrated that all men possess the unalienable right to life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness.
C) The French Revolution proved that all people deserve to be members of a sovereign,culturally homogeneous nation.
D) All of humanity was created by God,in God's image,and all people are therefore equal.

Question 40

What kind of states resulted from the unifications of Germany and Italy?

A) States which became homogenous democracies
B) States with persistent internal divisions and centralized power wielded by their monarchs
C) States in which constitutional monarchs ruled in conjunction with strong Parliaments
D) States in which economic development benefited people throughout society

Question 41

After 1848,both the unified German and Italian states rejected democracy.

Question 42

In response to Commodore Perry's arrival in Edo Bay,how did young Japanese elites plan to modernize?

A) They planned to adopt Western technology,while maintaining Japanese culture.
B) They planned to adopt both Western technology and Western culture.
C) They planned to adopt both Western culture and Christianity.
D) They planned to adopt Western forms of governance,while maintaining Japanese technological traditions.

Question 43

Imperial expansion often met resistance from communities being incorporated into new empires.

Question 44

The benefits of economic development under colonial rule accrued fairly evenly to colonial peoples and European wage laborers,as well as banks and import-export firms in Europe.

Question 45

Tropical commodities from their colonies enriched industrialized imperial states.

Question 46

What was the primary reason that Russia expanded south into the Caucasus and east into Manchuria?

A) Russia was proving its religious toleration by integrating Muslims into its empire.
B) Russia wanted to acquire important deposits of rare minerals necessary for industrial growth.
C) Russia was responding to perceived threats from rivals in those areas.
D) Russia wanted to acquire new land on which to settle former serfs.

Question 47

Qing officials were more worried about internal turmoil than they were about European attempts to carve China up into spheres of influence.

Question 48

In the late nineteenth century,which of the following was an important initiative of the Chinese Self-Strengthening movement?

A) Territorial expansion in the southeast
B) The development of coal mines and shipyards
C) The development of an expansive railway system
D) Aligning Chinese culture with Western culture

Question 49

How did late nineteenth-century Japanese capitalism differ from late nineteenth-century American capitalism?

A) It excluded women from all financial affairs.
B) It relied on personal relationships instead of impersonal investment.
C) It focused on exporting rice to other Asian countries.
D) It was less dependent on imported raw materials for success.

Question 50

The respective unifications of Germany and Italy in the late nineteenth century were facilitated by the homogeneous religious and social make-up of each country.

Question 51

How did conservative Chinese leaders react to the first railroads built in China?

A) They used the railroads to reinvigorate China's internal trade networks.
B) They were worried that the railroads would change the relationship between people and nature,but recognized that they were necessary.
C) They saw the railroads as a threat to Chinese social harmony and had them torn up.
D) They sold concessions to operate the railroads to the British and Americans.

Question 52

In what way was Russia's expansion in Asia different from American expansion in North America?

A) Russia wished to exploit rich mineral resources instead of opening up land for farming.
B) Russia stressed the cultural differences between itself and the peoples it conquered.
C) The monetary cost of expansion for Russia and its people was far greater.
D) Russia tolerated and taxed native populations instead of displacing or slaughtering them.

Question 53

How did artists in Asia and Latin America depict North American influence in visual culture?

A) Westerners were depicted as eager to integrate into local life.
B) Western technology and culture were praised as models to improve the future.
C) Westerners were portrayed as annoying impositions onto vibrant local life.
D) Western activity was minimalized and represented as unimportant.

Question 54

In what way did late nineteenth-century Japanese colonial rule in the Ryukyu Islands differ from that of the British in India or the Americans in Puerto Rico?

A) The Japanese refused to train a Ryukyu governing class.
B) The Japanese believed that the Ryukyu were civilized people,equal to themselves.
C) The Japanese required a large military presence to control the heavily armed islanders.
D) The Japanese built railroads and bridges to connect the islands.

Question 55

The retreat of European empires in the Americas enabled indigenous populations to have greater autonomy.

Question 56

Which of the following was the ultimate result of China's unwillingness to change its political and economic systems?

A) Vulnerability to external aggression and internal instability
B) Growing isolation from the world economy
C) Intensification of its cultural traditions
D) Ongoing conflict between China and Korea

Question 57

Which of the following was a similarity between Russian and Japanese attempts to modernize in the late nineteenth century?

A) Both turned to China for support in industrializing.
B) For both,modernizing included increased popular control of the government.
C) Both incorporated ethnic minorities in their empire as equal citizens.
D) For both,key aspects of industrialization were state-sponsored.

Question 58

Social Darwinists believed that the lower races might be trained to evolve to a higher degree of civilization.

Question 59

How did Japanese conquests in East Asia compare to European and American conquests in Asia and Africa?

A) Both denied their subjects political equality because of perceived racial inferiority.
B) Both paired industrialized militaries with proselytism to conquer new territories.
C) The Japanese claimed that conquered territories historically belonged to it,and Europeans and Americans did not.
D) Europeans and Americans encountered local resistance to colonialism,and the Japanese did not.

Question 60

In both Brazil and America,the abolition of slavery quickly led to expansion of voting rights.

Question 61

Compare the Russian experience of state building and territorial expansion in the nineteenth century with that of the United States.What factors drove each country's expansion,the treatment of conquered people,and the type of national identity that emerged?

Question 62

Both John L.O'Sullivan and Count Shigenobu Okuma credit Anglo-Saxon culture for the development of their respective countries.

Question 63

Analyze the relationship between nationalism,imperialism,and industrialization in the
late nineteenth-century world.How did each factor influence the other,and why?

Question 64

Compare the roles that the Second Industrial Revolution played in the development of Brazil and British India.How significant a difference was created by the fact that Brazil was an independent country and British India was a colony?

Question 65

Compare the efforts of China and Japan to respond to growing European and American power.How successful was each country,and why?

Question 66

Analyze the impact of imperialism on conquered peoples and explain the reasons for the differences between the images and ideologies of imperialism distributed in the Western world and the actual experiences of the conquered peoples.